LECTURE 2: DETERMINANTS

DUONG MINH BUI, PH.D

LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
VIETNAMESE - GERMAN UNIVERSITY, BINH DUONG PROVINCE, VIETNAM
EMAIL: DUONG.BM@VGU.EDU.VN
 CONTENTS
• The Determinant of a Matrix
• Evaluation of a Determinant Using Elementary Operations
• Properties of Determinants: Cramer's Rule; Triangularization of matrices
• Applications of Determinants

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2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (1)

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2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (2)

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2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (3)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (4)
Find the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix:
• Every square matrix can be associated with a real number called its determinant.

• Note that both fractions have the same denominator, a11a22 - a21a12. This quantity is the
determinant of the coefficient matrix of the system.

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (5)
Find the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix (cont.)

• The determinant is the difference of the products of the two diagonals of the matrix.
Note that the order of the products is important.
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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (6)
Find the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (7)
Find the minors and cofactors of a matrix:

The minors and cofactors of a

matrix can differ only in sign.

Note that odd positions (where i +

j is odd) have negative signs, and
even positions (where i + j is even)
have positive signs.

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (8)
Find the minors and cofactors of a matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (9)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix:

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (10)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)
The determinant can be evaluated by expanding in any row or column.

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (11)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)

• The row (or column) containing the most zeros is usually the best choice for
expansion by cofactors.

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (12)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (13)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (13-1)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (14)
• An alternative method is commonly used to evaluate the determinant of a 3 × 3
matrix A. Copy the first and second columns of A to form fourth and fifth columns.
Then obtain the determinant of A by adding (or subtracting) the products of the six
diagonals.

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (15)
Use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix (cont.)

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (16)
Find the determinant of a triangular matrix:

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 2.1 THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX (17)
Find the determinant of a triangular matrix (cont.):

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EXERCISES (1)

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EXERCISES (2)
24,

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 2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (1)
Use elementary row operations to evaluate a determinant - MOTIVATION

Note that ∣A∣ and ∣B∣ have the same value. Also note that you can obtain matrix B from
matrix A by adding multiples of the first row to the second, third, and fourth rows.
 Using Elementary Row Operations for the matrix.
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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (2)
Use elementary row operations to evaluate a determinant (cont.)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (3)
Use elementary row operations to evaluate a determinant (cont.)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (4)
Use elementary row operations to evaluate a determinant (cont.)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (5)
Use elementary column operations to evaluate a determinant:
• The theorem remains valid when the word “column” replaces the word “row.”
Operations performed on the columns (rather than on the rows) of a matrix are
elementary column operations, and two matrices are column-equivalent when one
can be obtained from the other by elementary column operations.

(Column)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (6)
Use elementary column operations to evaluate a determinant (cont.):

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (7)
Recognize conditions that yield zero determinants:
• When two columns of a matrix are scalar multiples of each other, the determinant
of the matrix is zero.

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (8)
Recognize conditions that yield zero determinants (cont.):

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (9)
Recognize conditions that yield zero determinants (cont.):

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (10)
Recognize conditions that yield zero determinants (cont.):

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (11)
SUMMARY (1)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (12)
SUMMARY (2)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (13)
SUMMARY (3)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (14)
SUMMARY (4)

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (15)
TYPICAL EXAMPLES:

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (16)
TYPICAL EXAMPLES (cont.):

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2.2 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING ELEMENTARY
OPERATIONS (17)
TYPICAL EXAMPLES (cont.):

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EXERCISES (3)

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EXERCISES (4)

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EXERCISES (5)

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2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (1)

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2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (2)

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (3)
Matrix Products and Scalar Multiples

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (4)
Matrix Products and Scalar Multiples (cont.)

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (5)
Cramer's Rule:

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (6)
Cramer's Rule (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (7)
Cramer's Rule (cont.) - Application to Engineering
- A number of important engineering problems, particularly in electrical engineering and control theory, can
be analyzed by Laplace transforms.
- This approach converts an appropriate system of linear differential equations into a system of linear
algebraic equations whose coefficients involve a parameter.

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (8)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix:

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (9)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (10)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (11)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (12)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (13)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (14)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (15)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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 2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS (16)
Determinants and the inverse of a matrix (cont.):

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EXERCISES (6)

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EXERCISES (7)

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EXERCISES (8)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (1)
• Find the adjoint of a matrix and use it to find the inverse of the matrix.
• Use Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of n linear equations in n variables.
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes.

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (2)
• Find the adjoint of a matrix and use it to find the inverse of the matrix:
The cofactor Cij of a square matrix A is (-1)i + j times the determinant of the matrix
obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of A.
The matrix of cofactors of A has the form:

The transpose of this matrix is the adjoint of A and is denoted adj(A).

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (3)
• Find the adjoint of a matrix and use it to find the inverse of the matrix (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (4)
• Find the adjoint of a matrix and use it to find the inverse of the matrix (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (5)
• Use Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of n linear equations in n variables:

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (6)
• Use Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of n linear equations in n variables (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (7)
• Use Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of n linear equations in n variables (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (8)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes:

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (9)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (10)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (11)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (12)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (13)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (14)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (15)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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 2.4 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS (16)
• Use determinants to find area, volume, and the equations of lines and planes (cont.)

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EXERCISES (9)
9-18

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EXERCISES (10)

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HOMEWORK (1)

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HOMEWORK (2)

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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