LECTURE 1P2

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS AND MATRICES
DUONG MINH BUI, PH.D
LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
VIETNAMESE - GERMAN UNIVERSITY
EMAIL: DUONG.BM@VGU.EDU.VN
 CONTENTS
• Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
• Gaussian Elimination
• Matrices and Matrix Operations
• Algebraic Properties of Matrices - Inverses
• Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding
• More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices
• Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric Matrices
• Applications of Linear Systems
• Leontief Input-Output Models

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (1)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (2)
Linear Equations:

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (3)
Recognize a linear equation in n variables:

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (4)

• A linear equation does not involve any products or roots of variables.

• All variables occur only to the first power and do not appear, for example, as
arguments of trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions.
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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (5)

• A linear equation does not involve any products or roots of variables.

• All variables occur only to the first power and do not appear, for example, as
arguments of trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions.
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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (6)
System of linear equations or a linear system, and unknowns

The double subscripting on the coefficients aij of the unknowns gives their location in the system—the first
subscript indicates the equation in which the coefficient occurs, and the second indicates which unknown it
multiplies. Thus, a12 is in the first equation and multiplies x2.

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (7)
A parametric representation of a solution set

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (8)
A parametric representation of a solution set (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (9)
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (10)
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns (cont.)
Example:

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (11)
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (12)
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (13)
Linear Systems in Two and Three Unknowns (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (14)
Solving a system of linear equations – Using Back-Substitution

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (15)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.) – Using Back-Substitution

The term back-substitution implies that you work backwards.

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (16)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (17)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (18)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (19)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (20)
Solving a system of linear equations (cont.)

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EXERCISES (1)

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (21)
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row Operations
As the number of equations and unknowns in a linear system increases, so does the
complexity of the algebra involved in finding solutions.

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (22)
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row Operations (cont.)
An augmented matrix of a system consists of the coefficient matrix with an added
column containing the constants from the right sides of the equations.

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (23)
Augmented Matrices and Elementary Row Operations (cont.)
Exercises:

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (1)
• Determine the size of a matrix and write an augmented or coefficient matrix
from a system of linear equations.
• Use matrices and Gaussian elimination with back-substitution to solve a
system of linear equations.
• Use matrices and Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve a system of linear
equations.
• Solve a homogeneous system of linear equations.

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (2)
ROW REDUCTION AND ECHELON FORMS:
• In the definitions: a nonzero row or column in a matrix means a row or column that
contains at least one nonzero entry; a leading entry of a row refers to the leftmost
nonzero entry (in a nonzero row).

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (3)
ROW REDUCTION AND ECHELON FORMS (cont.):

Echelon form

Reduced Echelon form

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (4)
ROW REDUCTION AND ECHELON FORMS (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (5)
ROW REDUCTION AND ECHELON FORMS (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (6)
ROW REDUCTION AND ECHELON FORMS (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (7)
PIVOT POSITION:
A pivot position in a matrix A is a location in A that corresponds to a leading 1
in the reduced echelon form of A. A pivot column is a column of A that contains
a pivot position.
Pivots
Example:

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (8)
Matrices and Sizes of Matrices:

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (9)
Matrices and Sizes of Matrices (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (10)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution:

 For this algorithm, the order in which you perform the elementary row operations is
important.
 Operate from left to right by columns, using elementary row operations to obtain
zeros in all entries directly below the leading 1’s.

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (11)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):
Now we will give a step-by-step algorithm that can be used to reduce any matrix to
reduced row-echelon form.

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (12)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (13)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):

The entire matrix is now in

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (14)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (15)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):
• The algorithm we have just described for reducing a matrix to reduced row echelon
form is called Gauss–Jordan elimination. It consists of two parts, a forward phase in
which zeros are introduced below the leading 1’s and a backward phase in which
zeros are introduced above the leading 1’s.
• If only the forward phase is used, then the procedure produces a row echelon form
and is called Gaussian elimination. For example, in the preceding computations a row
echelon form was obtained at the end of Step 5.

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (16)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (17)
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution (cont.):

When solving a system of linear equations, remember that it is possible for the system to have no solution.
If, in the elimination process, you obtain a row of all zeros except for the last entry, then it is unnecessary to
continue the process. Simply conclude that the system has no solution, or is inconsistent.

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (18)
Gauss–Jordan Elimination:

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (19)
Gauss–Jordan Elimination (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (20)
Homogeneous Linear Systems:

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (21)
Homogeneous Linear Systems (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (22)
Homogeneous Linear Systems (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (23)
Homogeneous Linear Systems (cont.):

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 2. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (24)
Homogeneous Linear Systems (cont.):
Free Variables in Homogeneous Linear Systems

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EXERCISES (2)

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EXERCISES (3)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (1)
Vectors in R2

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (2)
Vectors in R2 (cont.)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (3)
Geometric Descriptions of R2

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (4)
Geometric Descriptions of R2 (cont.)

(Quy tắc hình bình hành)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (5)
Geometric Descriptions of R2 (cont.)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (6)
Vectors in Rn

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (7)
Vectors in Rn (cont.)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (8)
Linear Combinations:

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (9)
Linear Combinations (cont.)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (10)
Linear Combinations (cont.)

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 3. VECTOR EQUATIONS (11)
Linear Combinations (cont.)

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EXERCISES (4)

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (1)
Polynomial Curve Fitting:

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (2)
Polynomial Curve Fitting (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (3)
Polynomial Curve Fitting (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (4)
Network analysis:

Each junction in a network gives rise to a linear equation, so you can analyze the
flow through a network composed of several junctions by solving a system of
linear equations.
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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (5)
Network analysis (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (6)
Network analysis (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (7)
Network analysis (cont.):
An electrical network is another type of network where analysis is commonly applied.
An analysis of such a system uses two properties of electrical networks known as
Kirchhoff’s Laws.
1. All the current flowing into a junction must flow out of it.
2. The sum of the products IR (I is current and R is resistance) around a closed path is
equal to the total voltage in the path.

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (8)
Network analysis (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (9)
Network analysis (cont.):

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 4. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (10)
Network analysis (cont.):

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HOMEWORK (1)

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HOMEWORK (2)

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HOMEWORK (3)

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