viii Contents

1.10.3 Multiple Redundancy Actuation 22

1.10.4 Mechanical Screwjack Actuator 26
1.10.5 Integrated Actuator Package (IAP) 27
1.10.6 Advanced Actuation Implementations 30
1.11 Civil System Implementations 34
1.11.1 Top-Level Comparison 35
1.11.2 Airbus Implementation 36
1.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws 40
1.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation 41
1.14 Boeing 777 Implementation 44
1.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight
Management 48

2 Engine Control Systems 51

2.1 Introduction 51
2.1.1 Engine/Airframe Interfaces 52
2.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation 53
2.3 The Control Problem 55
2.3.1 Fuel Flow Control 56
2.3.2 Air Flow Control 58
2.3.3 Control Systems 59
2.3.4 Control System Parameters 60
2.3.5 Input Signals 60
2.3.6 Output Signals 62
2.4 Example Systems 62
2.5 Design Criteria 71
2.6 Engine Starting 73
2.6.1 Fuel Control 73
2.6.2 Ignition Control 74
2.6.3 Engine Rotation 75
2.6.4 Throttle Levers 77
2.6.5 Starting Sequence 78
2.7 Engine Indications 78
2.8 Engine Oil Systems 81
2.9 Engine Offtakes 81
2.10 Reverse Thrust 83
2.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft 84

3 Fuel Systems 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems 89
3.3 Description of Fuel System Components 90
3.3.1 Fuel Transfer Pumps 90
3.3.2 Fuel Booster Pumps 91
3.3.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 92
3.3.4 Non-Return Valves (NRVs) 93
Contents ix

3.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement 94

3.4.1 Level Sensors 94
3.4.2 Fuel Gauging Probes 96
3.4.3 Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics 96
3.4.4 Tank Shapes 97
3.4.5 Fuel Properties 98
3.4.6 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 101
3.4.7 Fokker F50/F100 System 101
3.4.8 Airbus A320 System 103
3.4.9 ‘Smart' Probes 104
3.4.10 Ultrasonic Probes 105
3.5 Fuel System Operating Modes 105
3.5.1 Pressurisation 106
3.5.2 Engine Feed 106
3.5.3 Fuel Transfer 108
3.5.4 Refuel/Defuel 109
3.5.5 Vent Systems 111
3.5.6 Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink 112
3.5.7 External Fuel Tanks 112
3.5.8 Fuel Jettison 113
3.5.9 In-Flight Refuelling 114
3.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems 116
3.6.1 Bombardier Global Express 117
3.6.2 Boeing 777 119
3.6.3 A340-500/600 Fuel System 120
3.7 Fuel Tank Safety 128
3.7.1 Principles of Fuel Inerting 129
3.7.2 Air Separation Technology 130
3.7.3 Typical Fuel Inerting System 131
3.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management 133
3.8.1 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 133
3.8.2 Cold Fuel Characteristics 134
3.8.3 Fuel Temperature Indication 135

4 Hydraulic Systems 137

4.1 Introduction 137
4.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design 138
4.3 Hydraulic Actuation 142
4.4 Hydraulic Fluid 144
4.5 Fluid Pressure 145
4.6 Fluid Temperature 145
4.7 Fluid Flow Rate 146
4.8 Hydraulic Piping 146
4.9 Hydraulic Pumps 147
4.10 Fluid Conditioning 151