We ts caneeted or alt. fue —_ optical soraney CAuset | b: mnpira(nio2' Gera e enone NING eft 3 i q ime “utes © roe || Nan'& ope ’s rules ty dT Vn so) [pifed 0 ; ia Jeol Conny ShUthuvd venta Hy different) Chicol Connie 2 kata 0; oh OPH. HOmtrs iS) —k n io Maudying” A - lovin Grivality 9 Ham 2 rey NY yog ays sui, er Moi “sivsy dasidy Svat von Progence, ofr ov Chal 7 CRANES ivr (Day tt M Notakons ere Absent of 0 plane of Sgononet. wt sol 7d a of abond breaxing A a There are Tuis O Bomo!ytic vs a Ne Huo 2 ype of bond breaking age (Fission fe : : ® bond breacs yee $f bond byenking in wi BOW With odd> vlechone Boni CO shee tata gOo1 2 Neuna fy aqnunls J exes OddCetNon Species wos. A & © IWOA C Ayr» er IO MI is69Ims 9.96,)2 : : so LO %ge In VIPThis iso bype Of bond breaying sin nwniohsca bond breays uneventy into oppositely charged Fragments, “O78 pwodattinl (errant. Bi eX ane g ot 2c i wast 1-10 More elechoneanve Govbocoror ov _GaYbonim ton. YWroy 0: 1 2g 71a _nonapaqerge Aid) & lo } mae oe | ane Cis move elecwoneaatve Garbonion. how ™& Free radical SUbSKrAHON » of so MIKomes: Hint > | oes Oe ae When UN Night [sunvignt iS shone fwrougy Oo mixtaye of an GIROne wi Wo chiovine [Bromine , | Q Succession of __SUbstitarion products ts formed ey CHy + ci, SY Nowe, cugci + ner Cugcl + ci SYS on Cl, + Wel Usy ligne —_—_ CHCla, + Clo GRC, ey AC ae Cucta + Cly CSAS Coty + et Sacesive veachons anni Gall —W amma ore \ eplacest by - ol. 6CI-C)_ ato is broke SSUES K — @ Chain propaganon steps : I ay ca) een <> 5 aaa f {cae eae ey i Le i Cc “Cun detec If SA eS 3 i a and it conkaues p Ip 47 dapiinws \ od i foie tools ei, 49. 0h Mie SH OSIO yo pad Ot IO mdleesowe 1 tH 1 1 4 4 vA moh Ht # MS A 4 1 1 Woris0sy svie9d0 3VAIKENES neuibbe #2 9 reread $f JaulSrey SND ORT Stipe | Ae ondy "OH BnsR “PiOP Nature of A Sa The douse” Pond is sp? nypridiseds Vk. consists of 2 Sigma bond ond a _pi_boad 3 Ce Piskondsinvbrovides 0 Yegion OF Wign electvovr density s sneAteemess undevgormeleetr philic Awebetton guise AT An elecwophiit is an _clechonsen dehuenkin Muse have on Mtomplebe — otece of eter ror} - AO NpeES pale odd btan wleoteow! > sohe” spedey . VE must WONT Nia (onelGaiv OvrinddMe patys) oF electrons + ——_ bh Rien ersysbph aah 79 t _ nena hydvogen®» Walide Sei nod Roadie Sy } be Y svHopiy -0 fo i Alvenes ~eack wittero hydioge hans des Aleanes + ZA. + \A-\ —> mechanism renee Ores Csymemeal 4 4 atoms ) 4 + home on - Si = 7 i + 4 “i ( CSymethicut:) TACs ne? Fag, SS I a M4 ma Gu .cH, CY of CHOU thitge EMER adNON OL Mydiba, vbaOY ook, Jen 2% u In, electro piailtic addiBon »/ts Nydtogen shovide, 32 Ono. UNSymmétical, -OMKene, He hydic q OL he nyduoyer naive addd %O te bonded» eGtoon, With Do MONO IA negative wavtde fon add> +0 eon sit diac, SoMypolbomseis 1086 yD i ey 1 mechanion i te as T Hg 9. i er B 7 Chg CHa OR 4 a 12 > tess Stowle, J [cull Loren Rime? hinoy ya oe 4 << if ; cH =ch, 4 “3 § Ss 4 2° —> mac Table, (em @ fs maijow ChgcHC Hs ——+ cugchcicn 1S | 2Cl~ Amro} Pania The Jordern of _carbocanon llllgatigavitin ;3 anaes hes ouALey) | Groups ore eiecwon releasing and 80 veduce tae dentin of! gasive ova Tein tee neigubouring COvbon Crom. This: igeabtriscs i (sill caves CARDS, 3° Caveocanon fOups: Attoched to We inve Carbon Wee positive euorge density more weduee ran Secondary caroocaton wit two aikyt groups ancl tren | tat _Pimov4 cowtecotion “Uegity ove alky qroug ifwolleme a OF _. formonon wis Ss oc ogy haemo tenes: hos 3 alky | (tee a : Modern Statement (LAGSI) of Marovnikov’s rule: | Ie stares that addition of an unsymmetrical Xeagent to | ON _UNGymeavical alkene proceeds 1 Sum % dive oMeectio| GS 'o form @ more Stave carwraton ay an intecmedtote) i) Addition of halogens wR Alkenes veack > swoita halogens o> ine rpresenlt Oe Where Sone Fo fern Nicina) Cyierioli halides i ToomF- 1 ms! , AM Be-Bu ae ke “Ona —4 MEh anism a L é co Byer ke = We a 4 8 n a a SS a + al | Wee Spat Ae Ce ae 7 [ % aa * \s By By { +t BE WG YYys OWg i! rel ter nod ae By vs Holohydrin formation The Walogenation tS Carried out vin presence et YOry Hon an inert . sowent pte major pe isn We dihalide bat rotw a paloaiconol Caxa na oly Infais cose, Hae Moletuley OF fre SOlventy Abecon yeactants too. We 3 en a5 SO +t =e pa + By eee Reb ~6— cn, ey + 8 : vy o~y i (eee eae auae eT oe oactemal te a ree tee ee a ee | eei b 4 1 | eta Sia - ] i Wye 0 eRe wt Be. N SO=44 Reoctton witk Steam aT A\wenes reace with Steam in presence Of an arid Cokalyse £S form altonoy CHCOMICHs + cM CH, CH Om FF . Cla=CH, + Mp0 Tame, CHe Mayo pab . minoy pats olntat mechanism Cmajor pat: Onty)Ti qt tpropan -2= 0 ) iy and minoy pdé 15 (Pa i iy Nore: He major poles IS propan -1 ~0l oxidation eee Alena reask wi cold dil. aeidihed fatkaine potassium i permanganate ( POEGSS ium (vil) manganate) FO Forma com pou known ca -dliots. he coloy of Hat mangon ate cv) 4 from purple fo entoviess E aa conto on ngs i CMH = CH, Tog CHeCHCon)o# OH pn s i Boda lcipwi a. weit Oxidahyt cleavage of Avene) : i the C=C tS Oxidlovely eHppecleaved by using hot acidifed Phot alvatine potassium ee. ( = Acidttird 4aceH =cHCcu Sel 2 Wyle heat undey Ome THALoving? MIS rags D | - Z > 5 in’ CH Clb CH= MGM, ae ae s oH aGHy be sat + bite Vea, 0-4 — So-n od ed o0c8 Whines -cnoh ost ae ee ee oe the -Ferminah intl, regroupraobeeoe 2o1 eligexneeme CN _oatdised FO CO, and a0 Cwatey) by hot Mad, Sol. The di-subshtuted carton kom of Ke doune bond wetome (he _Corbony! group ef a ketones ini: 9 Addinon, ef ngdrogem fost ont H wr oe hae vat ston” pasoepa 6 Circ top LS it — ¢ ~;errues — + $e-e T By \x pad tien > art pacer P° Bhapesh piniesy WE lad ’ > Spin iIT iso polar ‘vond because i tae halogen atom 18 MOE Clecho / hoy tae Capo ATOM. The natogen atom 7 withdraws clechons from fot atom benee — e__Carbon: atom aquies a __ partial We charg and Ke halogen atom acquires A paral -Ve Charge. he ay types of reactions wnd-ev gone by halogenoalk anes ove extuey | nucteophilig | Suvsihukon jor | eli minaKow if Neo \ ¢ Nucleo philic Sub sKruton- sete eee ae TAS is aq veackon in whith anyelecKonje we} yecies displaces an atom 06 group ef atoms from @ “carbon atom in ON osganic molecule: There ave 2 type ok AUcleophie Supstition- denoted by TS 4h 0 Unimole culax > Snt © Bimmolecutay —> Sn2 —= _ S,2 Mechanism ES ee He 8S monty undergone by primay halogenoawanes. Ib yo Singit step mechanism , [ CUACA, Be + OW FEES cucu + Bye _—— Hos x = 4 H - EI OOS Toe. Cree By [> CAgCHZO4 F Bt cu g 2 & a 1 roars Cig a} achvated > . Gomple x —¢Energy Protiie diagram Meerpolb 97,3279 cand A SSRNG _BtO Grain a Saar PS ae | Ese] ic ge and | | Cly Gi, Br + On Reaction Coordinate | : 4 Moleculay 92 of © Gur reachon > ¥S tat Mumber of — parvietes f Comms, moleeuies or ions) vequied 0 form an achyated complex, == | nlf whines sa SIO NSpODA ” ; Since two pores (ie OW ana itta. norogenoawxone } Ones ere quived rae Lifes AN QoHNE ed H/ACONPIEN 7 toe Yeachon 5 bimalecutor, Swi (E18 mainty unilugoat + by tee 2 = Step Mecnomisms FU is ae == 4b =o eo aOR we? o a> By Le ow, LU GM, 7 | ‘or on SS fue-b +. 0=4 J 7 we << = oe A. <= since only one paricre fe Ceg)sCBy 15 vequived 46 form an compe in TAL Slow Step, te veotHon FS Unimolecwar | acnvored & a YReathons; Cvordirate. (e poy (ene; ° 2 halogen oatkanes ean Undergo — citux 3 Facors ageechiag ss the crates of. Sn and Stewe ebtect This is om effect on the velarve vate Rue Space - filling properties of one moltcare “ aitacwed » tO toyed nea: + 3° halogendarkanes can't Pats of fe fhe veacltow * sit undergo anv Sy2 mechanism because He bulk Gk grougs provid gS revic Minduence Fo Sut abtack- © 1 Halogenoaneanes undtygo Sql mechanism because ter tS eos See Skene Mindeence +6 Sy. @ Corbo Cation Stabitry- The order of covbscakop Stability is:4 i 1 - Si xe H=0®_ G+CO << p> CO Reg Beg: H zt T od methyl ale 2 2° on a 3) Nologenoatkanel _undey go Syl mechonism because Hey form a more stable 03° coquoeation 7° halogenoaitan ~€ 40 not undergo sy mechanism because Mt ie Cortbogation 1S uss Stable 4. olfficurt Stereo Chemist: Sqr Sy1 mechanism SX mechani _(eady fo _tavewsion OF Mu _configavarion fe Walden S” inversion. : ag 6 Tr Ba rer “ial wardens jTavesion be" At : ct —> fs 1 = aS trang: By \eads 0 arem eX sahon : ‘ a Qacemer(saoon Sie Cmamecc Sea NSED wae a8 +5 convexted taro an optically ache | fess Opheally taachye fom ie raceme modificabian @ P The pecawse tw cavoocahon vs igonal plaviay $8 C : nv at Kee 50 the nucleo nie nos equa\ © Sih ok backing gicl@ - back From Ant (on mG nai Wy 3inveyred — enantiome s ex Nu creo philic Dupsituvion _ Teacviorts- Reactions with alkalis On vefluving —A_halogenodironeo seth: Ch’! Alka, GY aleohol is formed Bs CMe Cu, bg cy —"_ tb!» a Cds Sgicuy8y hb NoOM cas tu cy a4 Cua cy — dt Nadk —> Cu c,—c- TOR if Ha Ch, 7 ~ bt How Ve eu ho Ean agp cine aoa eae Tee b= OF} HOC! To. eo aaa — 2 1" ; ee i n —s cy2-|| Reacwon wit alkani meral cyan a wi i Cope niche on Yebluxing A nalogensartane with an alkall meta) cyanide In pre sence of an GlCoholic Solvenc Bos a me vy formes This xeachon — con. bbe ugeck FO Mev ease Rae eng ot, yen COrbion Chain a een oy OME “eon —> cla CH2 CEN Heel cua ee Silks —— rm zthorot = eye Cl o — & + NOON —— > .Cha R CEN +NoRy evs@ | Reaction with — Ammon'e Ils eae ee an Fefluxing & Walogenoakane wit alcoholic | am in 0 seatect abe, an amine is formed. 1 aS a eeted cugcH Cl + nny SSR cucu, NM ba CONCOMAREY "twee ae a Woe Tr i t SMigroya tee LAS ei PNID HiGM node 9A | r “Heal in Qe eae AAS ta ipso = Claas CHe—6 —Na + Hel We Co\eonorgy Seamer Ne er I 3 Fue re tH — i=f ae Bearer ape? pair donor [ee J es Elimination Ig @ yeactiga invowing yemovar of ar Atom Ov _Aroup Of axoms from an Organi, _enotecale_F0 form an UNnSaturareddt Compound. § Ve hydro halogen Qrion of eS EN On _yetluying a nalogenodaikane wit etranolic Kole oy etranolic NaOH, an alkene iS Formed: ow e T Le Pe etaanatic Teo —_ ce pi Ben T ey Hot: 7 NS | _ Wiles 4 4 MeCchonism see y t ig eens 4 =O CS 3 u-0 5 6-4 ———> az ¢ + CHzcw,04 FON bh 6 # in = iO CHL CH dehydro halogen aban. Of AO. we 02. Malogenoa\eane Congisning of 4 oy move corbon Rtoms wit reach +0 He formah'or OL more than one aivenc* “Me —masor._. pac: COn be fh predicted by Sayezetf’s vale: (Ud nen oo Bn orem MONEE aveaalomee formed, tre i Ww He fhe Aleene write mor ¢ Alte yt Surosntuenrs @ttau' dou onde cv¥bons (3 fu. majoy edtef an “es a V8 beng {Pacena; Dare: wee} + erddon inl 3] Bthavolie Olt ClCH, Cl = 6 hn ynav edly] ko Bh CM cue 64 on ne ene roe! - 7 : ; i 5 MAlarpele a: I Davoget How 1 his © =—¢= C= Coat qkow 7 aes Leo Byre deanna» en roves mithaniym lu tk Mpserbeili diva gold! em i u Clkec = b-¢ —ecae-e-4 —— 3 § S56 Wowie di 3 c acl, 0 : Jo prota tvspole srbpxl SY RE 3 # cig CHa 18) CHF oer taut STs = Cis = C= Cle ee Clk 0 =Ch ve +: k Re 1 ; City ee Telax Ry Mechanism cHe t = Cees Wes L By : : 3 is | times ot, die hen her icy apt, Bamrey 618 ste avem vos A oF MOR crewintowd pain ZW Nie ond Soler oF M2) LNOBV02 ab ag wyComparing yates of Nucieo phil ie Subshtubon ss ¥ Ww Pow — The vate of nucteopnific _SubsHtuhon +9 in ordley alky iodides We Arky! bromides > Alkyl Chionides > alicy) Fiuorde Ths ts pecawe a@bomic yadins at halogens increases down te group» An increase tn atomic radius Neacy ©o (ess effective —overiag 9} _A*OmIC “ovbie ats: Whim Ag: AgNO, ts added _+0 the tna togen 0 Alkane! He vate of farmaton Of ept-s YS) ny) eer ae Areyintodiole > ale yromide> Arey lGueniorides’? | 7 ANky | fe. Pron des a "doe i Po aig teed sc re Serre Dh AlCOhols | || Reachon win. _elechoposinve meta. es uses E of} O lecweposinves merals SUM addin Sov inal i weate wit Aieowols bo « Lows obo Kid ess and Wg oF | LBay1o — HBNo 2 >) 2 Kona pre omsge> ACH sc ,OH & 2Na ——» 2e4,CH,6Na +H 1a + 51X09 Sodium -etuonid e 2) Keatkon ete hydrgen watioler: Gs A\conolS$ reach wit hydrogen Monides bo form halog enoalkanes aneteottaen ce errerge 7 4 Cit see: Zan er gtite + 0 : | |Mechanism eds Oiinig RN HLA fring) ff - = Aart baat BAS OR WAN nr bth ail ct CORO Teo Ml a ema 5 a55< ry ane : Taey ie it oe B Cres 2 Ses 43 CHIOV 1490) i: wer! Bs ‘ Nel j ae ae 2 ~ 49 wrt | it AB LYS * ae CUgclhy O14 = CU Lee Yetecte Minox pat. ciw,cu Se Cug mayor edt: Oxidation of —_alconors ; > On _reftenigg) on?) aieonol with acidified o patossiam diVmromate Cvi) ie 2Cr,0 oe OY acidified Kmn Ogu a Corboryve acid vs festa" 7 wag @ ; : ga Rea G- RcH,on vafey: pets cee ee “Hw 30 Q O-H Bie 7 nM are ciibe bad bisA Gu,cr owns \p6; Eo cae Teton e : o O-1 lk oO mixture of & 4° ateonol and eit acidik eck K3G¥30. | kod, 1s heared and ters produce disnied ote | an aldehyde _ i's formuet- ts Reno + fol eas (Se Kee peso fae » r wy et ane1 NF a mild onccising agent 0.9 chromy) chloride used, 0 Psimovy altonol fg oxidised to ' Alde hyde. I “ t ri 5HR,ON> Osa Sie ae to Ha Ounsd - Hef = : do : : oa josn vONE j a artowois ove oxidised +0, ketones’ OW refluxing _ Hae v F = ] Wi Ocidivred K Mob, 1 &20,04 CHOW Gls = C2 =C is \ ae. c + On] Z - + 0 5 on pees 2 ; S alcohols Ove ot oxidised. “ j j > i. 3 Disinguishiag between classes’ Of. alcohols. MF a 4g adem 5 o Reagent 2° alcohols Mi Acidified COlOY of He dichromate ws Fg 0%,04 Changes fom ovange “uf bo greed on Ineatiag Acidified Color KMn0g of te kMn0 enanges from ple oy na We FO colovtess on Warming 9) LOvocoam tecy’ [eel ROI ( TE a 2 wwe ® 1S 5 Githey NER avr. een Odie: rH 4 ke i B - Lng EO. Wo atom O-H Aleonols Maviag A grouging# form a Pole yetlow — pp= Frilodomesrone’ (CUES) © when MIOSNCCl wie (OSA Cm of Noow