RIZL111 14.

SECTION 3 – The Life works of Rizal must be

translated into different language in the
WEEK #1
Philippines.
RIZAL LAW – R.A. NO. 1425 15. SECTION 4 – This course will not ignite a
debate and will not talk ill about different
1. Under Ramon Magsaysay religions.
2. As long as you are in a college or universities 16. June 12, 1946 – Known Independence Day
need to take Rizal. Even if you are a foreigner however, July 4, 1946 – the original
studying in the Philippines. Because of the independence from Americas. Dios Dado
Republic Act no. 1425. Macapagal change the date of Independence
3. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and Jose Day to June 12 where Aguinaldo declare it.
Rizal life become a stepping stone for the 17. Claro M. Recto fight for the Rizal Bill.
freedom of the Filipinos because during Spanish
period they are not allowed to read and know CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIZAL LAW
about Jose Rizal life and books. That is why this
1. Hernando Abaya (1984) - Saw the difference
law is being implemented so that many people
from the time there’s no Rizal subject to the
nowadays will know the story of Jose Rizal and
implementation of the course. He saw a positive
its Books.
impact of the course to the students and the
4. 1956 – enactment of the R.A. no. 1425
country. “Rizal is a role model to the youth.”
5. This subject will help us understand and
2. Due to the subject, it raises national identity.
appreciate the doings of Jose Rizal.
3. The negative impact to it is that it causes
6. Jose Rizal Novel can inspire you to be patriotic
confusion in the faith because according to
in your country (Philippines).
Rizal’s work to be able to get freedom and love
7. CIVIC CONSCIENCE – You give back for the
your country you need to give up of your
people. Your soul purpose is to help others.
religion/faith and fight them. It endangers the
8. SECTION 1- Repetition of the first paragraph.
Christian growth of the people/youth. (Not all
Addition, it must be presented unedited and
priest is like father Salvi and Father Damaso.)
English translation shall be used.
9. When Jose Rizal Law has been implemented
Catholic church reacted because they are not in
good terms. However, even if you are in catholic
school this subject must be implemented.
10. 23 senator’s pro or agree with Jose Rizal law
and 1 senator doesn’t like the law.
11. Jose P. Laurel give consent to the church for the
implementation of the law. He offers that the
subject will be light, will not emphasize about
the cruelty of the church and the priest. Will not
mention a specific religion. However, since it is
being implemented in colleges, they need to
know the authentic story of Rizal. That is why it
is ideal to be implemented in higher level (18
and above) due to their maturity and ability to
decide on their own. TCWD111
12. If someone doesn’t want to study it, they need to
WEEK #1
take legal action that will allow them to not
study the Rizal (plus with agreement of the INTRODUCTION AND DEFINING
school’s dean) and it can be change into a GLOBALIZATION
subject relevant to its course.
1. CONTEMPORARY – relevant and recent. Idea
13. SECTION 2 – all school must have Jose Rizal
that talks about the ideas of present happenings
books and readily available. All bookstores in
all around the world. It marks the globalization.
the Philippines must have Jose Rizal’s book on
sale.
2. GLOBALIZATION – connection of different
countries.
3. Globalization is like human because it needs
social interaction. It can also affect the
community.
4. We need to study TCWD to understand the
effect of the globalization so that we can’t be
ignorant to the changes happening in the world.
5. MNC – Multinational Corporation.
6. There’s always an effect when there’s changes.
7. GLOBAL VILLAGE - people throughout the
world are interconnected through the use of new
media technologies
8. COLLONIALIZATION – being influence with
different culture to the point you are forgetting
your own.
9. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM – certain giving
culture that influences other culture. You are
being brainwashed in different culture. Ex:
colonization of Spaniards here in the
Philippines.
10. INTEREST GROUP OR PRESSURE GROUPS
– groups in the political society with same
advocacies.

MTLB211
WEEK #2
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5527 PHILIPPINE MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969
1. This law governs the medical technology
professions.
2. Amendments – revision of laws
3. Training – the training of the students during
internships.
4. Practice – the actual work of medical
technologist in the Philippines.
5. Examination – the board examinations.
6. Pathologist – a doctor that specialize in
laboratory.
7. BSMT/BSH (bachelor of science in hygiene –
BS public health (UP))
8. 1969 – even if you are not graduate as MedTech
you can work in laboratory as long as you pass
the exam.
9. Accredited MedTech training laboratory – were
student practice/internship.
10. There are two groups of people in R.A. 5527:
Board and Council. Section 3: Council and
Section 7: board of examiners.
11. The board of medical technology also included
in the council of medical technology.
12. The council of medical technology composed of
9 people.
13. Should not exceed within 2 in a month meeting.
14. Council of Medical technology education –
function is related to education.
15. If you fail 3 times in the exam you need to go
through a refresher course for a year.
16. The president of the Philippines is the only one
who can appoint of the board for medical
technology.
17. Must not have any affiliation with different
school.
18. 1969 – there’s no ERC. The administer of board
exam is commission of civil service during that
time.
19. Before (1969) there’s a certificate of
examination even if you have not taken an exam BACT211LAB
yet. For those people who became MedTech
without the law yet. WEEK #2
20. SUBPOENA – you are being invited in a court 1. Microbiology Laboratory practices where
to bring relevant documents for investigation. first published in 1913. During that time,
21. The license is the most important. Certificate of they started wearing gloves, washing hands
registration (Doesn’t expire) and the license after working with infectious materials,
(expires every 3 years). disinfect all instruments immediately after
22. Every topic in the exam consists of 100 items. If used, they start disinfection of all
you fail in one major subject you will repeat contaminated waste before discarding, and
everything. reporting of exposure to infectious agents.
23. You can be accepted to work even if you are still 2. Hazard Communication Standard mandates
waiting for the license as long as you passed that all hazardous chemical in the laboratory
(Under 21 years old). should be identified and marked with NFPA
24. RECIPROCATE -What you give is what you (National Fire Protection Association)
take. symbol.
25. ROSTER OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
– list of registered medical technologist.
HHIS221
WEEK #2
MICROSCOPE
1. Histological study is used in forensic
investigation, autopsies, diagnosis, and in field
of medicine (for treatment and diagnosis).
2. Light microscope: Simple light microscope
(single lens) and Compound light microscope
(set of lenses).
3. Mechanical part – used to support and adjust the
different parts of the microscope
4. Illuminating- used to provide light. Located
under the stage.
5. Magnifying parts – used to enlarge the
specimen. Most important part of the
microscope
6. Base – main support of the microscope located
at the bottom part. This is also where the light
switch located.
7. Aperture – permit light to the stage.
8. Eyepiece – usually have 10-15 magnification
(mostly 10x).
9. Every time we focus a sample it should be start
in the lowest available powered objectives.
 10. Total magnification is the overall total when you
multiple the objectives to the magnification of
eyepiece.
11. Coarse adjustment know must only be used in
LPO or Scanner (Lowest objective available).
CELL
1. Cell – small living part of our body that consist
of many functions to sustain our life.
2. Nucleus – consist of eukaryotic cells. It has
genetic materials.
3. Nucleolus – singular term of nucleoli. Site for
ribosomal RNA.
4. Free ribosomes- sites for protein synthesis. The
protein produce here is used for cell used.
5. Calcium -responsible for muscle contraction.
6. Cis face – located near the endoplasmic
reticulum. The received site of Golgi apparatus.
7. Trans face – away from the endoplasmic
reticulum. It is the shipping site.
8. Lysosomes – principal site of intracellular
digestion. Capable for autophagy: the process
which recycle its own organic material.
9. Mitochondria – responsible for the production of
energy required for the cell. Power house of the
cell.
10. ATP – energy transformer of cell.
11. Cytoskeleton – back bone of the cell. Organize
network of protein filaments.
12. Microtubules - determine the shape, enclosed
the cell and intracellular transport.
13. Microfilament – determine the shape of the cell
and necessary for cell locomotion utility.
14. Intermediate filament – provide mechanical
strength of the cell.
15. Centrosomes – amorphous region adjacent to
nucleus.
16. Centrioles – help organize microtubule
assembly.
17. Cilia or Cilium – provide motility of the cell or
to move fluid of the cell.
18. Flagella or Flagellum – angulating movement
(upward or downward movement like).
MITOSIS
1. Mitosis – period of cell division.
2. G1 – longest and most variable part. Active
RNA controlling the progress of cell cycle.
3. S phase – synthesis phase. This period is
specific for DNA replication or which DNA is
synthesize. Continuous to increase in size.
Centrosomes replication happened here.
4. G2 – Short period of preparation for mitosis.
5. Mitotic phase – can be observed in the
microscope.
BACT211
WEEK#2
INTRODUCTION TO DIAGNOSTIC
BACTERIOLOGY
1. Medical Microbiology – studied by medical
student as well as nursing. Study the role of
microorganism in human diseases. The
laboratory identification is used for diagnostic,
treatment, and prevention procedures.
2. Diagnostic bacteriology – focus on laboratory
identification.
3. Phenotypical – morphology of bacteria. Physical
characteristics. Can be seen by naked eye.
4. Genotypical – It can’t be seen by naked eye
unless you used molecular techniques. Ex: DNA
sequences, Nucleotides, and Nucleic acid bases.
5. This both is used to identify the bacteria.
6. Antibiotic susceptivity testing – is a
phenotypical testing. Characteristic of the
bacteria to respond to antibiotic
(resistance/doesn’t inhibit the growth of bacteria
or susceptible/sensitive/inhibit the growth of
bacteria).
7. Microbiology is the study of microorganism.
8. Germs – a liegemen’s term for microorganism.
9. Virus is not a cell/nonliving because it doesn’t
have organelles. Prion is also nonliving
10. Bacteria and fungi are living organism.
11. Microbes are said to be ubiquitous meaning they
are unique from one another and can be seen
everywhere/virtually everywhere.
12. Can be seen: Environment (soil and water),
human (normal flora), and animals (zoonotic
organism/zoonosis)
13. Non-sterile site – with normal flora (respiratory
tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin)
14. Sterile site – without normal flora (CNS and
Blood).
15. Acellular (nonliving) – consist of protein and
nucleic acid.
16. Cellular (living) – consist of all molecular
components/biomolecules.
17. Procaryotes – without true nucleus
18. Eucaryotes – with true nucleus
19. There nucleus a nucleus in procaryotes but is not
called as nucleus rather it is called as nucleoid
region that consist of DNA and RNA structure
that have the genetic materials, same with
nucleus of eucaryotes.
20. However, the reason why it is not called nucleus
because the procaryotes region doesn’t have
nuclear membrane while the eucaryotes have
nuclear membrane that separates the nucleus to
the cytoplasm.
21. Nucleoid region is near the mesosome.
22. Bacteriology we want to identify the genus and
specie
23. Virus – they have lipid but not lipid. They will
get it from the host cell.
24. Virus has 2 parts: Enveloped (they got a lipid
form the host cell) and Naked/no enveloped
(they didn’t have lipid from the host cell).
25. Bacteria –replication: process of binary fission.
26. Fungi
27. Yeasts – 37 degrees Celsius
28. Molds – 25 degrees Celsius.
29. Monomorphic – either yeast or mold form.
30. Dimorphic – both can exist as yeast or mold.
31. Parasites
32. Pathogens/Pathogenic bacteria or fungi –
microorganism that causes diseases.
33. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Capsule – have
capability to cause diseases. No capsules –
doesn’t have the capability to cause diseases.
34. Staphylococcus aureus: enterotopsin a- food
poisoning. B- Toxic shot syndrome
35. Virulence factor – called to the characteristic of
the bacteria. If no characteristic/virulence factor
to cause disease they don’t have virulence.
36. Endogenous infection – commonly caused by
normal flora in our body. It causes disease if
they become pathogen.
37. HOW?: They increase in numbers (if the
immune system depleted). Transfer of site
(example: E. coli transfer to urinary tract
causing UTI. Due to wrong washing. It should
be front to back)
38. Exogenous infection – Ex: Cholera – caused by
vibrio cholerae that comes from water
environment.
39. Acute infection – rapid/sudden manifestation.
40. Chronic - gradual
41. Normal flora – not pathologic
42. Colonization – it must reach certain numbers to
be able to cause disease.
43. First, they thought that disease is caused by the
evil spirit, bad air, invincible animal,
punishment by gods.
44. Ebers Papyrus (Egyptian medical papyrus) – list
of diseases and treatments.
45. Necrosis – na bubulok
46. Syphilis -sexually transmitted infection. It is
spirochete (morphology is spiral)
47. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – saw bacteria and
protozoa in rain water
48. Louis Pasteus – disapproved the spontaneous
generation.
49. Spontaneous Generation – life arise
spontaneously from non-living materials
50. Jan Baptista Van Helmont - a Flemish scientist
that proposed that mice arise from rags, wheat
kernels, put in the container left open for 3
weeks it will produce mice.
51. Germ theory – adopt until today. Diseases are
caused by a specific microbe.
52. Pasteurization – heat liquid at 63-65 degrees
Celsius for 30 minutes or 73-75 degree Celsius
for 15 seconds. It can’t kill pathogens but can
kill microorganism that can cause spoilage of
food.
53. Heat and Methylene blue – so that stains can
penetrate in the bacteria.
54. John Tyndall – not all bacteria can be called just
by heating itself. Some bacteria can be killed
through repeated heating and resting called
TYNDALLIZATION
55. Microbial control: Sterilization (all
microorganism is eliminated) and Disinfection
(all are eliminated except bacteria with spore)
56. Spore -envelop itself to survived the heat. It is
hard to eliminate. In order for them to kill it
needs to undergo sterilization.
57. Aseptic Technique – doing a certain procedure
to avoid contamination.
 58. Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – father of hand hygiene. Biovarieties (biovar.) basis are through
59. Childbed fever – disease mother gets after biochemical test result.
giving birth. 7. These three have same level.
60. Joseph Lister – chemical in wound dressing to 8. Suffix-aceae – Family name
prevent contamination of bacteria that may come 9. Staphylococcus Aureus – S. aureus
from the external environment. 10. Staphylococcus sp. – it is denoting generally to a
61. Ferdinand Cohn – 1849 – stains for histological single organism but not stating the
(tissue) specimen. Ex: Carmine and complete/specific specie.
hematopsylin (vegetable dyes.) 11. spp. – refereeing to the entire genera. (Not
62. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope has only italicize as well as sp.)
30-266x magnification. It only sees the 12. staphylococcus – not capitalize nor underlined
morphology of bacteria (first person to draw meaning it is referred to the entire group.
bacteria/ present of bacteria (1684)). However, if uses spp. the first letter of genus
63. Robert Hooke develop a higher magnification of must be capitalized
microscope with 3-500x magnification (end of 13. Specie should not be underlined.
16th century). It able to recognize cellular
structures of bacteria.
64. Methylene blue stains the mycobacterium
tuberculosis with application of heat (acid fast
stain).
65. Frederick Loeffler (1890) – demonstrate the
presence of flagella
66. Martinus Beijenrick (1898) – enrichment culture
medium
67. Macintosh and Fildes – discover the anaerobic
jar.
68. Chamberland (1884) – discover the autoclave
69. Anti-susceptibility testing – identify antibiotic to
know the resistance and susceptible of bacteria.
70. Susceptible are used by physicians for
treatments.
71. Laboratory identification 1. Specimen
collection. 2. Direct Microscopic Examination,
3. Culture, 4. Bacterial Identification (macro and
micro) 5. Biochemical test.

TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION

1. Taxonomy -science involves in classifying
things. Came from Greek terminology taxes
meaning arrangement and nomos meaning law.
2. Taxonomic categories – family, genus, and
species.
3. Taxa – plural and Taxon – singular (Taxonomic
– groups/categories). Basis: Similar
characteristics and relationship.
4. Nomenclature – assignment of names according
to international rules.
5. Carl Von Linne – create a rule for classification.
6. Under species there’s: Subspecie (subsp.) basis
of differences are phenotypic characteristics.
Serovarieties (serovar.) basis of differences is
through serologic (antigen and antibodies).
 4. Encomienderos – responsible for protecting the
properties of the king (encomienda).
5. Polo – took your house and commanded you to
work in it for free for development.
6. Tribute – siningil sa work na ginawa ng mga
Filipino in their own land.
7. Isolation Policy – nilayo sa mga kapit bahay/
near countries.
8. Divide and Rule – they ignite fight within
households

RIZL111
WEEK #2
1. 296 Years under Spain.
2. Somebody is fighting every 3 years due to not
having unity of each place in the Philippines.
3. Encomienda – taking someone’s land.
 4. Philippines has democratic government.
5. POLITICS AS THE ART OF
GOVERNEMNT: politics is not a science but it
is an art. The exercise of control within the
community.
6. Greek word “Polis” meaning city state.
7. Ancient Greece city state: Most common is
Athens (most famous philosophers and
influential) and Sparta
8. Politics talks about what concerns the state.
Traditional view of discipline that reflected the
tendency of academic studies.
9. Politics study the governance of politics.
10. AUTHORITY – the right to practice the power
to guide and implement rules in your
community.
11. Political science – study of politics.
12. Traditional approach – focus on moral values.
13. Behavioral approach – form of studies more on
scientific/factual. Must provide evidences to
support claims. Scientific facts.
14. Power as agenda setting
15. Power as thought control. Seen in use of
propaganda.
GOVERNANCE

PPGC111
WEEK #3
POLITICS
1. POLITICS – study of the activity of the
government. It helps to solve different countries
issues. Politics exist because country need to
have cooperation. The main purpose of politics
is to settle those conflicts,
2. Politics is about obtaining power and authority
so that people will listen to you.
3. Politics is considered as an arena and a process.
It is an art of government and public
affairs/distribution of resources.
 Does the position of rich countries as giants in the
economic chain threaten the status of less developed
countries in the global market?

I think yes because nasasapawan yung mga less

developed countries and mangyayari is puro export
nalang sila sa mga rich countries and mas lalong
yayaman yung mga rich while mga poor hindi
makakapag growth. Like parang mas yayaman po yung
mga mayayaman and yung mga mahihirap although may
improvement po sila pero mahihirapan na po sila mag
catch up kasi mas umaangat po yung mga mayayaman

No because rich countries can help the poor country to

grow. For example, may advance technology yung rich
country pwede po tau bumili sakanila para ma improve
din yung sa atin na pwede rin maka improved sa
economy natin.

TCWD111
WEEK #2
GLOBAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURES
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
– problems that need to be retain and address in
the society. From 8 SDG to 17 SDG
2. PROTECTIONISM – the government interfere
when it comes to foreign trade and they only
check what are the things that could be useful in
the country.
3. TARIFF – the feast or payment for exportation
process. In the Philippines, Bureau of Customs
manage the tariff.
4. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS – you can
easily trade goods without restriction.
5. TRADE GALLEON

MTLB211
WEEK #3
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5527 AND ITS AMENDMENTS
1. Amendments – this are an addition or alteration
made by a constitution. It allowed the laws and
fallacies be refined over time rather than being
replaced.
2. A year after the RA 5527 there’s already an
amendment 1970. After 4 years 1974, 4 years
again (PD 1534)
3. 1. QUALIFICATION OF EXAMINATION:
R.A. 6138 – Not requiring the 1-year
undergraduate internship or practical training.
4. 2. SECTION 21: they stress some words. In
order for you to get COR you need to file for the
application (prior).
5. 3. SECTION 22: the 10 pesos is allocated for the
registration. The 50 pesos is same with the
amendments. They only specify coming from
the total of 50 pesos is allotted to the
registration. You are going to pay 900 pesos in
application of PRC. After the 3 application the
applicant is required to submit a refresher course
accredited by the CHED.
6. 4. P.D. 498: Amendment the definition of terms
of section 2. In the practice of medical
technology, it specifies the different section of
medical laboratory and different practice. It also
specifies the professionals should be paid in
return for their professional services, given
indirectly or directly. It also included the scope
of the work of medical technology. They can
prepare and standard reagents and they cannot
commercialize it only used for medical
laboratory practices. Medical Laboratory
Technicians – they also required to be certified
to assist registered medical technologist and
qualified pathologist.
7. 5. SECTION 3: 1974 – the PRC (1973) is
already established. They changed the
composition of the council of medical
technologist.
8. 6. SECTION 4: travel expanses
9. 7. SECTION 7: the board is not under the PRC.
They can served for 3 years but they can be
reappointed as long as there’s still no other
qualified.
10. 8. SECTION 8: They omitted the qualified
medical technologies but the years oof practice
is also the same. They specified the faculty
affiliations.
11. 9. SECTION 11: There is an addition of the
function and duties of the board they add the
medical laboratory technician. They added
paragraph g, h, i. It concerns our professions
12. 10. SECTION 13: There is a changed in the
department (DEPED). For the laboratory it
should be approved by the PRC.
13. 11. SECTION 16: Change the name of BS
hygiene to BS Public Health.
14. 12. SECTION 17:
 15. 13. SECTION 21: If they studied in different
countries, they can still issue a COR.
16. Right now, everything is under by CHED.
17. General Law – it is applied for general
profession. Specific law – only applicable for a
specific profession.
18. Ex-Officio – virtue of another office. Ex:
President of PAMETH she is included in the
council of MEDTECH Education.
19. Ad hoc – appointed only. Latin word. One time
purpose only/ in addition only. Ex: One of the
technical panels will be the dean of OLFU but
he doesn’t have position just a dean in education
but he is appointed.
20. Repealing Clause – binalik yung dating law.
HHIS211
WEEK #3
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
1. The organs of human body are composed of 4
tissues type: epithelial, connective, muscular,
and nervous tissue.
2. In each tissue is an assemblage of similarly
specialized cell united in performing a specific
function.
3. Tissue line/ epithelium lie all external and
internal surfaces of our body and all substances
that will enter and leave must cross the epithelial
tissues.
4. The principal function of epithelial tissue: For
covering, lining and protecting surfaces. It is
also for absorption (ex: intestinal lining). Lastly
for excretion.
5. Epithelial tissue also show polarity: Apical
(faces the sheet free surface. It is specialized for
tran/transport one molecule to one cell to
another. It also specialized for pinocytosis it is a
type of endocytosis meaning to drain. It is a
process by which a cell takes the fluids along
with dissolved small molecules) and Basal side
(faces the basement membrane and underline
connective tissue. It is specialized for
exocytosis. A process for moving large
molecules out of the cell).
6. When classifying epithelial tissue, we’re going
to observe the nuclei of each tissue.
7. Columnar – elongated nuclei
8. Cuboidal - Spherical nuclei
9. Squamous – flat nuclei
10. Nutrient from epithelial tissue must absorb in
basement membrane.
11. Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina can be
observed or visualized only on Transmission
Electron Microscope.
12. Basement membrane filter the urine in the
glomerulus. It performs a vital role in our urine.
13. Basal Lamina (dense). Reticular lamina (mas
makapal)
14. The lateral surfaced of epithelial cells has
complexes of several intercellular junctions.
15. claudin & occluding
16. cadherin family – adherent junctions (strong site
adhesion)
17. Each connexons composed of 6 connexins
subunit. 1.5 nanometer in diameter limiting the
site of transmission.
18. Microvilli increase epithelial apical area for
absorption.
19. Stereocilia also facilitate absorption. Senses of
light touch, hearing, and ability to sense
movement. It is much longer than microvilli and
it is less motile. It also shows branching distally
or has gaps.
20. Cilia is made up of microtubules. Motile cilia
are abundant in cuboidal or columnar cell of
epithelial. It exhibits rapid beating pattern to
move a fluid in one direction along the
epithelium. Example is the respiratory tract.
21. Axoneme: 9 microtubules and 2 microtubules
(center).
 22. SIMPLE COLUMNAR: line the intestine and
gall bladder.
23. Stratified – two or more layers
24. Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue – are fairly
rare. They are responsible for excretory glands
such as sweat glands.
25. Simple glands – unbranced
26. Compound glands – branched
27. RER – rough endoplasmic reticulum
28. Merocrine glans is intact
29. Mammary gland – partial destruction during
apocrine section.
LAB:
BACT211
WEEK#3
BACTERIAL CELL COMPONENTS
1. Bacteria do not contain any membrane bound
organelles except from ribosomes.
2. Bacteria has DNA which is located in the
nucleoid region. Single circular chromosomes.
3. Coiled DNA is Chromosomes. Both has a
genetic composition.
4. Human 46 chromosomes. Bacteria has 1
(circular) containing very minimal
characteristics. Located in the nucleoid region.
5. Cell wall a part in bacteria that is being stain.
Made up of peptidoglycan but it is also referred
as Peptidoglycan layer or murein layer.
6. Cell wall has Mechanical disruption as well
maintaining the shape.
7. Procaryotic cells has Phospholipid layer and
protein but it lacks carbohydrates.
8. Location of electron transport in the cell wall but
not all can pass through.
9. Cell wall also can generate energy.
10. Peptidoglycan – it is made up of alternating
sugar: N-acetyl- D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-
D -muramic acid.
11. Gram stain is a differential stain. We can
differentiate the gram-positive organism and
gram-negative organism.
12. If you used gram stain if it became gram
positive gram negative is eliminated vice versa.
13. The cell wall of gram positive and gram
negative is different.
14. GRAM POSITIVEE: Purple
15. GRAM NEGATIVE: Red or Pink
16. GRAM POSITIVE – Murein layer is thick.
17. GRAM NEGATIVE – Murein layer is think
18. Crystal Violet, Grams Iodine, Acetone Alcohol
(95% ethanol), and Safranin.
19. Crystal Violet – primary stain. Grams Iodine -
mordant, Acetone Alcohol – decolorization
(crucial step), and Safranin – secondary
stain/counter stain
20. Gram + (V-Purple, I-Purple, A-Purple, S-No
change in color because it is already stained by
crystal violet) = purple.
21. Thick can’t be penetrated by decolorizer
(Murein layer).
22. Gram – (V-Purple, I-Purple, A-wash
out/decolorize=colorless, S-red)
23. Thin can be penetrated by decolorizer.
24. Periplasmic space can only be seen in (Murein
Layer) gram negative as it contains degradative
enzymes (nakakasira na ezymes). Due to it gram
negative can have fast manifestation.
25. Infection: Entry, Invasion, Multiplication, and
Disease manifestation.
26. If gram is negative fast disease manifestation.
27. Lipopolysaccharides can only be found in
negative gram.
28. Flagellum or Flagella may or may not be present
as well as capsule.
29. 1. Periplasmic Space, 2. Peptidoglycan, 3.
Lipopolysaccharides.
30. Teichoic acid – it will provide rigidity to the cell
wall by attracting magnesium and calcium.
31. Lipoteichoic- Act as a regulator of autolytic wall
enzymes (muraminidase). It has Antigenic
properties – which stimulates
antibodies/immune responds.
32. Gram Negative Cell wall – has peptidoglycan
but very thin.
33. Outer membrane of gram negative- Bilayer,
sieve (allow water-soluble molecules to enter the
phospholipid (called porins)), attachment sites
for invasions.
34. Periplasmic space can only be seen in the gram
negative. It has gel like structure to absorb
nutrients from the environment. All food came
from the environment. Another storage site is
the Glycocalyx (nutrient deposit site for
bacteria).
35. GRAM VARIABILITY- usually characteristics
of gram-positive bacteria. Sometimes they are
positive and sometimes negative. Changing of
reaction.
36. Acquired gram variability – old. (18-24 hours –
considered as fresh). pH of stain. Acidic dye
staining the basic components, vice versa.
Autolysis = no cell wall = no stain. Duration can
change depending on the manufacturer’s
protocol.
37. GENERAL RULE: all cocci are gram positive
except Neisseria, Villanella, Moraxella (before
branhamella).
38. Mycoplasma and Urea plasma – doesn’t have
cell wall but have sterols.
39. Mycobacterium and Nocardia spp. – acid fast
bacteria. Mycolic acid – hydrophobic lipids –
thick. That is why we apply heat.
40. Other bacteria that don’t have cell wall but have
sterols is the Acholeplasma.
41. Acid fast stain -using for suspected that have
acid fast.
42. Differential stain: Acid fast and Non-acid fast
43. Cabral Fuchsin (primary stain), Heat (to
penetrate cell wall), Acid Alcohol (3%
hydrochloric acid and 95% ethanol)
(decolorizer), Methylene blue (secondary
stain/counter stain).
44. ACID FAST: red
45. ACID FAST: F-red, H-red, A-red (resistant for
decolorization), M-red
46. NON-ACID FAST: blue/green
47. NON-ACID FAST: F-red, H-red, A-color red,
M-blue or green.
48. A = gram positive, D = gram negative, B and C
= gram negative
49. Mycobacteria (etiologic agent of tuberculosis)
was discovered by Robert Koch.
50. Zeihl-Neelsen Methos (hot) and Kinoun Method
(cold) – using of chemical in replacement of
heat/safer.
51. REPORTING OF GRAM STAIN: Reaction +
Morphology + arrangement.
52. Reaction: Gram positive or Gram positive
53. Morphology: Cocci, Bacilli, Diplococci,
Coccobacilli, Spiral.
54. Arrangement: Singly (isa isa), in pair (two
morphology), in tetrads (four), in chain (short or
long), in clusters (mag kakadikit),
55. ACID FAST REPOSTING: we use certain
reporting scales/scheme depending on the WHO,
CDC, National Tuberculosis center in the
Philippines.
56. No AFB seen = no red
57. S – Svedberg unit – sedimentation rate.
58. INCLUSION BODIES: can be storage site if
have inclusion bodies. Storage of ATP.
59. Vacules – inclusion bodies. Stain can be
methylene blue or wayson stain.
60. Spores is an example of virulence factor. If
needed they enclose the bacteria. But not all
bacteria have spores. This will make them very
resistance to any chemical reagents, extreme
exposure, and many more.
61. Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.
62. Common ordinary pili – maikli and commonly
used for attachment to any surface.
63. F-Pilus – Chromosomal exchange. Asexual
reproduction.
64. Bacterial Conjugation – transfer of genetic
materials between two cells.
65. Main Composition: Calcium Dipicolinate,
Calcium-Dipicolinic Acid complex.
66. Flagella – for movement/ motile (no flagella =
non-motile) towards the food or other bacteria
which may cause bacterial conjugation.
67. Hauch Antigen – use to identify salmonella.
68. Peritrichous – different/multiple flagella around
the bacterial cells.
69. Lopothrichous/ bilophotrichous – multiple tufts
at one end.
70. Ampriticous – occurs singly of both ends
71. Monochritous – occurs single at the end
72. Capsule is a virulence factor because it masks
the bacteria to cause disease. (hindi siya
nakikilala because encapsulated). Came from the
glycocalyx
73. SLIME LAYER: like capsule it will protect as
well as attachment. (Protect the bacteria from
phagocytosis.) It also came from the glycocalyx.
 The most important one with slime layer is
Staphylococcus epidermidis. The difference with
capsule is that this is more diffuse
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY:
74. Diplococci – two cocci that is connected.
75. Pleomorphic -changes in morphologies.
76. Palisading – parallel appearance.
77. SIMPLE: one dye only no decolorizer.
78. DIFFERENTIAL: 2 dyes with decolorizer.
79. SPECIAL STAIN: stain the specific part of
bacteria.
80. INDIRECT/ RELIEF STAIN – ex: capsule and
nilalagyan ng color is background.
81. MACROSCOPIC – colonial morphology.
RIZL111
WEEK #3
1. Mercado – Father side
2. Alonzo – old surname of mother side.
MTLB211
WEEK #4
CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series of 2017
1. The CMO this are the policy, standard, and
guidelines in Medical Laboratory Science
program.
2. R.A. 7722 – formulated for commission of
higher education.
3. ARTICLE 1: OBE – it is an educational theory
that basis its part of educational system around
goals and background. The goals/outcomes must
be achieved by the student in the end.
4. ARTICLE 4: Current PSG is based on K-12
system
5. When pertaining to the subject it is called
course. When it is pertaining to the BSMT it is
called program.
6. SECTION 7: We can interpret laboratory results
but we can’t directly interpret it to the patients.
It is the physicians’ doings.
ARTA111
WEEK #4
FUNCTIONS OF ART AND PHILISOPHY AND
SUBJECT CONTENT
1. Visual arts – an art form that we can see. Most
of the population are exposed to this.
2. Performance art – like cosplaying
3. Dance – human movement.
4. Theater – live performances.
5. Therapy – brings healing to any illnesses.
6. Artifacts - relics found before.
7. Kintutan Kamen - 18 years old namatay.
MTLB221
WEEK #5
Republic Act no. 8981 “PRC Modernization Act of
2000”
1. PD 223 – Change the name of Board of
examiners to Board of medical technology.
2. SECTION 1: PRC was needed to be
modernized.
3. SECTION 2: Solely for the benefit of our
professions.
4. SECTION 4: 3 people in the profession
regulation commission.
5. QUALIFICATION – at least 1 commissioner is
working before under PRC.
6. SECTION 6: the chairperson and secretary
earning a 31k, commissioner 30k, 178,688 a
month.
7. SECTION 7: PCR: Determine and fix the places
of the examination. As well as the schedule.
Amendment: before 120 days to release board
examination result but in the amendment, it is
within 10 days minimum. The proctors during
licensure examination are government
employees or being trained to become a proctor.
8. Criminal complaint and Request for deportation
– professionals from the other country that is
practicing MedTech without permanent permit.
9. Former resident of the Philippines and want to
practice MedTech in the Philippines again they
need to pay for a permit and annual registration
fee.
10. Motu proprio – when doing or deciding
something on our own without guide or
assistance to someone.
11. SECTION 8: Regional offices – for the services
of the PRC to be able to other professionals
around the Philippines.

MIDTERM
WEEK# 7&8
MTLB221
RA 10912 “CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016”

 For us to cope the changes in the technology we

need to study and reevaluate.
 DEVELOPMENT: Transitional change of
improvement.
 The learning is a process/continuing process that
doesn’t improve over night.
 CPD course should reflect current expectation.
 As your career develop the knowledge you
require also evolved.
 1973
 During Board Resolution no. 167 s.1988 the
CPE is not required but it is being implemented.
 PAMETH is the accredited professional
organization in MEDTECH
 FORMAL LEARNING:
 NON-FORMAL LEADERING: additional
learning. It can be self-directed activities
 SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING: online learning
 INFORMAL LEARNING: learning occurs in
daily life.
 ONLINE LEARNING ACTIVITIES: structure
or non-structure
 PROFESSIONAL WORK EXPERIENCE: any
participation
 FIRST MEMBER: PAMETH
 SECOND MEMBER: PASMETH

BACT211
WEEK # 7 &8

 If the bacteria in biochemical test have enzymes

it is positive.
 Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (Coagulase
negative)
 Aerococcus otitis – family: Carnobacteriaceae
 GRAM +: Kocuria (genera), and Kytococcus
(they are skin colonizer)
 Also known as pyrogenic exotoxin C
 Sphingomyelinase C – targets the
Sphingomyelin

MTLB211

Republic Act No. 11166 “Philippine HIV and

AIDS Policy Act”
 HIV: infection with HIV invades the CD4
positive T-lymphocytes.
 AIDS: is a progression of infection with HIV
(stage 3 of HIV).
 OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION: they are
infection that rarely occur in the absence of
severe
 CD4 below 200 cell per microliter and CD4
lymphocyte percentage 14 percent is considered
have AIDS.
 A normal CD4 count 500-1000
 The virus itself will not kill, the opportunistic
infection will.

MTLB211
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9288 “New born Screening Act
or 2004”

1. This act ensures the new born screening test in

the Philippines.
2. Congenital – having disorders on birth.
3. Most children look normal at birth
4. Institutionalize – being mandated. It should be
mandatory.
5.