Prototyping 5G Radio transceiver using Adalm
Pluto Software-Defined Radio (SDR) using
MATLAB to perform over-the-air Error Vector
Magnitude (EVM) measurement
Idnin Pasya Ibrahim
Sulaim bin Ab Qais
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Shah Alam, Malaysia
Shah Alam, Malaysia
idninpasya@gmail.com
sulaim_qais@yahoo.com
Abstract—Software-defined radio (SDR) offers a wide-
ranging radio communication standard only through software
coding. Cost reduction and maintaining the hardware setup is
the key motivation for the future development. In this paper
we build MATLAB code that’s runs on Adalm Pluto SDR.
This platform transmits and analyze the generated waveform
with the aim to successfully generating 5G NR standard radio
signal over-the-air, then measure the signal receive power and
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). We show that Adalm Pluto
SDR is able to generate a standard 20 Mhz bandwidth of 5G
NR radio according to 3GPP release 15 using MATLAB code
with considerable limitation. Observation is done at downlink
channel n1 (2140MHz center frequency) and n5 (882 Mhz
center frequency) to observe the EVM performance.
Furthermore, we dive into different waveform. Overall, Adalm
pluto SDR able to transmit and receive signal with root mean
square (RMS) EVM performance between 1.8% to 7.2%. This
paper concludes that Adalm Pluto SDR can transmit and
receive standard 5G NR signal according to 3GPP release 15
with limited bandwidth and range.
Keywords—5G NR, Adalm Pluto, SDR, Over-the-air, Error
Vector Magnitude (EVM)
I. INTRODUCTION
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio
communication system where components that have been
traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g., mixers, filters,
amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are
instead implemented by means of coding on a personal
computer or embedded system. Signal transmission and
reception functionality enable users to dive into any
supported hardware band to generate, analysis, cloning,
jamming, encoding, decoding and for learning purpose. SDR
helps engineers and students to generate modern signal
communication such as Satellite TV, Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB-T), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wifi
802.11 standard, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN),
LTE and 5G NR.
Advancement of computational tools such as MATLAB
helps users to understand the impairment effect to the signal
quality and data rate. SDR devices would expect to replace
high end radio frequency devices in the future such as
spectrum analyzer, vector network analyzer and signal
generator.
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
In this paper we build 5G prototype transceiver using Adalm
pluto SDR with MATLAB. The SDR platform build to
transmit standard 5G NR signal over-the-air and analyze the
receive waveform with the aim of acceptable EVM
performance.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Affordable Software-define radio
Human life improves significantly since the invention of
radio communications. Most of this system was design to
work on specific technology and frequency. Thus, it would
require another set of hardware to transmit or receive for
other technology and frequency. However, the demands of
the users for better electronic communication services have
improved the characteristics of these devices. A clear
example is the software-defined radio (SDR).
Early SDR platform such as the Universal Software
Defined Peripheral (USRP) developed by company named
Ettus. However, this USRPs is very expensive which is
around thousands of dollars. Nowadays, on the market, there
are a SDR devices with affordable prices, for example,
HackRF, LimeSDR, Adalm Pluto and RTL-SDR. These
product choices have grown acceptance among professional
researcher and amateur users around the globe. The
configuration of SDRs is possible through different software
including open source [1]. As for this project, Adalm pluto
SDR is costing RM789 which include tax, SIRIM approval
and shipping.
SDR implemented with the idea to transfer the different
type of radio by hardware changes to a software one. It
consists of the minimum amount of hardware required to
receive an RF signal and convert it into a digital signal that is
understandable by a processing device such as a computer or
processor. The core behind this enablement is the digital
signal processing techniques that is used to manipulate the
digital signal into useful information, also making the radio
easier to modify and update via software updates and
eliminating the requirement for expensive and time-
consuming hardware revisions [2].
B. 5th Generation New Radio (5G NR)
5G mobile communication is rapidly expand the mobile
network. New technologies and functionalities are
introduced in various domain including physical layer. This
change is targeting existing mobile users as well as emerging
machine-type users. According to a recent survey performed
across 10 different industries [3], the global revenues driven
by 5G technologies will be as high as 1.3 trillion USD by
2026. The backbone of any mobile communication system is
its wireless access technology, which connects devices with
radio base stations.
A 5G wireless access technology is expected to provide
extreme data rates, ubiquitous coverage, ultra-reliability,
very low latency, high energy efficiency, and a massive
number of heterogeneous connections. The human-centric
emerging applications are augmented reality, virtual reality,
and online gaming which demand extreme throughput and
low latency [4].
In wireless technology, the physical layer work as the
backbone of 5G NR. The NR physical layer has to support a
wide range of frequencies (from sub-6 GHz to mmWave
frequency) and various deployment options (pico cells, micro
cells, macro cells). There are human-centric and machine-
centric use cases with extreme and sometimes contradictory
requirements. There may also be unforeseen applications
with new requirements in the future. To successfully address
these challenges, 3GPP is developing a flexible physical
layer for NR. The flexible components can be properly
optimized with an accurate understanding of radio wave
propagation and hardware imperfections in networks and
devices. The first release of NR (3GPP NR Release 15) was
completed in June 2018. Any future releases of NR will be
backwards compatible to its first release. This is usually
referred to as forward compatibility of NR, that is, NR will
be developed in such a manner that any future releases of NR
will be backwards compatible to its initial release(s). NR
supports quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 64 QAM and 256
QAM modulation formats for both uplink and downlink, as
in LTE. Moreover, π/2-BPSK is supported in uplink to
enable a further reduced peak-to-average power ratio and
enhanced power amplifier efficiency at lower data rates,
which is important for Massive Machine-Type
Communications (mMTC) services.
TABLE I
Scalable OFDM numerology for 5G NR (3GPP Release-
15)
NR employs cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) in both
uplink and downlink up to at least 52.6 GHz. This is in
contrast to LTE, where CP-OFDM is only used for
downlink transmissions and DFT-Spread OFDM (DFTS-
OFDM) is used for uplink transmissions. Having the same
waveform in both directions simplifies the overall design,
especially with respect to wireless backhauling and device-
to-device (D2D) communications. Additionally, there is an
option for DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM) in uplink for
coverage-limited scenarios, with single stream transmissions
(that is, without spatial multiplexing). In practice, a gNB can
select the uplink waveform (either CP-OFDM or DFTS
OFDM) and a UE should be able to support both OFDM
and DFTS-OFDM. Any operation that is transparent to a
receiver can be applied on top of the NR waveform, such as
windowing/filtering to improve spectrum confinement. NR
has a scalable OFDM numerology to enable diverse services
on a wide range of frequencies and deployments. The
subcarrier spacing is scalable and specified as 15 × 2n kHz,
where n is an integer and 15 kHz is the subcarrier spacing
used in LTE. In 3GPP Release 15, four subcarrier spacings
are specified: 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, and 120 kHz (i.e., n
= 1/2/3/4), all with 7% CP overhead as in LTE (see Table I).
For the 60 kHz numerology, an extended CP is also defined.
Different numerologies are specified for different frequency
bands. Currently, there is no spectrum identified for NR
between 6 and 24 GHz; therefore, the corresponding
numerology has not been specified. When new frequencies
will become available, the corresponding numerologies can
be specified according to 15 × 2n kHz. For all numerologies,
the number of active subcarriers is 3300. Considering 3300
active subcarriers, the maximum bandwidths enabled by
different numerologies are given in Table I. To support even
larger channel bandwidths, carrier aggregation can be
employed. In Release 15, up to 16 component carriers are
supported, where each component carrier can have up to
3300 active subcarriers. The spectrum of an OFDM signal
decays rather slowly outside the transmission bandwidth. In
order to limit out-of-band emission, the spectrum utilization
for LTE is 90 percent. For NR, it has been agreed that the
spectrum utilization will be 94 to 99 percent. Windowing
and filtering operations are viable ways to confine the
OFDM signal in the frequency domain [5].
C. Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)
Error vector magnitude (EVM) provides insight into quality
of the modulated signal/symbol. This modulated signal
originates when bits are mapped to symbols in a complex
modulation system such as QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM etc.
EVM (Error Vector Magnitude) is the Root Mean Square
(RMS) of the error vectors computed and expressed as a
percentage of the EVM Normalization Reference. The error
vector magnitude is the length of the vector at the detected
symbol location which connects the I/Q reference-signal
vector to the I/Q measured-signal vector. The following
graphic shows the calculation of the EVM metric as well as
a diagram showing how a single error vector is calculated.
 modulation schemes in 5G (up to 256 QAM initially, and up
to 1024 QAM in the future), components and devices
require a better EVM result as the modulation density
increases. Table 1 shows how 3GPP EVM requirements for
user equipment (UE) get tighter as the modulation density
increases.

Table II
3GPP TS 38.101-1 EVM requirements for different 5G
modulation schemes.

Modulation scheme for PDSCH Requires EVM

BPSK 30.0 %

QPSK 17.5%

Fig. 1. Visualization of Error Vector Magnitude calculation

EVM is calculated from the symbol points (the instant 16 QAM 12.5%

in time when symbols are detected). The computation

does not include points between symbols.
64 QAM 8%
Therefore Points / Symbol does not affect the value.
The Syms/Errs table also shows the location of the
symbol that has the largest EVM. It is also referred as 256 QAM 3.5%
RCE (Relative Constellation Error). It can be
expressed in units of "dB" or "rms".

For base station RF testing, the 3GPP 5G NR standard D. Adalm pluto SDR as 5G NR transceiver
defines a set of NR-TM waveforms. For user
Studies are currently conducted using expensive
equipment (UE) testing, the standard defines a set of
equipment. Current advances in software-defined radio
FRC waveforms. The NR-TMs and FRCs for
(SDR) and low-cost, portable, commercial off-the-shelf
frequency range 1 (FR1) are defined in TS 38.141-1
computing will be shown to be able to produce a low-cost
while the NR-TMs and FRCs for frequency range 2
instrument that is capable of conducting an EVM study that
(FR2) are defined in TS 38.141-2.
can generate and perform measurements on 5G NR signal.
The focus of this study will be to produce standard 5G NR
This paper shows how to generate an NR-TM waveform.
signal over-the air and measure its EVM performance using
We then calculate the EVM of the resulting signal. The
a single device.
overall EVM (RMS EVM averaged over the complete
waveform) is observe. The EVM computation is based on.
Software-defined radio (SDR) instruments can be used to
Annex B and Annex C of TS 38.104. The figure below
replace bulky and expensive signal generation and signal
shows the processing chain implemented in model [6].
analyzers for EVM measurements and performance
verification. Using the commercial off-the-shelf equipment,
a low-cost, portable SDR instrument for generating and
measuring EVM has been created and tested.

Fig. 2. EVM calculation on the receiver port The contribution of this project is as below :

1) Low cost of the instrument that can generate useful Over

Evaluating a signal’s modulation properties provides one of the-air 5G NR standard signal and run measurement on the
the most useful indicators of signal quality. Viewing the IQ receiving end.
constellation helps in determining and troubleshooting
distortion errors. Another key indicator of a signal’s 2) The highly portable nature of the instrument could be
modulation quality is a numeric error vector magnitude used for student and engineer anywhere.
(EVM) measurement that provides an overall indication of
waveform distortion. With the expected use of higher-order
3) Producing an instrument capable of generating and
transmitting 20 Mhz bandwidth 5G NR standard signal

4) Producing an instrument capable of taking measurements

for 20 Mhz bandwidth 5G NR standard signal

SDR has previously been used to produce measurement

instruments. Through their high-precision measurements of
sine and pulse reference signals, Andrich et al. have shown
that it is possible for an SDR instrument to provide highly
accurate readings, surpassing the commercially available lab
equipment [9].
Fig. 3. Hardware setup Adalm Pluto SDR connected to PC which runs
Bilski and Winiecki [10] produced a real-time virtual MATHLAB R2020a + 5G Toolbox via USB 2.0
spectrum analyzer using SDR techniques within National
Instruments (NI) LabVIEW environment and propitiatory A. Adalm Pluto and PC specification
NI hardware. However, this system was not designed for
portability and still used expensive hardware. Adalm Pluto SDR device produced by Analog Devices
LabVIEW was also used by Schmidt et al. [11] and which is based Xilinx Zynq 700 and Analog Devices
Soghoyan et al. [12] to create SDR GPS receivers that allow AD9363 RF Agile transceiver. This device connected to PC
rapid prototyping of the new GPS techniques. The general via USB 2.0. We choose this device since it could provide
use of LabVIEW is now widely accepted in the automatic one port for transmitter and one port for receiver that can
test equipment community, and this shows the value of an work in duplex mode as shown in figure 4. Adalm pluto
SDR instrument and the willingness of the community to works well with MATLAB software as the developer
adopt them. provides Communications Toolbox Support Package as Add-
Yarkan [13] produced an SDR measurement setup to Ons to simplify the coding.
evaluate the spectrum-sensing techniques in indoor
environments. This setup was created using an expensive
Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) TSMQ radio network analyzer to
receive and digitize the RF signals into in-phase and
quadrature (IQ) data that are fed into a laptop for
processing. This setup therefore allows for the SDR benefit
of reprogrammability, but no cost benefit and poor
portability.
Goverdovsky et al. produced an SDR-based test bed
intended to test direction-finding algorithms. Universal
software radio peripheral (USRP) boards from Ettus
Research (part of NI) provided hardware. The test bed
showcased the inherent programmability of an SDR-based
instrument with multiple different algorithms deployed.
Using an SDR instrument, it is possible to rapidly develop,
prototype, and test new measurement techniques cheaply
without requiring hardware changes. SDR instruments have
also been used to test the ways of characterizing radio-
frequency identification (RFID) tags, locating
noncooperative superheterodyne radio receivers, and to Fig. 4. Adalm pluto SDR physical port

evaluate algorithms for Blind Wireless sensing [7].

Detail specification of Adalm Pluto SDR as table III.

III. METHODOLOGY Table III

This section is the most important section. It is about the Adalm pluto SDR specification [8]
implementation of the hardware setup and software
configuration. The key enabling technology for this work is Application 3G/4G Femtocell, UAV, Wireless Surveilance
the Adalm Pluto SDR produced by Analog Devices and Bandwidth 200 kHz – 20 MHz
MATLAB R2020a with 5G toolbox install in PC. Figure 3
shows the whole hardware setup for this project. RF Tuning range 325 MHz to 3.8 GHz

Rx Image rejection 50 dB

Rx and Tx modulation
-34 dB (2%)
accuracy
 12-bits ADC and DAC/ 65.1 kSPS to 61.44
I/Q sample
MSPS

RF Connector 50 ohm female SMA

Frequency Accuracy +-25ppm

Tx power output max 7 dBm

Two antennas (824 MHz to ~894 MHz / 1710

Antenna provided
MHz to ~2170 MHz)

V0.31
Pluto SDR firmware
IIO Library version: 0.18 (git tag: v0.18)

PC specification detail as table IV.

Table IV
PC specification to run MATLAB Code

Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-5200U CPU @ 2.20GHz

Processor
2.20 GHz

Windows Windows 10 Pro

Installed RAM 8.00 GB (7.89 GB usable)

System type 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor

PC type Laptop hp ProBook

Mathwork MATLAB R2020a

Add-on: Communications Toolbox Support

Package for Analog Devices ADALM-Pluto
Radio
Install software Mathlab Toolbox :

DSP system toolbox

Signal process toolbox

5G Toolbox

Fig. 6. Block diagram of EVM measurement implemented

B. Testing and Measuring Method

Figure 5 visualize how the baseband signal generated
from MATLAB code then upconvert to deside frequency
and transmit thru Adalm pluto SDR Tx port antenna.
At the same time the Rx port is in the reception mode to
capture the incoming signal via antebnna for 300ms and
store in the PC memory to analyze the EVM.
As the transmited signal capture at the receiving port
Synchronization is done to determine DM-RS between TDD
and FDD duplex mode. DM-RS must be over one frame for
FDD and two frames for TDD.
OFDM demodulation, channel estimation, equalization and
Common Phase error (CPE) estimation and compensation
done before EVM computation take place.
The PDSCH EVM is according to the EVM measurement
requirements specified in TS 38.104, Annex B (FR1).

Fig. 5. Adalm pluto SDR transmit and receive signal port

C. Software setup spectrumAnalyzer_PlutoSDR;

The software setup following below procedure:

v. Stop capturing signal
1. Install MATLAB R2020a + 5G Toolbox release (rx);
2. Install latest required driver and libiio (once plug-in
adalm pluto to USB port open “info.html” file). The vi. Calculate EVM
instruction will be given from this “info.html” file. rxGrid = hOFDMDemodulate(gnb,
tmWaveformSync);
3. Install “Communications Toolbox Support Package [evmRMS, evmMax] =
for Analog Devices” ADALM-Pluto Radio” from evm(evSqGrid(:),refSqGrid(:));
MATLAB Get Add-ons. disp("PDSCH RNTIs: " +
mat2str(targetRNTIs))
disp("RMS EVM = " + string(evmRMS) +
D. Coding
"%");
disp("Max EVM = " + string(evmMax) +
i. Generate PDSCH DL waveform parameter (Fc, "%");
BW, SCS, TDD/FDD, DL TM type)

Set Center frequency

fc=0.882e9; IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Experiment is done using downlink waveform n1
Set waveform type Full band, deboosted
and n5 with different waveform type. This waveform type
QPSK & boosted 16QAM
varies on modulation scheme. The bandwidth, subcarrier
nrtm = "NR-FR1-TM3.3";
spacing and FDD duplex mode is constant. Bandwidth is 20
MHz and subcarrier spacing is 30 kHz.
Select the NR-TM waveform parameters
bw = "20MHz";
scs = "30kHz"; A. Transmit/Generated signal from simulation
dm = "FDD";
Figure 7 and 8 shows signal generated before transmit based
Generate the standard 5G NR waveform on the 5G NR waveform generation code.
hNRReferenceWaveformGenerator(nrtm,bw,sc
s,dm);
[txWaveform,tmwaveinfo,resourcesinfo] =
generateWaveform(tmwavegen);
[pdschArray, targetRNTIs] =
hListTargetPDSCHs(tmwavegen.Config,resou
rcesinfo.WaveformResources);

ii. Initialize hardware

Fig. 7. Spectrum view of 882 MHz signal simulation before transmit
tx = sdrtx ('Pluto');
tx = sdrtx('Pluto','RadioID','usb:1'); with waveform type NR-FR1-TM3.3, 20 MHz bandwidth, 30 kHz
rx = sdrrx('Pluto','RadioID','usb:0'); subcarrier spacing, FDD duplex
tx =
sdrtx('Pluto','CenterFrequency',fc,'Base
bandSampleRate',20e6,'Gain',0);

iii. Transmit over-the-air signal

transmitRepeat(tx,txWaveform);

iv. Capture Signal at specify channel and band for 0.3s

rx =
sdrrx("Pluto",'BasebandSampleRate',20e6,
'CenterFrequency',fc,'OutputDataType','d
ouble'); Fig. 8. Carrier Resource block vs symbol number of 882 MHz signal
rxWaveform = capture(rx,0.3,'Seconds'); simulation before transmit with waveform type NR-FR1-TM3.3, 20
MHz bandwidth, 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, FDD duplex
Open spectrum Analyzer view source code
B. Receive over-the-air signal at the receiver port C. Data capture at different

Figure 9, 10 and 11 shows live Over-the-air signal at the Tx 5G NR Tx Waveform Type EVM Fullfill
receiver part. 3GPP
Band (RMS/MAX) EVM
standard
based on
TS
38.101-1
NR-FR1-TM2
(Single PRB, 7.2%/ 46.9% Yes
64QAM)
NR-FR1-TM2a
(Single PRB, 5.5%/ 30.9% No
256QAM)
NR-FR1-TM3.1
Downlink (Full band, Uniform 3.1%/ 47.9% Yes
n1
64QAM)
(2110-
NR-FR1-TM3.1a
2170Mhz)
(Full band, uniform 3.1%/ 62.5% Yes
256QAM)
fc = 2140
Mhz NR-FR1-TM3.2
(Full band,
5.0%/ 35.0% Yes
Deboosted 16QAM
& Boosted QPSK)
NR-FR1-TM3.3
(Full band,
Fig. 9. Spectrum view of 882 MHz live Over-the-air signal with 5.6%/ 34.4% Yes
deboosted QPSK &
waveform type NR-FR1-TM3.3, 20 MHz bandwidth, 30 kHz subcarrier
boosted 16QAM)
spacing, FDD duplex
NR-FR1-TM2
(Single PRB, 6.6%/ 43.5% Yes
64QAM)
NR-FR1-TM2a
(Single PRB, 5.4%/ 34.7% No
256QAM)
NR-FR1-TM3.1
(Full band, Uniform 1.8%/ 46.4% Yes
Downlink 64QAM)
n5
NR-FR1-TM3.1a
(869-894Mhz)
(Full band, uniform 2.4%/ 63.3% Yes
256QAM)
fc = 882Mhz
NR-FR1-TM3.2
(Full band,
1.6%/ 9.5% Yes
Deboosted 16QAM
& Boosted QPSK)
NR-FR1-TM3.3
Fig. 10. constellation view of 882 MHz live Over-the-air signal with (Full band,
2.0%/ 12.7% Yes
waveform type NR-FR1-TM3.3, 20 MHz bandwidth, 30 kHz subcarrier debossted QPSK &
spacing, FDD duplex boosted 16QAM)

CONCLUSION
Overall, Adalm pluto SDR able to transmit and receive
Fig. 11. EVM computation result of 882 MHz live Over-the-air signal
signal with root mean square (RMS) EVM performance
with waveform type NR-FR1-TM3.3, 20 MHz bandwidth, 30 kHz
between 1.8% to 7.2%. This paper concludes that Adalm
subcarrier spacing, FDD duplex
Pluto SDR can transmit and receive standard 5G NR signal
according to 3GPP release 15 with limited bandwidth and
range.
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