Chapter 17 Bending of beams 17.1 Pure bending of an elastc beam “he beam AB (Fig. 1-1) laed by eu ad oposite couples M a A ad Bis ‘tobe sje uo pe beng, ht, beng without she force. [any seston XX, te bending omen For ultimo ny prion Xi thou sb tind ya al nd pst ope exe al es ‘ihn he team. Ths Ya Bs baled bye cope repeated y the pi {pal ant open pasa! feces shown the ty agra tor Xi, Thee einer ey prin A men XB A Ther fre meet eso XB, be lower coreg compresion. he top layers are stretched and lower layers are Sema = "ital Yres ate ao cual pot odes sawn Fig. 171, bat ate ret cou Gopi ofthe bem a ea td cere ai the per allover onions ofthe sco epee. hae rete cot wim, towcir and Hor fo clcte tem ls neeary 10 make Be Towing sssonins: 1. The am ay stn ening ites pace te laeof te apd being moment he plane tng ppd tending moment (he plan of 4, The costo of te Beam i syne about he plane of enn. IF Pairs of beams 363 ot symmetrical the beam would twist a well as bed In Fig, 17.2 Y=¥ i {he lane of bending andthe section shown is symmetrical about, and nema toy the plane of bending. ‘The sree are rior across the with ‘The muri ofthe beat is elastic and obeys Hooke's aw ‘The mresses Jo ot encced the iit of proportional ‘The modal of cnet n tension and compression ae the same. ‘Rotune taneerse sectfon ofthe Beam Fema plae ection afer Bending Ebayer the beam oe weary sees without interference from adjacent layers “These assumptions ar asi sine the are found 1 give substantially correct salucs forthe stresses de to Bening ro 72 172. Relation between curvature and strain Conse the iniallystaight portion of beam ABCD shown, Fig. 17.30). Afer ‘Sending, the bear takes pth re shape shown in Fig 17.30), Pane crosesctions onargase hence sight ines BA. CD remain straight afer bending and meet ‘me’ pot O. Lines suchas EF and SN are formed into par of circu aes with Slane cere a ©, Since the top layers are stetched andthe Boom ayers are ‘Snprcn there isa layer, the metal surface, which is neither setched 20° canbresad. The lines S/N" and N'N' repose the trace ofthe neural surface, ‘elite NN" normal othe plane of beging Being own asthe neural xis. The Tas of carcanre ofthe bent be is measured fom O 1 th neural surface. 6 ste angle ards eben Wythe are SN" at then, sine the nesta layer reais anchanged i length line SN = are SN’ = RO ‘Consider the thin layer EF, distant y from the neural surface: inal length of EF = SN = RO final length of EF = EF” ete364 Applied mechanics ress thus extension oF EF = (+ 9) — RO oy three sien BF, ¢ = 2 eo as ® ‘Theses in he layer FF, normal tthe ek section, is sven by: ane xe 2 R elk yoR Since Eis constant for the beam and is constant forthe portion conser, the ses varies ers th depth with he dance fom he nel is, Te istbaton ‘of ress across the depth of the beam i sketched ia Fig. 1730), esl stress being pote othe let of he base OO. compressive ares to the sight The maxima rss te tie sus sch 8 AD an BC whey ksi es ves yang y, Bending of beans 365 173 Position of the neural axis ‘The postion ofthe neta xis found from the fact ha there sno net ail force on We beam. Consider smal stip of width b, thickness dy, Fig 17-4. Let AF be the axial fad onthe stip due fo the bending sess, thes AF = sess x area sox boy thus a = fe & xy Bx bay Fat ‘The tal load onthe section i the sum ofthe elementary loads, heretoe Fe far =(Bxoy ® nd, sac the toa axilla is 20, 5 j= z tus [yx bay =o xbay=0 since Band Rare constants, Buty x bay isthe moment of ea dy about the neste Ins N=N. Hence [yb dy represtats the moment ofthe whole area abou the new ‘ui and shi i eo only f th meatal ais pases through the conto ofthe eros: Section. This rel ste for any shape of eos-section, ‘Noes: 1. The above resus dono apply comply 1 stip which wide compared with is depth. 2 Ina symmrcl section, = ys andthe maximum tensile and ‘Compressive sires are therefore eg Ina po-sysmeticl secon. the america) largest bending ses wil ecu at the ote layer most distant from the neal axis, and ay betes or compressive366 Ape mechs [Ezomple Colne he main ers a of el adr dtr ting {nt dom of m deter Pip 175) E = 20 ON Rada of carvatre = 1 m p08 sted to Bendag | ° x00 = 600 40 i = 0 ei i sty Problems Th Aste sp oni bunds wrapped rua a 00m darter dum. be sip ‘ickn Im, cane he mat ets eto beng, E = 200 KN (S00 8) 2. Alumina ay be 020 en ameter swum ca. dru 9m dane, Cable ‘hein being rnin hte, F = 70 GN (467 MN) ‘ound fe muna beng sss to eeeed 380 MN = 100 GN lem) 4 Astel trip of extant ros scan 10m ticks emo he ao clu ‘Geel int iat op sufce. Fd te rl fcr of he sel aft Ae yield ses ofthe materi 270 MN E198 Nn osm 174 Moment of resistance ‘The momen ofreiance ofa beam she moment about he neal axis of ira forces resisting the appli! Beming moment. For equlieiam, the iatrtal moment ‘of resistance must be equal and oppose ote applied bending moment. Figure 176 ending of beams 367 stows he section ofa beam on which the bending moment is M: Lt oe the stress produced ina thin stip a distance y fom the neutral axis NN. Thea. fd the hse of the sip, Jond on sip = a = sree % aca sex ber “The tmoment ofthis loud about the neta axis is aw = aF xy = 0b dy xy E thus aur = Ey x by ay tus a = Ey x by ~ Eby? oy t ec amet of ian ft = (fore, Elma i £, i where = [by dy. i the second moment of area of he scion about the neural tus. Hence and since ythen Me Bw ine 17 | of rectangular and circular sections Fora rectangular section of with b nm, depth dma (Fig. 17.7 the second moment ‘of area about an ani hough the cent parallel o he wit Fora circular section, diameter d mam, the second moment of area about any axis through the cene, i. a dametral ai, is To = Eo 6 ror ‘ean, Acntx ead TAD movado trabendng mono f2 SIN m Catan emacs este Be re of af he eta eae 386 a (0) Tease is hop em pale he mee ie “bt 0mm xO? 22 iia mets Now hein es spa abe ae tie surface where a yo ade coin eee oo = 2S X IOP 005 = 4 62.5 x LON? = asm ‘The postive ase dnt eee a a ec epee Sata he ober our mre “en Bending of beams 368 2x 1 x 206 x = 165m ‘Beaape beam of seri ation ha he flowing anon: fnge 150 we, ‘30 mm hk eb 30 mor tal ep of Beam 200 man Cat he nd amen fare of te bram secon aout a as hh he cel parle he ange face. ‘he beam simp sppoted ono lngh of mand creo uniforty dsc lad (1 6timran lt the msi bending tes the be “The team exons symm the cenit G-G, ig 17.8 Hee ge ‘ye diferece ewes othe etable ABCD afr te wo cro ached rect, Shown. Por whole eungle ABCD: oa sexe oe pom. ies Fo the fect, ty ciflrence T= = 2x 0137 8 726 x 10 am! = 72.6 ‘ote: This tod fc dos ap whe he Eon so syne ato (676 Gee Secon 177) tol oad 0 Beam = S885 2 = 1176 0N370 Aeplid mechanics 6 as reaction at cach suppor = 26 = saan “Te maxon being moment oss the mle f the Bem ereore maxim dending momen May = SHH 1 = SEE I x OS ‘Toemaimum tenting res oc tthe ose fc of te eto of minum being simu ending t,t = "ne ” 4x0 xo = 40 5 1 Nin wasn? ‘Example The canter beam shown Fl 179 lead ya gle ncn load WA ase end. of hallow secon 90mm ate ameter, mm se amor Caleate he matin vue of W fe Bdge nt eat 60 MN foaat AG. = rains ‘Sic te beam cre ston ye sth etl ai he second manent fe is fond by sobeatig tht the ne ese rom tha of th send men fe “Therefore for blow ston exo rx so! imaaiee: = 121 10mm 121 10° wt wale momen, = <2 = 1610 N m = 161 kN Bending of beams 311 le Wem Problems Th Aligalloy team. engl ston Sim deep. 2am wie 5 on spon Go MN 2. Alia wooden ge is soporte ya pall nk Beam, ech 300 en dep En 20 wie ach beam a) be comet an sng) sipponed over +43 ‘tae je labeling rene inser 5.) MN alte he rete ‘Gitorly dated Tod the bide can spp. Seas {0 mm dnp theme mcton. Calcite he mania alone ental nad ‘Fe span 4S ya the lire ee tes ofthe sels 370 MN Aloe " asor of fey of a sre hat annum est cast he eal xin (BAN oF 45 tone) wom, é om re ae Fae a ron ‘Shoen in Fig 1711s te ulinat ene sees of te Rater 280 MB nd {aso of aly of 10 it be ta. = 69 10-4 wt 3.224N m) 5. Catlaettemaximumallowahe wifi ditt! ed, lors, on achat ‘shih used an scamteyer of length 3 The cane! oe ed song wi Teng ng sppemon and te mama bending seperti 72 Na (Ceol 1S0.mm belo top face leant af sion aut cenid = 85% {ome 6. Ther ofseton owning. 17.2 sopy spp over pun | ances ren he ri, (= 7748 x 10" et 5 Nm 194 MN) 1. The es ot sown a section i Fig. 17.13 isis over apa 3 ‘ach aged oa of 10 Agia betwee he suppor (1 eS 2 1 mt 1203 Mi BT INT one emote compre)“TT, ening of beams 373 = Faas 1 Acasa ores le cal ner pf dy be cic sy 3s he pe 0 one, 10m ha a fa ae ‘sian beng sin be pe, Deyo wat" Mg Deis sn re Des e/a Deity oe en (005 win) 176. Strength of @ beam in bending Fora gven masimum stesso the preset moment which ay eres appli toa beam Maw ext Fone Le Mou propel inves proportion yuh dist ‘cron its fom th seal at Fire eanprr wg Se fe xa “fic option othe aur of the dp of te beam eS et fe hea ee Seon 178), Forte so econ rn (wher un hen he or vara ta vate wide wth ie stape of con, Pas iT above eras cherie ou i. Th inter oe Sans ube ae rth se mina cng teat ‘Conga of es ue hws ht he nd led se dard ele tis by far te sone in diag. Evenly in uing wp se testo, eis angen lc te gw te are pose ane fam th cea ose haing de seg tn peo seal en i ssp age Fora rn, bonve, whch hse sneha ae ‘hn acorn de ena of css dal Nenana Sango hae pnt eas cae cap tom Bane | sone wmv | ze | oe | we | © Per 17.7. Calculation of | for complex soctions In deaing with comple and asymmetrical Seton, the previous method of eeuating is esficen Albo the positon ofthe cent an thatthe neta ais may be Unknown. Is pcesry therefore Fst oleate he centid and he cain he Seood ‘moment of area abou the netral ai. The calulation ofthe second moment resus the theorem of parle anes. The theorem of parallel ates tates that if Ig the Second mament of are fa section about an ais G—G trough the centroid 8 {the sesoné moment about an axis X~X parle! to GG. then Iga + at whore is the area ofthe section and he perpendicular dntanceBerwen he aes G-G and XX, Fig 17.15, “The method of ckaation for various etons silat inthe following examples. ‘Remuple Caled tescnd emanate eon dwn, Fi 716, ata lie 3X thraugh te court poael the free fe soumone efi poston of emo ‘reef section = S400 Moment of flange are about eg AA = 120 x 20 3 10 24000 ma?396 Applied mechs Fo 798 Moment of web area tout A-A = 160 x 20 % 100 52000 mn erefore taal moment = 34400 mm? Lt ance of cet fm AA te 5 te (oa area) % 9 = 348000 le $600 9 = 300 ies 9 = 614mm Calton of lng secod moment of Sage seat ts ove cet = 5% 10 met isan of cen of Mange fom ans XX dcuph cei of ston 614 = 10 = 514mm Seon pment of fan abot ais XX awe = e+ AN 28x ioe np x 30x se = 682 x 1h mat eb: Loe we sou om en is bb _ 20 x 140 ne ae = 683 10 mnt Distance of wah cet frm as XX is 109 = 614 = 386mm og ho XX = Ta + Ak? Bening of rans 318 688 1 4 1 20 16 x 10 amt ‘Terefoe al Jf ston HME XX ~ Fa + fon 6b x + 16 1 = 18.2 10 mnt “The rin cam be comnily stot abel frm; ths, emilee vis fen Fang We 7 ‘ Fy @ 1 aout own cenit | 20 2° X10) 63 1a wen ® ’ Py a6 “oe eat xe rw Pio xx | 0083 1 6k Wh 877 ere erveard ‘eal fg = 1802 «10 ma Problems Clute the esond moet fae ah of he tos shown Fg 17.17 aos this XX trap the cer. hs x 1 me (8) Comrie 3.7 mm from op Range fe: = 3.19 10 ma {@) Cenoid 1172 mg fot tp edge, P= 87S 10 a {Cen 35m rm op Mange faces = 3.686% 1 met {e) _Cenoid 78.8 em fo top ese: 7 = 264% 10 at 10) Cond 38.6 rm rom op edge, = 8.42 = 10 mt (® Conon 219 sm fom cee of 150 mm cicle,7 = 733 % 0h nt (0) Contd 488mm fom bases = 139 510 mam [Exempt The beam secon shown in Fig 1718 bcd a Bending momen! H 0 ‘fine he sen shown the mana tml ad compre sees are ed > ‘30M and 45 MOV, reset. cla the maim allombl alae of ‘sing te etd fhe revo example wil be found tat 9, dane of he cent from AA in 75 mm ay = 1568 10376 Applied mechanics sam EEE / 2 NTE |e a <8 x8 fe SS = Bending of beams 377 emt, Yu, 0.075 A oy = 30 INI tenors a = RAI In compeesion, Ye = 108 a8 tg = AS MN “The marie lable bending mom! mst he he miler oF eo ales ue enim Problems TL Fig. 1719 shows he secon of» clever ter 3m long. which tw ry 2 concent nd f30 eis een Cale mati eae sss in (Como 2mm fom op he, 3025 10 mn; ses 132 MN) ete Tain howe fg 79 eam em pee (Ceol 44 men fn tom ce, = 4.63% 10 mt met BSN | 5. Alia ong tobe supped by » mur of beams of he etn shows Fp 17.21 wc up Mange upper. The ease singly suppor na pen £7 mand cart a ead of 20 XN atthe mpi. The mia allowable se ‘te teu eral 28 MN. Cae te inane sre of ea eu (Cento 364m fom bso fas f= #56 1 ms mabe of beans 5, les)278 Apel mechanics Bending of beams 378 MM Ten 2 = where Z = Hou called the modus of secon le ‘Where nly mati esses ar roid thr fl and coneiet mtd ome be ‘of working since the vals of Z are bl for snd ole tel sos. For A rectangle sation of rath and depth dF. 77, Yuna = 42 a1 = -——_122n_4 bana, hence ro wr19 ya BOND bat a 6 For circular ection, diameter 4, watea ei) a 2 Fora tubular secon, meters dy and, peeern 6 dan the allowable working suessis known hen Zcan be clclted, and fortis value, 1 suitable section may te found from tbls, The strength ofa secon saretly Parr Proportional w its mus of section (See Section 17-6). Throughout this chapter the examples and problems have been worked in wens ‘of ales bt siden shold rework those involving maxim sceses ing the ‘modulus of section, Fe t722 4 Inte caso racket ever stow a Fig. 17.22, he pl Ps perpen ne cis 17.2, he ul P is pepe tthe Comsiering seston XX. nd the maim owas vl of Pi te sts de To Bending to cnoed 13 MN" (= $52 10 mat 1958) 17.8 Moduus of section Tre relation between ames of reste (equa 1 the bent 1 te Bening momen) and ‘maximum stress in a beam under pure bending may be written as . J