SCIENCE

Summative Tests:

Summative Test No.4--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Analyze the figure above. Why does the windward side of the mountain have a wet climate?
[ C. ] Rising air expands and cools, causing the water vapor to condense.

Q: The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. The continent is also extremely dry. This happens
because __.
[ A ] Receive mostly low-angle insolation.

Q: Carmona and Tagaytay is in the same province of Cavite. The annual temperature of Carmona is 29.9
C while Tagaytay has annual temperature of 22 C. Which of the following best explain the statement?
[ C ] Higher altitudes have lower temperature.

Which of the following will have a tropical climate?

[ C ] Manila, Philippines

How does distance from the bodies of water affect climate?

[ A ] Places near bodies of water tends to have moderate climate as water regulates the temperature.

How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
[ A ] The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.

What dry region forms at the back of the mountain?

[ C ] Rain shadow

Which ocean current carries cool water toward Earth’s equator?

[ C ] Peru current

How does ocean currents affect climate?

[ A ] When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a coastal region, the temperature of that
area decreases.

Summative Test No.5--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Without greenhouse effect, the Earth would be very cold, too cold for living things, such as plants and
animals that they will not survive. How could a BALANCED greenhouse effect benefit the earth?
[ A ] Keeps the Earth warm at night even without sunrays

Q: Photosynthesis sis functional process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Which
activity ensures the increase of obtaining the carbon dioxide in exchange in the production of oxygen in
the environment?
[ C ] Reforestation
Q: El nino is a natural phenomenon occurs at irregular intervals of two to seven years and lasts for nine
months or two years at most. It refers to the “Christ the Child” because it starts at the end of the year or
during Christmas season. Based on the figure below, how does the El Nino phenomenon occur?
[ B ] Trade winds are weaker bringing up a warm water and make the east part of the Pacific warmer

Q: When does the greenhouse effect happen?

[ D ] Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorb heat from the Earth’s surface.

Q: Which economic activity out of the economic sector contributes to greenhouse gasses at global level?
[ A ] Electricity and heat production.

Q: Certain gasses in the atmosphere – water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – help
maintain the Earth’s temperature and climate. What are these gasses being called?
[ C ] Greenhouse gasses

Q: Too many greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere may block heat from escaping into space and trap
too much heat next to thje Earth’s surface causing ___.
[ B ] Global Warming

Q: Which of the following can cause global warming?

[ D ] Increase of the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

Q: Which condition happens during the La Nina phenomenon?

[ D ] Trade wind become stronger.

Summative Test No.6--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Which statement is TRUE about the color of stars?
[ A ] It indicates the surface temperature of stars.

Q: Arrange the following stars from hottest to coolest?

[ A ] A, C, D, B (Blue, White, Yellow, Red)

Q: Ursa Major, the Great Bear, is named after Callisto, a beautiful woman. Zeus turned her into a bear to
hide her from his wife, Hera. This is an example of?
[ C ] Constellation

Q: Which statement BEST describes constellations?

[ B ] It is a recognizable pattern of stars in the night sky

Q: What causes the apparent nightly movement of the stars across the sky?
[ C ] The Earth is rotating on its axis

Q: How do stars appear to move in the night sky?

[ A ] East to West
Q: The map represents a part of the Earth’s surface and its latitude-longitude coordinates. Points A
through F represent locations in this area. If you are travelling from location B to location E, the observed
altitude of Polaris will?
[ B ] Remain the same

Q: Why can we see different parts of the sky at different times of the year?
[ B ] Due to the revolution of the Earth.

Q: The diagram on the right represents the apparent positions of the Big Dipper, with respect to Polaris,
as seen by an observer in New York State at midnight on the first day of summer and on the first day of
winter. The change in the apparent position of the Big Dipper between the first day of summer and the
first day of winter is best explained by Earth’s
[ C ] Revolution of the Earth

Periodical Groupings--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Mayon are some of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. Volcanoes can be of
different shapes and sizes, but all contain some basic parts. Based on the illustration below, which of the
following statements correctly describes Part 8 in figure?

[ C ] It is a silicate rock that is hot enough to be in liquid form,

Expelled from a volcano and surface during an eruption.

Q: Philippines is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which resulted in the pres Which of the following may
happen ifa very viscous magma is released from a volcano?
[ D ] The lava will travel a very short distance as it piles up at the vents resulting in a dome.

Q: Bakit maganda yung location ng isang country pag harnessing ng volcanic energy
[ Galing kay Ihran ] D, maraming volcanoes.

Q: In the recent past, humans have been looking for and trying out alternative sources of renewable
energy due to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. How can the energy from volcanoes be tapped for
human use efficiently in larger population?
[ C ] Geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity.

Q: The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. The continent is also extremely dry. What causes the
situation of Antarctica?
[ A ] Receive mostly low-angle insolation.
Q: Analyze the figure above. Assuming that the figure shows the mountain in the Philippines. Why does
the windward side of this mountain have a wet climate?

[ C ] Rising air expands and cools, causing

the water vapor to condense

Q: If you are to look at the night sky, you will observe patterns formed by the stars. These patterns are
called constellations. Star patterns are only visible in some parts of the year. For an instance, in the
Philippines, Orion and Taurus are seen only as the cold season begins. During summer, they are not
visible. On the other hand, Scorpius is seen during summer time and is not visible during cold ones. How
will you explain this?
[ C ] The Earth’s revolution around the sun causes the fact that we can see different parts of the sky at
different parts of the year.

Q: Arrange the following stars from hottest to coolest?

[ A ] A, C, D, B

Q: Which of these are considered as the disadvantages of using geothermal energy?

I. Low carbon footprints energy source
II. Reservoirs are not permanent
III. Harmful gases maybe released into the atmosphere
IV. High cost of construction the system
[ D ] II, III, and IV
Q: Based on the figure below, which statement BEST describe that ocean current affects climate?

[ A ] Gulf Stream Current brings cool water at the Eastern America.

[ C ] Peru current bring cool water at the Western side of South America

Q: Mt. Pinatubo eruption last 1991 is considered the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century
wherein it produced high-speed avalanches of hot ash and gas, giant mudflows, and a cloud of volcanic
ash hundred of miles across. While last December 2017 when Mt. Bulusan, one of active volcano
generates stream drives eruption. Based on the characteristics above, what style of eruption happened
on Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Bulusan?
[ C ] Mt. Pinatubo: Plinian, Mt Bulusan: Phreatic

Q: If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, how will you describe to its volcanic activity?
[ C ] It will erupt explosively

Q: The nature of volcanic eruptions is highly dependent on magma viscosity, silica content and also on
dissolved gas content. How can the silica content of the magma affect the volcano’s shape?
[ C ] Magma with low silica content tend to be less viscous causing it to move faster and travel far before
solidifying.

Q: Heat energy can be trapped and used for our daily activities. What are the two ways in doing this?
[ D ] Both B and C

Q: The map represents a part of the Earth’s surface and its latitude-longitude coordinates. Points A
through F represent locations in this area. If you are travelling from location B to location E, the observed
altitude of Polaris will?
[ B ] Remains the same

Q: When do we stay that a volcano becomes inactive?

[ C ] When it has no recorded eruption for the last 10,000 years.
Q: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) assured that the Philippine government is
addressing water crisis amid climate change. In 2019, Metro Manila and neighboring provinces
experienced water shortage as the El Nino contributed to a massive decline in rainfall. El Nino is one of
the impacts of climate change. Which of the following is TRUE about climate change based on the
situation above?
[ D ] El Nino is an extreme drying condition in an area or region which causes a water shortage in Metro
Manila

In a new study, researchers warn that the Arctic Sea Ice may soon be a thing of the past in the summer
months. 10,000 years ago, the ice melted at temperatures like those we have today. White ice reflects
the rays of the sun, a dark sea will absorb more than ten times as much solar energy and thereby
increase global warming. Which of the following are the ways on how to reduce the effects of global
warming?
[ D ] II – III – VI - VIII

Actual Reviewer---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHILVOLCS – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

Pacific Ring of Fire – Where the Philippines is located
Olympus Mons – Tallest volcano in the solar system (known)
Mauna Kea – Tallest volcano in Earth
Mauna Loa – Largest volcano in Earth
Volcano – Is an opening in the Earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are erupted.
PH Volcanoes – 37 (18 active)

Viscosity – A materials resistance to flow

Magma – Composed of molten rocks and stored in Earth’s crust
Lava – Magma that reaches the surface of our planet
Pyroclastic material – Another name for a cloud of ash, lava fragments (cinder) carried through the air.

Active volcano – Shows volcanic activity

Inactive volcano – Has not erupted for 10,000 years
• Cocoro Volcano (Palawan)
• Tamburok Volcano (Biliran)
• Pulung Volcano (Zamboanga)
Dormant volcano – Active and has a chance of eruption

Cinder cone – Wide opening / Most common

Shield – Relatively flat
Composite – “Stratovolcano” / Near perfect slope

Summit – The opening which may either be a crater or a caldera

Crater – A funnel shaped opening at the top of a volcano
Caldera – Formed when a part of a wall collapses following an explosive eruption
Factors that determine the nature of eruption
• Magma’s temperature
• Chemical composition
• Amount of dissolved gases it contains

More silica -> More viscous

Less silica -> Less viscous
High temperature -> Low viscosity
Low temperature -> High viscosity
Higher gas -> Less viscous
Lower gas -> More viscous
Viscous lava -> Travels less
Less viscous lava -> Travels greater distance

Process of volcanic eruption

High temperature
and pressure push
Volcanic activities include the magma through
melting of solid rocks in the the openings like
Magma moves upward and
mantle which become thicken vents and
accumulates in an area called
molten materials called fractures. The
magma chamber
magma magma then oozed
out to form a lava
dome but do not
cause any
explosive
eruption.

Volcanic activities include the

melting of solid rocks in the
mantle which become thicken
molten materials called
magma Gas-charged magma reaches
More highly gas-charged the surface and explode. The
magma reaches the surface presence of dissolved gases
and the volcano explodes. enables the molten materials
to explode

Phreatic – Steam driven eruption / Contact between hot rocks and water
Phreatomagmatic – Fine ash / Contact between magma and water
Strombolian – Fountain lava eruption
Vulcanian – Tall eruption columns that reach 20km with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra.
Plinian – Deadliest type of volcanic eruption
Philippines - Ranked second in geothermal energy (21.60%) /
Geothermal Energy – Heat from the earth / The heat from the earth’s interior / 27% electricity generated

Direct dry steam

Flash steam
Binary cycle

Weather – Day to day state of an atmosphere

Climate – Overall condition of an area over a long period of time
Suns rays hit the ground at 90 degrees.
Earth hits the southern hemisphere more due to its tilt

Factors that affect climate:

• Altitude
• Latitude
• Distance from the Ocean
• Topography
• Ocean currents

Latitude – An imaginary line that is parallel to the equator

Longitude – An imaginary line from north to south pole
Topography – Surface features of an area
Altitude – Height above sea level
Soil absorb heat faster than water in night and day
Air temperature above the sea is higher during the night
No cloud temperature in leeward (No precipitation)
Windward – Low temperature
Rain shadow – Dry region in the leeward side
Ocean current – continuous directed movement of water
Coriolis effect – clockwise and counterclockwise movement of ocean currents (Right and Left)

Tropical Region – Between 23.5 North and 23.5 South of the equator, sun rays are the most intense
• Philippines
• Malaysia
• Peru
• Valenzuela
Temperate Region – Between 23.5 and 66.5 North and South of the equator, sun’s rays at smaller angle
• Korea
• France
• Germany
• New Zealand
Polar Region – Between 66.5 North and South
• Sweden
• Alaska
• Finland
• USA
Reason why there are different climate zones
• Rotation & Revolution
Rotation – Earth rotates on its own axis
Revolution – The earth revolves around the sun

Climate change – A long term change in the earth’s climate, especially change due to an increase in the
average atmospheric temperature
Global warming – “Increasing temperature phenomenon” Refers to a rise in the temperature of the
earth’s surface.
Greenhouse – Allow sunlight to enter but prevent heat from escaping
Greenhouse gas – Compared to the Earth

Greenhouse gasses
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons

Stars:
- Are powerful balls of flaming gases that emit electromagnetic waves in all directions.
- A natural luminous body visible in the sky especially in the night
- A huge sphere of very hot glowing gases –
- Most widely recognized astronomical objects.
- It represents the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies
- Luminous sphere of plasma held by its own gravity
Nebulae – Huge clouds of gas and dust
Constellations – An imaginary pattern of stars / Used in navigation / Determined when to sow or harvest

149.6km – Distance of Earth to sun

8:20 – Time for sunlight to reach Earth
400 billion – Stars in the milky way
170 million – Total approximate count of galaxies
3000 stars – Average amount of stars a human see’s
Earth’s Axis
Revolution – Responsible for the fact we can see different parts of the sky at different parts of the year.
88 constellations – Recognized by the IAU
IAU – International Astronomy Union

East to west – Movement of constellations seen from the Earth

West to east – Rotation of the Earth on its axis

Polaris – North star / Brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor.

Orion – Means hunter and prominent in the night sky all over the world during winter.
Balatik – A trap used in hunting wild pig
Tatlong Maria / Tres Marias – Orion’s belt that was named by Christian Filipino’s
Characteristics of a star
• Brightness
Brightness of a star depends on its size and temperature
Large stars > Small stars
Hot stars > Cool stars
A hot large star that is very far from Earth does not look very bright
A star’s apparent brightness/magnitude is the brightness you see from the Earth
Absolute brightness is the brightness the star would have if all stars were the same distance from the
earth.

• Color
(Hottest to coolest) Blue -> White -> Yellow -> Orange -> Red

• Surface Temperature
• Size
• Mass
Low mass stars – Survive for billions of years
High mass stars – Survive for millions of years

Prominent constellations in Winter: (December)

• Orion, Cetus, Eridanus, Gemini, Perseus, Taurus, Canis Major
Prominent constellations in Spring: (September)
• Pegasus, Andromeda, Aquarius, Capricornus, Pisces
Prominent constellations in Summer: (June)
• Sagittarius, Aquila, Cygnus, Hercules, Lyra, Ophiuchus, Scorpius
Prominent constellations in Fall: (March)
• Bootes, Cancer, Crates, Hydra, Leo, Virga

Prepared by:
Keyan & Lei