tổ chức kế toán Organization of Accounting in Enterprises - TCCTKT TA PDF

CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF ACCOUNTING
ORGANIZATION IN ENTERPRISES
1.1. The role and functions of accounting in organizations
1.2. Responsibilities and principles of accounting in organizations

1.3. Major contents of accounting in organizations
1.1 The role and functions of accounting in organizations k thi
• 1.1.1. The role and functions of accounting in enterprises

• 1.1.2. Basic requirements for accounting information
• 1.1.3. Concepts and basic accounting principles
• 1.1.3.1. Basic accounting concepts
• 1.1.3.2. Basic accounting principles
1.1.1 The role and functions of accounting in enterprises
• Accounting is a science, a profession and an important management instrument

for organizations. With such role, accounting has following functions:
• −Collecting, processing data and figures by objects and contents according to
accounting standards and accounting regime.
• −Inspecting, supervising the management and use of assets and funds;
discovering and avoiding financial and accounting bad behaviors or frauds.
• −Analyzing accounting information and figures; advising and recommending
effective measures for management and decision-making process.
• − Providing accounting information and figures in compliance with laws.
1.1.2 Basic requirements for accounting information co thi
• Accounting information is used to make business decisions. Therefore, accounting

information needs to be reliable and relevant to different users. The basic requirements
for accounting information include: Accounting information must:
• − Reflect fully the arisen financial activities;
• − Be provided timely and precisely;
• − Be clear and easy to conceive;
• − Reflect precisely the status, attributes, contents and value of financial activities;
• − Accounting information and figures must be reported constantly from beginning to end of
financial activities and from establishment to disintegration of enterprise; Accounting figures
of a term must continue the figures of previous term;
• − Be categorized and arranged in a procedure or system and must be comparable.
1.1.3. Concepts and basic accounting principles
• 1.1.3.1. Basic accounting concepts

• - The concept of “accounting entity”
• -The concept of “money measurement”
• - The concept of “accounting period”
1.1.3 Concepts and basic accounting principles
• 1.1.3.2. Basic accounting principles

• Accrual basis co so don tich
• Continuous operation hoat dong lien tuc, trong tuong lai gan la 12 thang = going concern
• Historical cost
• Matching
• Consistency
• Prudence
• Materiality
1.1.3.2 Basic accounting principles
• Accrual basis
• All economic and financial operations of enterprises, which are related to
assets, liabilities, owners’ equity, revenues, and costs must be recorded in
accounting books at the time they arise, not at the time of the actual
receipt or payment of cash or cash equivalents. Financial statements made
on the basis of accrual shall reflect the financial status of enterprises in the
past, at present and in the future.
• Continuous operation
• Financial statements must be made on the basis of the assumption that
enterprises are operating continuously and will continue business activities
normally in the near future, i.e., they have no intention or are not
compelled to cease operation or to substantially downscale their operation.
Where reality differs from the continuous operation assumption, the
financial statements must be made on another basis, which must be
explained.
• Historical cost
• Assets must be recognized according to their historical cost. The historical cost
of an asset shall be calculated according to the cash amount or cash equivalent
already paid or to be paid, or according to the reasonable value of the asset at the
time the asset is recognized. The assets’ historical costs must not be modified
except otherwise prescribed in specific accounting standards .
• Matching
• The recognition of revenues and that of costs must match. When a revenues is
recognized, a corresponding cost related to the creation of such revenue must be
recognized. Costs corresponding to revenues include costs of the period in which
revenues are created and costs of the previous periods or payable costs related to
the revenues of such period.
• Consistency
• The accounting policies and methods selected by enterprises must be applied
consistently within at least one accounting year. Where appear changes in the
selected accounting policies or methods, the reasons for and impacts of such
changes must be presented in the explanations of financial statements.
• Prudence
• Prudence means the examination, consideration and anticipation needed to establish accounting estimates under
uncertain conditions. The prudence principle requires that:
− The reserves must be set up, which must not be too big;
− The values of assets and incomes are not overestimated;
− The values of liabilities and costs are not underestimated;
− Revenues and incomes shall be recognized only when there are solid evidences of the possibility of obtaining
economic benefits, while costs must be recognized when there are evidences of the possibility of arising costs.
• Materiality
• Information shall be considered material in cases where the insufficiency or
inaccuracy of such information may distort significantly the financial statements,
thus affecting the economic decisions of the users of the financial statements.
Materiality depends on the amount and nature of information or errors assessed
in particular circumstances. The materiality of information must be examined
both quantitatively and qualitatively.
1.2 Responsibilities and principles of accounting in organizations
1.2.1 Requirements and principles of accounting in organizations

An effective accounting process enables accountants to perform their duties and to meet the
demand for business information of enterprises and other stakeholders. A fair accounting system
in enterprises helps:
− Provide accurate, timely and adequate financial information for the stakeholders to make
effective business decisions;
− Recognize, monitor, reflect and supervise closely the assets and equities of enterprise to
enhance the efficiency of business capital;
− Perform requirements, functions and duties of accounting in the system of management
instruments;
− Equip enterprises with a compact and effective accounting system that enhances the
efficiency and performance of accountants.
1.2 Responsibilities and principles of accounting in organizations
1.2.1 Requirements and principles of accounting organization
• To meet these requirements, regulations and accounting duties, accounting organisation must satisfy
following basic requirements:
− Accounting process must comply with related principles, policies, mechanism, norms and regulations;
− Accounting must be suitable with production, management and operation characteristics of enterprise;
− Accounting has to harmonize with requirements, management level and degree of support facilities to
conduct accounting duties in enterprises;
− Accounting must realize fully the functions and duties to meet the demand for information of
stakeholders;
− Accounting process must be economical.
1.2 Responsibilities and principles of accounting organization
• On the basis of the above-mentioned requirements, the accounting process in enterprises must meet
following basic principles:
− Accounting process must comply with current laws on accounting and related regulations applied
by accounting entities.
In Vietnam at present, most of accounting regulations are ensured by laws, therefore accounting
process must comply with the Law on Accounting, Accounting Standards, accounting regime and
other related regulations.
1.2 Responsibilities and principles of accounting organization
- Accounting must ensure the principle of consistency:
− Accounting in enterprises must ensure the consistency between accounting divisions, between
main and member organizations or sub-organizations, between parent company and affiliates.
− Accounting must ensure the consistency between accounting division and other management
divisions. Accounting is an instrument of the general management system, therefore, in order to
promote the role of accounting among the other divisions, accounting must consider the
relationship between accounting division and other management divisions to ensure the
consistency when processing and providing information and when managing business activities.
− Accounting must also ensure the consistency between the contents of accounting and the
consistency between objects, methods and form of accounting system.
1.2 Responsibilities and principles of accounting organizations
• Accounting must ensure the principle of matching the business characteristics:
− Accounting process must be relevant to the operation, production and management characteristics of
enterprises;
− Accounting must also match the management requirements, management level and accountant
competency;
− Accounting must adapt to the existing degree of equipment, means of calculation and other support
facilities for accounting and management of enterprises.
• Accounting must follow the principle of economical and effective

• These principles must be ensured consistently throughout accounting process of enterprises.
1.2.2 Basis and duties of accounting organization
• A rational accounting process is based on:
− Mechanism on financial management regulated by the State in general, the Law on

Accounting, Accounting Standards and other related regulations in particular;
− Operational characteristics and objectives of organizations, business size and

operating area, operating and management system of organizations;
− Capacity and competency of existing accountants;

− The level of equipment and use of technical means of calculation in organizations
1.2.2 Basis and duties of accounting organization
• Accouting is an important management instrument of businesses, thus accounting must perform
following duties:
− Organizing a rational accounting system to perform necessary tasks with distinct assignment of
accounting tools to every section and staff of accounting system;
− Conducting accounting methods, current regime and principles, application of rational form of
accounting and available means of calculation to generate quality accounting information;
− Identifying the relationship between accounting division and management divisions when
implementing assignments related to accounting;
− Instructing on following financial management regime in general and accounting regime in
particular, and organizing internal accounting inspection.
1.3 Major contents of accounting organization
• The major and essential contents of accounting organization consist of following tasks:
− Recognize information regarding economic and financial activities arise in organizations
and check the legitimacy and validity of these activities. To do that, it is essential to
conduct initial book-keeping to record information in accounting documents and
circulate these documents for timely inspection and accounting entry;
− Summarize and process accounting information to meet the demand. To do that, it is
necessary to apply effectively accounting methods, accounting principles and a system of
accounting documents;
he thong hoa va xu ly thong tin
1.3 Major contents of accounting organization
• The major and essential contents of accounting organization consist of following
tasks:
cung cap thong tin duoi dang bao cao tai chinh bao bao quan tri
− Provide accounting information for the purpose of macro- and micro-economic management. To do that,
it requires periodic accounting reports, internal reports including periodic or brief reports according to
the requirement from the State and organizations;
to chuc bo may ke toan
− Organize accounting system in organizations to carry out entire accounting tasks; equip and use the
means of calculation to improve the performance of accountants; organize capacity and professional
competency building courses for accountants of organizations;
to chuc kiem tra ke toan
− Organize internal accounting inspection to ensure the compliance with regulations on financial
management in general and the Law on Accounting, Accounting Standards in particular.
1.4 Information and Communication Technology (IT) and application of IT in
accounting organization at enterprises
• Definition of IT and accounting software:
− IT (a combination of computer and communication technology) processed by micro-electronics
technology for recording, storing, processing, searching and communicating information.
− Accounting software: a computer program system aimed for automatically processing accounting
information on computer, including documents preparation, documents classification, information
systematization, information processing, accounting reports preparation (financial statements and
managerial statements and other reports)
− 3 stages to process accounting information: information input- processing – information output

(accounting reports)
• Overview on computerized accounting:
− Step 1: Select relevant accounting software lua chon phan mem
− Step 2: Set up accounting software in computer system cai dat phan mem
− Step 3: Activate accounting system khai bao ban dau
− Step 4: Record economic transactions

− Step 5: Data security: data backup, frequent maintenance of software
nguoi dung chi can nhap thong tin ban dau con may cai khac thi phan mem se tu lam
• Classification of accounting software :
− According to the nature of economic transactions:
▪ Retail accounting software: used for issuance of sales invoices, bills, delivery notes, inventory count -> provide general
sales/inventory reports only
▪ Financial accounting/managerial accounting software: used for recording accounting information from documents,
processing, preparing accounting reports
− According to product form:

➢ Package software: used widely, cheap, stable, easily updated and upgraded, but specific requirements may be lack
➢ Order accounting software: designed as required by specific firms, costly unstable, difficult to be updated and upgraded
• Advantages of computerized accounting:

❖Save time and labor cost, improve effectiveness and productivity
❖Accounting information provided quickly and timely
❖Convenient for discovering, checking, and searching data, vouchers
❖Convenient for storage of accounting data/documents
• Principles and requirements for application of computerized accounting:
− Improve effectiveness of accounting work and enhance the role of accountants in the firm’s accounting
apparatus
− Consistency among accounting department, consistency among superior entity and subordinate ones
(accounting content, accounting objects, accounting methods applied, accounting policies…)
− Relevance to enterprise itself (business features, business operations, operating conditions…)

− Effectiveness and economic: relevant accounting software, controllability of accounting information
processed, flexibility of accounting software.
• Elements affecting accounting organization in computerized accounting:
− Awareness of the role and importance of the IT
− Business environment :
➢ Accounting framework: accounting laws, accounting standards,
➢ State regulations: financial policies, taxes, corporation laws…
➢ Social –economic environment: habits of customers, business method, means of advertisement, promotion….
− Characteristics of business operations: management method, management ability, business size,

qualification of accounting staff…
• Accounting organization in application of computerized accounting:
− Organization of collecting accounting information on business transactions and reviewing relevance as
well as the legality of economic transactions.
− Organization of systematizing and processing accounting information

− Organization of providing accounting information
− Organization of accounting apparatus
− Organization of setting up technology infrastructure to improve business productivity
− Organization of internal audit
CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTING
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
IN ENTERPRISES
30
CONTENT
to chuc van dung he thong chung tu trong
2.1.Application of accounting voucher system in enterprises

thu nhan thong tin ke toan tien
2.2. Collecting data on cash transactions
thu nhan thong tin ke toan hang ton kho
2.3. Collecting data on inventory transactions

thu nhan thong tin ke toan ban hang
2.4. Collecting data on sales transactions
thu nhan thong tin ke toan khac
2.5.Collecting data on other transactions.

2.6 Organization of ollecting data in computerized accounting
to chuc thu nhan thong tin ke toan may
31
2.1. Application of accounting voucher system in enterprises
• Accounting vouchers
• Accounting voucher system applied by
enterprises
• Application of accounting voucher system:
- Compulsory vouchers:
dc su dung pho bien va rong rai de phan anh tinh hinh kinh te/tai chinh mqh giua cac don vi
✓ used popularly and widely to reflect the economical/financial
relationship between business entities due to tight management demand
(Ex: VAT invoice, cash receipt note…)
✓ Type, form, and content recorded on these vouchers, target and method
of setting up these vouchers are standardized by the State
✓ Commonly used by all type of business in the economy.
- Optional vouchers: dc si dung trong noi bo doanh nghiep
✓ Used within the enterprise only (internal use)
✓ State gives instruction on several specific content recorded on these
vouchers for entities to follow upon their own operating activities
32
Definition of accounting voucher :

Accounting vouchers can be seen as a means of information as
well as the legal documents to prove for occurred and completed
business transactions of one enterprise. Accounting vouchers are
the basis of bookkeeping process.
Collecting information in the form of accounting vouchers is an

essential work in setting up anbuocaccounting
dau tien
information system. In
the other word, it is the initial accounting work in an enterprise.
33
Elements (Content) of Accounting vouchers (7):

According to Vietnamese accounting law, a voucher must contain
following elements:
1.Title and code of vouchers

2.Date (day/month/year) nguoi or to chuc lap chung tu
3.Name, address of person/entity who creates these vouchers (sender)
4.Name, address of person/entity that receives vouchers (recipient) ten or dia chi nhan chung tu
5.Content of business transactions (Description) noi dung cua nghiep vu
6.Quantity, unit price, total value cac chi tieu ve hien vat, gia tri, so luong, don gia, thanh tien
7.Signatures, name of voucher creators, name of involved persons. ten chu ky cua nguoi lap chung tu
va cac ca nhan co lien quan
34
Classification of accounting vouchers

•Legality: theo phap ly co 2 loai
Compulsory vouchers:
✓ used popularly and widely to reflect the economical/financial relationship between
business entities due to tight management demand (Ex: VAT invoice, cash receipt note…)
✓ Type, form, and content recorded on these vouchers, target and method of setting up
these vouchers are standardized by the State
✓ Commonly used by all type of business in the economy.
Optional vouchers:
✓ Used within the enterprise only (internal use)
✓ State gives instruction on several specific content recorded on these vouchers for entities
to follow upon their own operating activities
•Information form: theo truyen tai thong tin co 2 loai
lao dong tien luong, phieu nhap. suat, chung tu ve ban hang: bang ke ban hang, nhom
ke tai san co dinh
• paper vouchers con hoa don thi no thuoc vao luat thue, chu k phai thuoc quy dinh cua bo tai chinh
• e-vouchers: CDs, payment cards…
•Usage: theo cach su dung co 2 loai
- Source vouchers: made right when the business transactions arise with the highest legality
(VAT invoice, goods receipt note, cash receipt note…)
- Bookkeeping vouchers: used to gather data from the same source vouchers with the
business nature to record on accounting books. They are valid only when attached with
source vouchers 35
Classification of accounting vouchers (cont.) phan loai theo noi dung chung tu
•Business transaction nature:

Accounting vouchers are divided into 5 categories as following:
lao dong tien luong

1. Labor vouchers (payroll…) phieu nhap kho phieu xuat kho
hang ton kho
2. Inventory vouchers (goods receipt note, goods delivery note…)
chung tu ve ban hang
3. Sales vouchers (VAT invoice…) phieu thu , phieu chi
chung tu lien quan den tien 4. Monetary vouchers (cash receipt note, cash payment note..)
chung tu ve tai san co dinh 5. Tangible fixed assets vouchers (minutes of handover of FA, disposal minutes..)
bien ban giao nhan, bien ban thanh ly
36
Organization of accounting voucher system in an enterprise:
1.Set up a list of accounting vouchers

2.Set up the content of an accounting voucher, voucher form…
3.Determination on issuance of vouchers and voucher checking
4.Setting up the voucher rotation process
5.Storage of vouchers.
tai lieu dung de ghi so thi luu tru khoang 10 nam
con tai lieu k dung de ghi so thi luu tru khoang 5 nam
chung tu ke toan chi dc lap duy nhat 1 lan
37
2.2. Collecting data on cash transactions
❖Vouchers:
Direct accounting vouchers:
day la 2 co so de ghi so tien mat

Cash receipt note (Form 01 - TT) coconso112delaghiphieu
so 111 la phieu thu
chi
Cash payment note (Form 02 - TT)
Other relating accounting vouchers:

Loan contract hop dong vay
Application for advance tam ung
Accreditative (Payment order) uy lenh chi
Cash receiving slip phieu linh tien mat

...............
38
MÉu sè 01-TT
Ban hµnh theo Q® sè: 15/2006/Q®/BTC
®¬n vÞ/Company title ..... ngµy 20 /3/06 cña Bé trưởng BTC
®Þa chØ/Adress: .... PhiÕu thu/ CASH Receipt
NOTE QuyÓn sè/Book No.: .....
Ngµy....th¸ng....năm Sè/No.: ......
200...(date) Nî/Debit .........
Hä tªn ngêi nép tiÒn/ Payment applicant Cã/credit: .........
®Þa chØ/Address
Lý do nép/Content
Sè tiÒn/Amount: ....................................... (viÕt b»ng ch/ in fugures)
Attached: ............................................. Chøng tõ gèc/source vouchers
§· nhËn ®ñ sè tiÒn(ViÕt b»ng ch÷)/ In word:........................................

Ngµy.....th¸ng.......n¨m
200...(Date)
Gi¸m KÕ to¸n trëng/Chief Ngêi nép Ngêi lËp Thñ quü/ Cashier
®èc/Director accountant tiÒn/Payment phiÕu/Prepared by
applicant
(Ký, hä tªn, ®ãng dÊu)(Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn)
Sign, name and stamp Sign, name Sign, name Sign, name Sign, name
+ Tû gi¸ ngo¹i tÖ (vµng, b¹c, ®¸ quý)/Forreign currency rate (gold, precious metal):.............................
+ Sè tiÒn quy ®æi/ Exchanged amount:..............................................................
(Liªn göi ra ngoµi ph¶i ®ãng dÊu) 39
MÉu sè 01-TT
®¬n vÞ/Company title : ..... (Ban hµnh theo Q® sè:
®Þa chØ/Address : .... PhiÕu chi/ Payment NOTE 15/2006/Q®/BTC
ngµy 20 /3/06 cña Bé trưởng BTC)
Ngµy....th¸ng....năm... BiÓu 2a.2
Date QuyÓn sè: .....
Sè: ......
Nî: .........
Cã: .........
Hä tªn ngêi nhËn tiÒn: Recipients’ name:
®Þa chØ/Adress:
Lý do chi/Content:
Sè tiÒn/Amount: ....................................... (viÕt b»ng số): In figures
KÌm theo/Attached: ............................................. Chøng tõ gèc/Source vouchers:

Đ· nhËn ®ñ sè tiÒn (viÕt b»ng chữ)/ In word..............................
Ngµy.....th¸ng.......năm...
Date
Gi¸m ®èc KÕ to¸n trëng Thñ quü Ngêi lËp phiÕu Ngêi nhËn tiÒn
Director Chief Cashier Prepared by Recipient
accountant
(Ký, hä tªn, ®ãng dÊu)(Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn) (Ký, hä tªn)
+ Tû gi¸ ngo¹i tÖ/FC rate (vµng, b¹c, ®¸ quý (gold, precious metals):..................
+ Sè tiÒn quy ®æi/Exchanged amount:...................................................
(Liªn göi ra ngoµi ph¶i ®ãng dÊu) 40
BiÓu 2a.5
Ng©n hµng ®Çu t vµ ph¸t triÓn ViÖt Nam

Chi nh¸nh: Hµ Néi
Yªu cÇu trả cho BIDV- Hanoi branch
Beneficiary : PhÇn dµnh cho NH
SÐc/Cheque ghi/For Bank
Sè sÐc/No. TK Nî/Debit
Sè CMT/ID: ..............ngµy cÊp/date of issue........ n¬i cÊp/place of issue Account:............
®Þa chØ/Add: TK Cã/Credit account

Sè hiÖu tµi khoản/Account number: ............
T¹i/At:
Sè tiÒn b»ng chữ/In figure: Sè tiÒn (b»ng sè):
Amount (in figure)
Ngêi ph¸t hµnh/Issuer
®Þa chØ/Add:
Sè hiÖu tµi khoản: Account number:
BảO chi
Ngµy ..... th¸ng .... năm ....Date............., ngµy....th¸ng....n¨m........
........(Date) KÕ to¸n trëng/Chief accountant Ngêi ph¸t hµnh/Issuer
Ký tªn, ®ãng dÊu

Signed and stamped
41
Voucher rotation process for cash receipt
Diagram: 2.1
42
Payment Cash Chief Related Cashier
applicant accountant accountant accountants
Diagram B¾t ®Çu

bat dau
A
(4)
(1) (2)
makes Approved- 2,3

CASH 3 signed 3
Receipt
Receipt (3
so do Voucher copies)
(3)
Receipt
luan chuyen
phieu thu rotation (5) Takes cash and
process 3 signs
Receipt
for cash
receipt (5)
Cash
submission
2,3
(6) 2,3
Receipt
Diagram : Receipt
(2.1) (7) 2
2 (8)
Receipt 2 Receipt
(10)
(9) Receipt
cash accounting (11) (7)

(12)
boooks
related accounting Cash book
Stored B books 43
Diagram 2.2
Voucher rotation process for cash payment so do luan chuyen phieu chi tien
Cash accountant
Related perrson Payment approval Related Chief accountant
(makes payment Cashier
(Recipient) section accountants Account holder
voucher)
Begin
A Makes Approves and 2.3
Purchasing dept (1) Payment (2) Payment slip (3) signs
cash payment note se
3 3
Purchase contract documents (3 copies) Payment slip
co nhung bo phan nao Payment slip
lien quan: cash (4)
accountan, cashier, (6)
lien quan den bo phan Advance recipient
mua hang Application for 3 Cash payment
advance
(5)
Payment slip
(6)
Relecting sections
phieu thu phieu chi - Payment doc.
thuong dc - Cash deposit slip
lap thanh 3 lien 2.3
Payment slip
Takes cash and signs
(7)
(7) (7) 2 (9) 2 Payment slip
Payment slip Payment slip (8)
Cash payment 2.3
slip 2
Relating acc. (10) Cash (7)
books ledgers
Cash book
stored
44
BiÓu 2a.5
NH®T vµ PTVN
SBT:...........
Chi nh¸nh Hµ Néi
Hanoi branch
giÊy b¸o cã/ Credit note
KÝnh quý/To
Ngµy: ...........date C«ng ty/Company:............
H«m nay, chóng t«i xin b¸o ®· ghi Cã TK quý c«ng ty sè: .......
sè tiÒn sau/Today we would like to inform you as following
Detail Amount
NH®T vµ PTVN
Chi nh¸nh Hµ Néi 45
BiÓu 2a.6
NH®T vµ PTVN SBT:............
Chi nh¸nh Hµ Néi
BIDV- Hanoi Branch
giÊy b¸o nî/ debit note
KÝnh quý
Ngµy/Date........... C«ng ty/Company:............
H«m nay, chóng t«i xin b¸o ®· ghi Nî TK quý c«ng ty sè: .......
sè tiÒn sau:Today we would like to inform you as following:
Chi tiÕt/Detail Sè tiÒn/Amount
NH®T vµ PTVN 46
Chi nh¸nh Hµ Néi
BiÓu 2a.7
NH®T vµ PTVN GiÊy b¸o sè d kh¸ch hµng Trang:...

BIDV Bank statement
Chi nh¸nh Hµ Néi Ngµy/Date ........ Sè sæ.Book No:
Hanoi Branch ...
SHTK/Account number ................
Incur before...... Tªn ®¬n vÞ/ Company title:.......... Lo¹i
tiÒn/Currency:
Sè BT Diễn giải-Discription Doanh sè Nî – Nî/ Doanh sè Cã –
...
Debit- Debit Cã/Credit-Credit
LËp bảng KiÓm so¸t KÕ to¸n trëng

Prepared by Controlled by Chief accountant 47
Banking Relating Chief Beneficiary Bank Cash Cash Cashier
accountant accountan accountant recipient accountan
t Account t
Diagram A holder
Loan
Begin contract
approved
so do khe uoc vay (1) and stored
Voucher Loan
contract
(1) Loan
contract
(2)
signed
rotation (3)
process Cash receiving

slip (2)
Accreditative
(4) Cash receiving
slip (2)
Accreditative(3
(4)
for bank (3) )
Cash receving
slip (2)
loan (4)
Accreditative
(3)
(5)
payment (6) Cash
1 received
Cash 1 Cash
receiving slip receiving (6)
2 3 Cash Cash deposit
slip Accreditative (6) slip
1 Accreditative deposit slip
1
Accreditative
Accreditative
(9) (7)
bookkeeping (8) Receipt (7) Receipt
No. 2.3 Cash 1

(10)
receiving slip (8)
(11) (8)
Cash Takes cash
1
submission
Accreditative (10) Bank
Bank Accounting statement
statement books
(11)
Stored
48
B
Voucher rotation process for increment of cash at bank so do luan chuyen thu tien bang uy nhiem chi
Serving bank Banking accountant Related accountants

Diagram 2.4
Begin
(1)
2,3 2 2
(2) (4)
Accreditative Accreditative Accreditative
(from client)
(5)
(3)
Bank Bank Related
statement (2b) statement accounting
books
Bank accounting
book
2 (6)
Accreditative
(7)
Stored
49
B
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR CASH WITHDRWAL FROM BANK
(CASH FUND INCREMENT) k thi Diagram 2.5
Banking Chief Bank Cash Cash Cashier
accountant accountant accountant
recipient
A & Account
holder
Begin
(1)
Cheque (2) Cheque
(write) (signed)
Cheque (3) (4) Cheque

(signed)
Cheque (5)
Cheque (6)
counterfoil
Payment (6) Cash
(stored) received
(10) (7)
Bank (10) Bank Cash deposit (7) Cash deposit
statement statement slip slip
(11) (8)
Bank
accounting Receipt (8) Receipt
book (9)
(9)
(11) Cash (9) Takes
submission cash
Stored
50
B
chi tien bang uy nhiem chi
Voucher rotation process for decrement of cash at bank

(Transfer by accreditative)
Diagram 2.6
Banking Related Chief accountant Bank Beneficiary
accountant
accountants Account holder (supplier...)
Begin
(1)
3 (2) 3
Accreditative Accreditative
(write) (signed)
3 (3) 3
Accreditative Accreditative
(signed) (3)
(4)
1 3
(5)
Accreditative Accreditatvie
1 (stored) 2
(5) Accreditative Accreditative
Accounting books
(6) (7)
1 (6)
Accreditative
Related books
Bank Bank
statement (7) statement
(8)
Stored
51
B
2.3. Voucher preparation & voucher rotation process for inventory
2.2.1. Voucher preparation & voucher rotation process.

❖ Goods receipt note. (***) nhap kho
❖ Goods delivery note xuat kho
❖ Internal goods delivery note. phieu xuat kho khi van chuyen noi bo
❖ Inventory acceptance minutes bien ban kiem nhan hang ton kho
❖ Stock card the kho
❖ Inventory report bao cao hang ton kho/bang ke nhap xuat ton
❖ Inventory stock records bao cao ve ton kho
52
- Voucher rotation process for goods purchased
- Voucher rotation process for finished/outsourced goods
- Voucher rotation process for materials delivery.
- Voucher rotation process for goods/product delivery
53
PHIẾU NHẬP KHO Số/No...................
Goods receipt note
Ngày .... tháng ...... năm ........
Date
Họ Tên người giao hàng/ Name of deliverer
Nợ/Debit ..................
Theo ................ số ............. ngày .... tháng ..... năm ....... của
Có/ Credit ..................
According to……No………Date…
Nhập tại kho/ stock:
Tên, nhãn hiệu, quy cách, Số lượng/Quantity

Đơn vị Đơn
phẩm chất vật tư (Sản phẩm Mã số/ Theo CT Thực nhap Thành tiền
tính/un giá/Unit
STT hàng hóa)/Name, brand, type, code
it Source Actual price
Total
quality (product and goods) voucher quantity
A B C D 1 2 3 4
Cộng/ Total x x x Nhập xngày ..... tháng

x ..... năm …Date.
Phụ trách cung tiêu Người giao Thủ kho

Purchasing staff Delivered by Stock keeper
54
(Ký, họ tên)/ (Ký, họ tên)Name&signed (Ký, họ tên)Name&signed
name&signed
Diagram 2.7
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR FINISED GOODS/ OUTSOURCED GOODS RECEIPT
so do luan chuyen nhap kho thanh pham do san xuat or thue ngoai gia cong che bien
PRODUCTION COST
nguoi lap phieu nhap kho va xuat kho la ke toan hang ton kho thu kho ke toan hang ton kho ACCOUNTANT AND OTHER
STOCK KEEPER INVENTORY ACCOUNTANT RELATED ACCOUNTANTS
PRODUCTION DEPT
Finished/outsourced goods (10)

Materials/goods/pro Goods receipt note
need to be imported into (2b) ducts imported into (12)
stock stock (11)
(1) Relating books
Goods receipt note

Goods receipt note (3 copies) (2) (7) Goods receipt note (8)
(quantity and
(Made and signed) (complete)
signed) (2 copies)
(4)
(9b) (9) Product cost card/sheet
(actual or plan)
(5)
(6) Input data on Inventory
computer books
Goods receipt note (3rd copy) (9b) (9)

Stock card/book
(signed) (8)
Actual product
cost data
55
Diagram 2.8
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR PURCHASED GOODS/MATERIALS RECEIPT
dong dau tien la nhung bo phan lien quan den qua trinh luan chuyen mua nhan hh
Department in Director, Payment

Purchasing Stock Inventory
need of Supplier chief accountant and
department keeper accountant
materials/goods/s accountant other related
upplies
Demand for Request Request
Request Purchasing (8) (10)
materials/goods
(signed) plan
(2)
(1) (3)
(4) Contract
Request Purchasing
process signed by
Quantity and
director
delivery time
Contract (4) Contract (5) informed
signed (made)
(8) (10)
Contract Contract
(6) Goods received
Goods
(6.1) (8) Goods receipt note (10) Goods receipt note
(6.4)
Goods receipt Goods receipt (6.3) Goods receipt (9') (9)
note (signed)
(11)
note signed note (signed) Input Inventory
(6.2) book Related books
(6.5) data
Bill of sales/ (7) Bill of sales Stock
(11)
VAT invoice card/book (9') (9)
or VAT
(8) Bill of sales/VAT (10) Bill of sales or
invoice
invoice VAT invoice
56
PHIẾU XUẤT KHO/Goods delivery note Số/no...................
Ngày .... tháng ...... năm ........Date
Nợ/Debit ..................
Có/Credit ..................
Họ Tên người mua hàng/Name of buyer ............................địa chỉ (bộ phận)/add
Lý do xuất kho/Content
Xuất tại kho/Delivery stock:
Số lượng/Quantity
Đơn vị
Name, brand, type, quality Mã Thực Đơn giá/Unit Thành
tính/Un Yêu
STT (Goods, materials) số/Code xuất/Actual price tiền/Total
it cầu/Required
delivered
A B C D 1 2 3 4
Cộng/Total x x x x x
Xuất ngày ..... tháng ..... năm ......Date
Phụ trách bộ phận sử Phụ trách cung Người Thủ kho

dụng / Received tiêu/ Delivered by nhận/recipien Stock keeper 57
department staff t
Quyển số ................
Số ...............
PHIẾU XUẤT KHO KIÊM VẬN CHUYỂN NỘI BỘ
Internal goods delivery note
Ngày .... tháng ...... năm ...........date
Căn cứ lệnh điều độ số .............. ngày .... tháng .... năm .......... Của
Request No. ………date……by…
Về việc/ On
Họ tên người vận chuyển/Shipper’s name ................................. Hợp đồng số/Contract No.
Phương tiện vận chuyển/Means of transfer
Xuất tại kho/Delivery stock
Nhập tại kho/Imorted stock
Tên, nhãn hiệu, quy cách, phẩm
Đơn vị Thực
chất vật tư (Sản phẩm hàng hóa) Mã Thực Đơn giá/Unit Thành
tính/Uni xuất/Actual
STT/No Name, brand, type, quality of số/Code nhập/Actual price tiền/Total
t delivered
goods/materials imported
amount
A B C D 1 2 3 4
Cộng x x x x x
Xuất ngày ... tháng.... năm ......... Nhập ngày....tháng....năm ..........

Người lập Thủ kho xuất Người vận Thủ kho
phiếu/prepared delivery stock chuyển/Shipped nhập/imported
stock keeper 58
by keeper by
(Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên)
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR GOODS/MATERIALS/SUPPLIES DELIVERY (Diagram 2.9)
Production cost
Department in Inventory
Purchasing dept. Stock keeper and related
Technical staff need of materials accountant
accountants
Need for
materials
(1)
Approves
and signs in Materials Materials Goods
materials (1) request (2) request delivery note
request (stored) (12)
(made and (signed)
signed)
Goods delivery Goods Goods

Goods
note (actual delivery note delivery note
delivery (4) quantity delivered (8) (10)
note (made) and signed)
Goods (9') (9) (11)
delivery note (7)
(6) Stock Related
Data Inventory
Materials
(5) card/book input books books
(6)
received (quantity)
Materials delivered
59
Diagram 2.10
Voucher rotation process for product/goods delivery
Inventory
Buyer (customer) Stock keeper Related accountants
SALES DEPT. accountant
Need for Goods

goods/product Receives Goods/prod delivery note
delivery (3") (stored)
(10)
goods/produ uct
ct delivered
(1) (3')
Goods
3 delivery Goods delivery note
Goods delivery note (2) Goods delivery
(made and signed) note (8)
note (quantity (6) (complete)
Goods and signed)
2 (9)
delivery (4) 2
note
Related books
(7') (7)
Data Inventory
(5)
input books
Stock
card/book
60
2.4. Collecting data on sales
❖Voucher preparation and voucher rotation process
•Vouchers used:
- VAT invoice
- Others (Goods delivery note, receipts,...)
* SALES (VAT invoice) Diagram 2.13
* Retail sales (Diagram 2.14)
61
HÓA ĐƠN Mẫu 01 (GTKT - 3LL)
(GTGT) CE/09 - B
Biểu số 7a.3 Ngày….tháng…năm…. Số:…..
Đơn vị bán hàng:………………………………………
Liên 2
Địa chỉ
Tel Số Tài khoản
Mã số
Họ tên người mua hàng:………………………………………………………

Đơn vị:…………………………………………………………………………
Địa chỉ: Số Tài khoản
Hình thức thanh toán:…….. Mã số:
SốT Đơn vị tính Số Đơn

T Tên hàng hóa, dịch vụ Thành tiền
lượng giá
A B C 1 2 3=1x2
Cộng tiền hàng

Thuế suất thuế GTGT: Tiền thuế GTGT
Tổng cộng tiền thanh toán:
Số tiền viết bằng chữ:
Người mua hàng Kế toán trưởng Thủ trưởng đơn vị
(Kí, họ tên) (Kí, họ tên) (Kí, họ tên)
62
Quyển số/Books no. ................
Số/No. ...............
PHIẾU XUẤT KHO KIÊM VẬN CHUYỂN NỘI BỘ
Ngày .... tháng ...... năm ...........date
Căn cứ lệnh điều độ số .............. ngày .... tháng .... năm .......... Của
Request No. ………date……by…
Về việc/ On
Họ tên người vận chuyển/Shipper’s name ................................. Hợp đồng số/Contract No.
Phương tiện vận chuyển/Means of transfer
Xuất tại kho/Delivery stock
Nhập tại kho/Imorted stock
Tên, nhãn hiệu, quy cách, phẩm
Đơn vị Thực
chất vật tư (Sản phẩm hàng hóa) Mã Thực Đơn giá/Unit Thành
tính/Uni xuất/Actual
STT/No Name, brand, type, quality of số/Code nhập/Actual price tiền/Total
t delivered
goods/materials imported
amount
A B C D 1 2 3 4
Cộng x x x x x
Xuất ngày ... tháng.... năm ........Delivery date. Nhập ngày....tháng....năm .........Receipt date.
Người lập Thủ kho xuất delivery Người vận Thủ kho nhập/imported
phiếu/prepared by stock keeper chuyển/Shipped by stock keeper
63
(Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên)
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR VAT INVOICE Diagram 2.11
Sales accountant Related accountants Chief Tax accountant

RELATED accountant/Account
PERSON/Buyer holder
Begin
A
Buyer prepares Makes Signs in
- Cash deposit slip (1) VAT invoice (2) VAT invocie
- Payment documents
3 3
Sales dept. VAT invoice

Goods delivery (3)
(5)
3
Signs in
VAT invoice (3)
3
1,3 3
(4) (5)
VAT invoice
Vat invoice
(7)
(4) (6)
VAT invoice 3
Sales books VAT book
(9) (8)
Relating books
stored
64
B
Biểu 7a.5/ Form 7a.5
Mẫu số: 05/GTGT
BẢNG KÊ BÁN LẺ HÀNG HÓA, DỊCH VỤ/ RETAIL SALES LIST
Ngày…..tháng….năm….date
Tên cơ sở kinh doanh:Company title………Mã số: Tax code……………
Địa chỉ/ Address:……………………………………………………….
Họ tên người bán hàng/ Seller’s name…………………………………
Địa chỉ nơi bán hàng: Store add.………………………………………...
Đơn vị tính
Tên hàng hóa, dịch vụ Số lượng Đơn giá Thành tiền
SốTT Unit
Goods/survice Quantity Unit prie Total price
No
A B C 1 2 3
Tổng cộng tiền thanh toán:Total amount………………………………………………………………...

Tổng số tiền (bằng chữ):In word………………………………………………………………...
NGƯỜI BÁN/ Sold by
(Kí, ghi rõ họ tên)
Name and signed
65
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR RETAIL SALES (Diagram 2.12)
Sales accountant Relating accountants

Retail store Cashier Chief accountant
Begin
makes
Retail sales list (1) - Retail sales list
- Take cash
(2) (5)
Signed Makes the receipt
Receipt
(3)
Retail sales list
(4) receipt
Cash book (6)

Retail sales list
Makes
Cash deposit slip Signed retail
Retail sales revenue list
(7) sales revenue list
Bill of sales
Signed Bill of sales

(8) Retail sales revenue list (7)
Bill of sales Bill of sales
Bill of sales
(9)
(9)
Stored
(10) Relating books
B 66
2.5. Collecting data on other business transactions
❖ Voucher preparation& rotation process for tangible fixed assets

Minutes of handover of fixed assets
✓ Voucher preration and rotation process

- Relating voucher system
Diagtam 2.15
- Voucher rotation process
+ Voucher rotation process for adding fixed assets (tangible
and intangible fixed assets)
+Voucher rotation process for leased fixed assets
+ Voucher rotation process for writing down fixed assets
67
BIÊN BẢN GIAO NHẬN TSCĐ/ MINUTES OF HANDOVER OF FIXED ASSETS
Ngày........tháng.......năm./Date...........
Số/No.
Nợ/Debit
Có/Credit
Căn cứ quyết định số............. ngày .... tháng ..... năm ........... của ....................
......................................................................................về việc bàn giao TSCĐ.
According to the Decision no…..dated….by……..on fixed asset handover
Ban giao nhận TSCĐ/ Handover committee:
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) chức vụ/Post: Đại diện bên giao/handover representative
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) chức vụ/Post: Đại diện bên nhận/Recept representative
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) chức vụ/Post: Đại diện/Representative
- Địa điểm giao nhận TSCĐ/Place of handover...................................................................
Xác nhận việc giao nhận TSCĐ như sau/ together agree on fixed asset handover as following:
Tên, ký Số Nước Năm sản Năm Công Tính nguyên giá TSCĐ Tài
STT mã hiệu, hiệu sản xuất đưa suất liệu kỹ
quy cách TSCĐ xuất vào (diện Giá mua Cước Chi phí Nguyên thuật
(cấp sử (giá phí chạy vận giá
(xây manufacturing tích) Tỷ lệ hao kèm
hạng) Fixed dựng
date
dụng thiết thành thử chuyển TSCĐ theo
mòn %
TSCĐ assets ) kế sản xuất)
Installation Shipping Fixed
Name- code Used Depriciation Attached
costs
Capacit Cost cost assets rate documen
type- Made date costs t
brand in y price
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 E
Cộng x x x x x x x
Total 68
DỤNG CỤ, PHỤ TÙNG KÈM THEO/ Tools and equipment
STT/N Tên quy cách dụng cụ, phụ tùng

Đơn vị tính/Unit Số lượng/Quantity Giá trị/Total value
o. Name, brand and type
A B C 1 2
69
Diagram 2.13
VOUCHER ROTATION PROCESS FOR INCREASING TANGILBE AND INTANGILBE FIXED ASSETS
Investment
Chief
plan dept. Related Department Capital
Related depts. FA accountant accountant,
(Handover accountants that uses FA accountant director
dept)
(1) Minutes (2) (3)

Purchase Ký Ký
of
- Invoice handover Minutes Minutes
- Technical document (made& of of
- Register document signed handover handover
- Relating docs. (...)
(4)
Minutes of (5)
-Construction - Minutes of
handover
investment handover and Minutes of
(...) (7)
- Construction - Other related handover
(5)
documents documents
- Other relating
documents (6) (8)
- Minutes of
handover Account books Capital
Transfer,
- Relating (Acc211, 213) books
offering,
contribution… documents
(11)
- Minutes of (10)
handover Stored
Relating books
- Contribution
contract
70
Biểu 4a.3
BIÊN BẢN THANH LÝ TSCĐ
MINUTES OF FIXED ASSETS DISPOSAL
Ngày........tháng.......năm............DATE Số/No. .........
Nợ/Debit:
Có/Credit:
Căn cứ quyết định số............. ngày .... tháng ..... năm ........... của ....................
..................................................về việc thanh lý tài sản cố định.
According to the decision No. ……. Dated… .. by … … on FA disposal
I. BAN THANH LÝ TÀI SẢN CỐ ĐỊNH GỒM/Disposal committee:
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) đại diện trưởng ban/ head
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) đại diện ủy viên/representative
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) đại diện ủy viên/representative
II. TIẾN HÀNH THANH LÝ TSCĐ/ FA disposal
- Tên, ký mã hiệu, quy cách (cấp hạng) TSCĐ- Name, brand, type
- Số hiệu TSCĐ/Code
- Nước sản xuất (xây dựng)/Made in
- Năm sản xuất/Manufaturing date
- Năm đưa vào sử dụng:Date of usage ................................. Số thẻ TSCĐ/FA card No.:
- Nguyên giá TSCĐ: FA costs
- Giá trị hao mòn đã trích đến thời điểm thanh lý/Accumulative depreciation value
- Giá trị còn lại của TSCĐ/Residual value
III. KẾT LUẬN CỦA BAN THANH LÝ TSCĐ/ Decision by committee
Date Ngày.......tháng......năm.............
Trưởng ban thanh lý/Head of committee
(Ký, họ tên)/ Signed and name
IV. KẾT QUẢ THANH LÝ TSCĐ/ Disposal result
- Chi phí thanh lý TSCĐ/Disposal expensses ...................... (viết bằng chữ)/In word:
- Giá trị thu hồi/Disposal gains .................................... (viết bằng chữ)/in word: 71
- Đã ghi giảm (sổ) thẻ TSCĐ ngày ........ tháng ....... Năm/ FA written down from FA card dated….
VOUCHER ROTAION FOR WRITING DOWN FIXED ASSETS Diagram 2.14
Chief accountant
Accounting department Fixed assets accountant
Relating department Director
(4) Signs in
Minutes of Minutes of
FA (1) FA Minutes of FA
- Minutes of FA disposal
revaluation disposal (5) disposal
- Joint contract
- Minutes of inventory of
FA
- Minutes of FA
Report (2) Joint (5) revaluation
contract
(6)
- Joint contract Accounting books
Inventory (3) Minutes of liquidation.
Revaluation inventory of - Joint contract
FA - Minutes of
(9)
inventory of FA
Minutes of
revaluation stored
(8)
Relating books
72
BIÊN BẢN GIAO NHẬN TSCĐ SỬA CHỮA LỚN HOÀN THÀNH
MINUTES OF FIXED ASSSETS REPAIRMENT
Ngày........tháng.......năm............DATE Số/ No..........
Nợ/Debit
Có/Credit
Căn cứ quyết định số............. ngày .... tháng ..... năm ........... của
According to the decision No……….dated……..by…
Chúng tôi gồm: We are
- Ông (bà)/ Mr(s) đại diện đơn vị sửa chữa/ representative of repair unit
- Ông (bà)/Mr(s) đại diện đơn vị có TSCĐ/ representative of FA dept.
Đã kiểm nhận việc sửa chữa TSCĐ như sau/ together agree on Fixed assets repair as following:
- Tên, ký mã hiệu, quy cách (cấp hạng) TSCĐ/Name, brand, type of FA
số hiệu TSCĐ/FA code ............................... Số thẻ TSCĐ/FA card number:
- Bộ phận quản lý, sử dụng TSCĐ/FA holding department:
- Thời gian sửa chữa từ ngày ...... tháng ..... năm ......... đến ngày ..... tháng/
năm............./Repair date from………to…..
- Các bộ phận sửa chữa gồm có/ Repair unit includes:
Current status
Description Planned expense Actual expense
Repair unit of FA
A B 1 2 3
Total x
sion: Đơn vị nhận/Received by Đơn vị giao/Handed by

Kế toán trưởng/Chief accountant 73
(Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên) (Ký, họ tên)
2.6. Organization of collecting management
accounting information to chuc ghi nhan thong tin ve ke toan quan tri
Managers’ need for information can be categorized on the basis of

business decisions.
Business decision can be divided into these following groups:

❖ - Decision based on authority:
❖ - Decision based on its characteristics:
❖ - Decision based on the time span of turning decision into action:
❖ - Decision based on functions of management:
2.6 Organization of collecting management accounting
information
✓ Identify list of management accounting documents.

✓ Design accounting document forms based on the need of
information collected.
✓ Create accounting documents: note that the cooperation between
management accounting department with other functional
departments from each management level is essential for the
relevant information.
✓ Complete accounting documents under control:
✓ Organize the circulation of management accounting documents: it is
dependent on the management levels that involve in the process of
management accounting information.
✓ Organize the process of management accounting document saving
and clearance.
2.7. ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTING ACCOUNTING
INFORMATION IN COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING
2.7.1. Organization of collecting data in computerized accounting

❖ Set up a list of accounting vouchers
❖ Design vouchers forms
❖ Instruction on making accounting vouchers
2.7.2. Organization of accounting vouchers rotation process

❖ The process of making and rotating vouchers comes after accounting
vouchers system set-up
❖ Rotation process designed on the basis of effectiveness and relevance to
business operation
❖ Control content of information input on accounting software and data input
procedures
76
Chapter 3
to chuc he thong hoa va xu ly thong tin
Organization of processing
and Systematizing
accounting information
Contents
• 3.1. Requirements of processing and systematization of
accounting information tinh gia
• 3.2. Implementation of systematization in processing

accounting information he thong to chuc so tai khoan
• 3.3. Application of current Vietnamese accounting legislation in

systematization in processing accounting information he thong to chuc so ke toan
3.1. Requirements of processing and
systematization of accounting information
The roles of systematization in processing
accounting info.:
la khau dau tien va khau
quan trong
no quyet dinh den tinh
• Accounting information is information about the
trung thuc va khoach quan
changes of accounting elements of a business
that arises from business transactions and events
• Collecting, processing and systematizing
accounting data and information is the initial and
important step of all accounting practices which
decides the integrity and objectivity of
accounting system in a business
Requirements of systematization in processing accounting
yeu cay
information
The systematization in processing accounting information shall meet
those requirements as follows:
tuan thu cac quy dinh ke toan dc chap nhan de dam bao dc tinh tin cay va khach quan cua cac giao dich
• Be in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles to

assure the reliability and objectivity of economic transactions and
events.
gan voi trach nhiem nhung nguoi thuc hien nhung giao dich do
• Be associated with the responsibilities of those who carry out
economic transactions and events.
• Be consistent and clear about presenting all the basis of
dc trinh bay mot cach nhat quan va ro rang
calculations and determination for accounting elements clearly.

• Be applied with timeliness in accounting information for operating
dc xu ly mot cach kip thoi
and managing economic and financial activities of the business.

to chuc he thong hoa va xu ly thong tin ke toan
3.2. Implementation of systematization in

processing accounting information
• 3.2.1. Methods of value measurement for
accounting elements in processing accounting
information tinh gia
• 3.2.2. Accounts system application in van dung he thong to chuc tai khoan ke toan
systematization in processing accounting info.

• 3.2.3. Accounting books application in
van dung he thong to chuc so ke toan
accounting information systematization .
3.2.1. Value measurement for accounting
elements in processing accounting information
• Value measurement method is an accounting method to
measure value of accounting elements in monetary terms in
the process of collecting, recording, processing, systematizing
and providing economic and financial information of a
business.
• Accounting elements shall be measured with reliability and
consistency.
3.2.1. Value measurement for accounting
elements in processing accounting information
Steps of value measurement for accounting elements should
be as follows:
- Identifying accounting elements need measuring.
- Identifying relevant measurement method or base for each
accounting element in each scenario. (historical cost,
current price, fair value, NRV, NPV…)
- Identifying accounting principles which could affect value
measuring process and identifying the time when
measurement method should be applied.
- Collecting information related to value measurement with
reliability.
- Measuring value for accounting elements
- Checking the results for processing information.
3.2.2. Accounts system application in
systematization in processing accounting info.
• 3.2.2.1. Overview of method of using Accounts system.
• 3.2.2.2. Accounts system application in systematization in
processing accounting info.
• 3.2.2.3. Procedures of accounting for business transactions and
events
3.2.2.1. Overview of method of using
Accounts system
• Method of using accounts system is an
accounting method of using accounts to
classify transactions and events based on their
economic nature for recording the balance
and the changes of particular accounting
element regularly and systematically.
• Method of using accounts system includes
chart of accounts and how to present
accounting elements on accounts.
3.2.2.2. Accounts system application in systematization in
processing accounting info
• Opening an account: identify specific accounting
element, name and content of the account which
is relevant to economic nature of accounting
element that the account presents.
• Control accounts depend on specific accounting
elements. Sub-accounts are up to the
requirement of accounting information
management and control in a business.
• Accounts system depends on information system
that accounts provide. (financial accounting or
management accounting)
Accounts system
• Chart of accounts can be classified into different categories
as follows:
– Type of Accounts that present accounting elements based on
their economic nature.
– Type of Accounts that present accounting elements based on the
relationship between Accounts and Financial Statements.
– Type of Accounts that present information level of accounting
elements that those accounts provide.
– Type of Accounts that present the method of recording.
– Type of Accounts that present the functions of accounting
element.
• Chart of accounts can be opened separately or used as a
whole for the purpose of processing information of financial
accounting and management accounting.
Steps for application of accounts system
• Opening accounts based on accounting elements that need

presenting. Each accounting element can be presented on one
or several accounts.
• Identifying the type of account relevant to accounting element.
(asset, liability, revenue, income, expense…)
• Identifying recording rules for the account and its structure.
3.2.2.3. Procedures of accounting for business
transactions and events
• Single-entry system:
Single-entry bookkeeping is characterized by the fact
that only one entry is made for each transaction. That means,
each transaction will be presented on one account without
considering the relationship with other accounts.
• Double-entry system:
Double-entry bookkeeping is a system of book keeping
where every transaction requires a corresponding and
opposite entry to different accounts based on its economic
nature and the accounting elements that the transaction
affects.
Double-entry system is based on the following basis:
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equities
Steps of making double-entries
• Step 1: Identifying if there’s an increase or decrease in
accounting element due to the effect of economic transaction
occurred.
• Step 2: Identifying accounts that used to present the
aforementioned accounting element.
• Step 3: Making entries on the debit or credit side of the related
accounts.
3.2.3. Accounting books application in
accounting information systematization
• Accounting books are used for recording, systemizing
and keeping track of economic/financial transactions
that occurred and are related to the accounting entity
from accounting documents.
• Accounting book system is a means of systemizing
accounting information in order to provide those to
different information users.
• Requirements of accounting book system:
– to ensure the relationship between chronological order
and systematic order of book-recording
– to ensure the relationship between general ledgers and
sub-ledgers
– to ensure the procedures of data cross-checking and
controlling
3.2.3. Accounting books application in
accounting information systematization
• The roles of accounting book system:
– To record and keep track of accounting information
– To collect and systematize accounting information on
the basis of requirements of business management
• Forms of accounting books:
– Based on information level
– Based on book-recording method of chronological
order and systematic order
– Based on accounting book structure
– Based on technological application readiness level
Setting up accounting book system for business
• Setting up accounting book system based on

book-keeping/accounting forms
• Accounting forms:
– General journal
– Voucher journal
– General journal voucher
– General ledger Journal
– Computerized accounting
Steps of setting up accounting book system
- Identifying types for accounting book, list of

books and the number of accounting books
- Designing book structure or format for each
type of book
- Setting up the relationship between types of
accounting books in terms of recording,
checking, summarizing, systematizing
accounting information from documents with
specific order and method.
3.3. Application of prevailing Vietnamese accounting
legislation in processing and systematization of
• 3.3.1. Application of prevailing Vietnamese
accounting legislation in value measurement
accounting legislation in accounts system setting
accounting legislation in accounting books setting
• 3.3.4. Implementation of systematization in
processing information for accounting elements
based on accounting form of General Ledger and
Journal Voucher.
3.3.1. Application of prevailing Vietnamese accounting
legislation in value measurement
• Requirements and principles for value measurement are stated in
Vietnamese Accounting Law, Vietnamese Accounting Standards,
Accounting Regulations and other legal normative documents.
• Value measurement in business shall comply with legal accounting
system and probably be affected by factors as follows:
– Business industries, type/form of business organization
– Characteristics of business activities and transactions.
– Requirements for business management
– Level of management and accounting competencies.
• Methods of value measurement for accounting elements?
• Give examples for Value measurement for accounting elements
on the basis of prevailing Vietnamese accounting legislation?
chi phi luu kho thanh pham, chi phi bao quan thi k tinh vao chi phi gia goc cua thanh pham
3.3.2. Application of prevailing Vietnamese
accounting legislation in accounts system setting
• Accounting Law 2015 (Law No.88/2015/QH13 on accounting)
(Article 22, 23 – Section 2) doanh nghiep k can
thiet phai mo acc
– Accounts are used for classifying and systemizing cho ke toan quan tri
chi mo duy nhat 1

economic/financial transactions.
he thong tai khoan – Each accounting entity may only use one account system for
de lap bctc
financial accounting as prescribed by the Ministry of Finance.
cac don vi ke
toan co the mo – An accounting entity may open sub-accounts for its
acc cap nho hon information management and control.
• Accounting regulations for enterprises:
Accounting entity shall establish its chart of accounts based
on either Accounting regulations for enterprises (Circular
No.200/2014/TT-BTC) or Accounting regulations for SMEs (Circular
No.133/2016/TT-BTC).
Chart of accounts
Accounts
Profit and Loss

Balance sheet
Accounts
Accounts
(nominal accounts)
Operating
And Other Other Performance
Asset Liability Equity Revenue
Business Income Expenses Summary
Accounts Accounts Account Accounts
Expenses Accounts Accounts Accounts
Account
98
Requirements for chart of accounts application
• Being in accordance with accounting regulations and

compulsory chart of accounts established by MOF.
• Presenting and systemizing fully and completely all
economic transactions occurred.
• Being relevant to characteristics of transactions and
activities, business industries and level of management
of the business.
• Being relevant to the relationship with items on
Financial Statements.
• Being suitable with computer based information
processing system.
Steps of Setting Accounts System
• 1 - Identifying types of Accounts, the number of Control
Accounts and Sub-Accounts
• 2 - Identifying contents, heading and structure for each
account which is consistent with the scope of accounting
element being posted on the account.
3.3.3. Application of prevailing Vietnamese accounting
legislation in accounting books setting
• Accounting Law 2015 (Article 24, 25, 26, 27 – Section 2)
– Accounting entity shall use only one accounting books system for
an annual accounting period. All the journals are posted in
chronological order and in a classified order into the ledger.
phai co ngay ghi so(chu k phai – Each accounting book must have: book posting date; Serial
ngay phat sinh nghiep vu, so hieu
chung tu. noi dung nghiep vu, so numbers/codes and dates of accounting documents that serve as
tien, tai khoan doi ung,
the basis for making the entries; Summary of transactions that
occurred; Amount of money of transactions recorded in the
accounts; Opening balance, transactions that occur during the
period, and closing balance.
– Accounting books system includes general accounting books and
detailed accounting books.
– Opening and closing books, posting entries, accounting books
retention and methods of correcting errors shall comply with
requirements in Article 26, 27. phai tuan thu
Application of prevailing Vietnamese accounting
legislation in accounting books setting
• Accounting regulations based on Cir. 200/2014/TT-
BTC
– General accounting book: Journal, accounting ledgers
– Detailed accounting book: Sub-ledgers, cards, separate
sheets, …
– Accounting entity is entitled to design its own accounting
books system based on:
• its characteristics of information management and control ; or
• optional accounting forms established by MOF (Appendix 4. /
Cir.200/2014/TT-BTC)
doanh nghiep dc phep tu thiet ke so ke toan cho rieng minh
Steps of setting accounting books system
• Applying a suitable accounting form (a combination of
accounting registers and the manner in which
economic transactions are recorded and reported)
• Making a list of accounting books shall be used:
– General accounting ledgers in relevance to accounting
form
– Sub-ledgers in relevance to business management
• Making instructions for book posting principles and
manners, accounting books structures…
• Assigning accounting works of book posting and
monitoring to corresponding accountant group.
• Applying principles and manners of preservation and
retention of accounting books
Accounting forms
(Cir. 200/2014/TT-BTC)
• General journal
• voucher journal
• General journal voucher
• General ledger Journal
• Computerized accounting
hay hoi ve cai dau tien va cai thu 3

Procedures of ledger posting (in general)
• Verifying the authenticity and legal validity of a accounting

document.
• Posting entry in sub-ledger
• Posting entry in general ledger
• Cross-checking accounting data and information
• Summarizing data
• Presenting information on Financial Statements
so nhat ky chung
General Journal
• Main points: all transactions are recorded on the general
journal on the basis of chronological order. The transactions,
then, will be posted to related general ledgers of
corresponding accounts. tat ca cac giao dich se dc ghi vao nhat ky chung theo trinh tu thoi gian. cac giao dich sau do se dc ghi len
so cai general ledgers cua tai khoan tuong ung
• Accounting books system:

– General journal
– Special journal
– General ledgers
– Sub-ledgers
Ledger posting process on basis of
General Journal
Original documents
da chi tien thi ghi vao cash
payment journal
con mua nhung chua chi tien
thi ghi vao purchase journal Special journals
nhat ky dac biet
General journal Sub- books
mot so special journals: nhu so nhat ky

thu tien, so nhat ky chi tien, so nhat ky
mua hang, so nhat ky ban hang (cash General ledgers General detailed
receipt journal, cash payment jounral,
purchase journal,sales journals, payroll,
reports bang tong hop so chi tiet
purchase return, sales return)
Trial balance
ban hang ma ban chiu credit thi se ghi vao
sales journal, thu tien roi thi ghi vao cash
receipt journal
cac nghiep vu nao ghi vao special journals thi se k ghi vao general ledgers Financial
statements
chung tu ghi so
General journal voucher

tat ca cac chung tu ghi so se dc phan loai theo noi dung kinh te, roi sau day tong hop va ghi vao chung tu ghi so. tu chung tu ghi so la co so de ghi vao so cai
• Main points: all transactions are classified on the basis of their

economic nature, and then being summarized and posted on
general journal vouchers. The general journal vouchers, then, will
be posted to related general ledgers of corresponding accounts.
• (general journal vouchers are documents which present
transactions sharing the same economic nature)
• Accounting books system:
– Book of general registered journal vouchers
– General ledgers
– Sub-ledgers
Ledger posting process on basis of General Journal Voucher
Source
Documents
can cu de ghi so cai, ghi so chi tiet la gi
so cai=> nhat ky chung, or nhat ky dac biet
nhat ky so cai=> can cu vao chung tu goc
Table of
documents
Cash book
General Journal
Subledgers
Vouchers
Book of registered
nhuoc diem cua general journal General Ledgers General details
nhat ky chung la
ghi don gian, de vouchers report
van dung va phan
cong cong viec
Trial Balance
Financial Statements
Computer based information processing system
Output
Input Data Databases Processing - General Journal
Original Coding Entry of System -General Ledgers
Documents (documents Accounting On
Or
- Subledgers
are entered Documents Accounting
Accounting in the - F/S
databases )
Software
Data - Reports
3.3.4. Implementation of systematization in processing
information for accounting elements based on accounting
form of General Journal and General Journal Voucher.
• 3.3.4.1. Book posting process for Cash transactions in accounting

form of General Journal and General Journal Voucher
• 3.3.4.2. Book posting process for Fixed assets transactions in
accounting form of General Journal
• 3.3.4.3. Book posting process for transactions of manufacturing
costs and cost of finished goods in accounting form of General
Journal and General Journal Voucher
• 3.3.4.4. Book posting process for sales transactions in accounting
form of General Journal and General Journal Voucher
• 3.3.4.5. Chart of general ledgers circulation for sales and
performance summary accounts in accounting form of General
Journal
3.4. Organization of processing and analyzing management accounting
information
Management accounting is a system of management information including both financial and non-
financial information. However, management accounting relates to the function of assisting managers in
decision making so that it has to use wide range of information processing methods like in economic
science, management science, mathematics, statistics, business activity analysis science etc.,
Accounting methods:
- System of accounts application
- Value measurement (valuation)
- Relevant information analysis method for decision making
3.4. Organization of processing and analyzing
management accounting information (cont’)
• The organization of analyzing and controlling

management accounting information.
• Information analysis and control in management
accounting include:
➢ - Analyzing and controlling information on the basis of
organizational structure (functional departments, level
of management and operation)
➢ - Analyzing and controlling information on the basis of
products
➢ - Analyzing and controlling information on timeline
basis: in the process of planning, implementing,
hindsight analysis (to assess the differences between
actual results and budgeted data of activities).
3.5.Organization of processing and systematizing
accounting information in computerized accounting.
• Measurement of accounting objects: currency, labor hours, units

in which currency measurement is mostly used
• In application of computerized accounting:

1. Create formulas and database to value accounting objects
2. Set up an automatic valuation system
3. Set up technical manipulation on accounting software for performing
accounting work: automatically processing, standardizing, reviewing,
adjusting data of accounting objects (inventory, foreign currency, product
cost…)
• 3.5.1. Organization of accounting accounts system:

• Determine relevant control accounts and subaccounts or remove
unused/ irrelevant ones (Ex: manufacturing firm don’t use Acc.
156, 611; trade business don’t use Acc 621, 622, 627, 154, 631)
• Create new accounts and subaccounts if necessary with
reasonable coding method
• Accounts system must be set for both financial accounting and
managerial accounting
• Accounts system should be arranged in hierarchies from top to
bottom and be coded in different categories with the same length
and memorial code or consecutive code
• 3.5.2. Organization of accounting accounts system:

• Suggested coding method for accounts in trade business:
– Acc 156 “Goods” has 2 sub-accounts
– Acc 1561: Purchase price
– Acc 1562: Purchase expenses
– Acc 157: Entrusted goods for sale
• Then, a firm can set sub-accounts as follow:
– Acc 15611: Home electrics
– Acc 156111 : Fridges
– Acc 1561111: Electrolux fridges
– Acc 15611111: Electrolucs fridges at Cau giay store
• Note that: Stability, flexibility, convenience are the ones that matter when setting an
accounts system in computerized accounting
• 3.5.3. Organization of accounting books system:

• Determine relevant accounting books system based on business’s
specific operating characteristics
• Don’t have to print out accounting books in paper form but must
correct errors or mistakes occurred when recording accounting
data on accounting software.
• Principles for selection and designation of accounting books form:
❖ Compliance: accounting software must follow accounting books system and
accounting form
❖ Common form
❖ Scientific and more information: accounting information must be presented
in both general ledgers and individual ledgers for both financial accounting
and management accounting
• 3.5.4. Organization of accounting books system:

• Accounting form:
1. Ledger journal accounting form: suitable for small business with
less accounts and les economic transactions
2. General journal: quite simple, suitable for medium and large
sized companies
3. General journal voucher: applied by medium and large sized
companies
4. Voucher journal: quite challenging and hardly be used by firms
Chapter 4
ORGANIZATION OF PROVIDING
4/4/2023 119
Content of chapter 4
4.1. Organization of providing accounting

information
4.2. Application of the current accounting law in
Vietnam to organise the provision of accounting
information
4/4/2023 120
4.1. Organisation of providing accounting information
4.1.1. Users of accounting information
4.1.2. Organisation of preparing accounting reports to provide

4.1.3. Organization of analyzing accounting information
4/4/2023 121
4.1.1. Users of accounting information
Production and business Information users:

activities of the enterprise:
Economic decisions
Economic transactions - Business executives
- Exogenous -State management agencies
- Endogenous -Other users
Accounting data processing process
Information collection Information processing Information provision
- Prepare documents -Classify - Accounting reports:

- Bookkeeping -Systematize + Financial statements
-Summarize + Managerial accounting reports
4/4/2023 122
Content of accounting
information to be provided
State
Business Other subjects:
authorities:
executives creditors,
Tax, Finance,…
customers,...
Business Macro Appropriate

decisions management economic
decisions decisions
4/4/2023 123
Requirements of accounting
information to be provided
Clear and Suitable Consistent to Reliable

easy to summarize and
understand compare
4/4/2023 124
4.1.2. Organization of preparing accounting reports to
provide accounting information
• Organizing the preparation and presentation of accounting reports:
- Determine the list of accounting reports to be prepared and provided
(depending on the requirements of information users)
- Create the format of accounting reports
- Regulate who is responsible for preparing accounting reports
- Determine and instruct on the bases and methods of preparing items on
accounting reports
- Check, compare and standardize information on accounting books and
related documents used to prepare accounting reports
- Carry out the preparation and presentation of accounting reports in
accordance with regulations
4/4/2023 125
- Determining the list of accounting reports (classifying
accounting reports):
Based on the legal nature
Financial Managerial
statements accounting reports
Based on the economic content
Financial statements include: Managerial accounting reports

Statement of financial include: Inventory report, Report
position, Statement of profit on increase or decrease of fixed
or loss, Cash flow statement, assets,
Financial statement footnotes.
4/4/2023 126
Based on the reporting period
Periodic accounting Regular/Perpetual

reports accounting reports
Based on preparation basis
Performance reports Predictive Analytics
4/4/2023 127
* Organizing the preparation and preparation of accounting
reports
- Regulate who is responsible for making accounting reports: general

accountant, accounting staff
- Identify and instruct on the bases and methods of preparing items on

accounting reports: Determining the relationship between the items on the
report and general accounting ledgers, subsidiary accounting ledgers and
related documents.
- Check, compare and standardize information on accounting books and

related documents used to prepare accounting reports:
4/4/2023 128
+ Reviewing and double checking accounting data and information
presented on accounting documents/vouchers and books to ensure the
authenticity, and reliability of accounting information as well as the
legality of relating vouchers, books within an enterprise/ among
enterprises
+ Inventory at the end of period and collate data between inventory results and
accounting ledgers
+ Close the accounting ledgers and check the accuracy of the record in general
and subsidiary ledgers (prepare trial balance and list of balances)
+ Make necessary data adjustments
- Prepare and present accounting reports according to the regulations of the

State as well as the requirements of the internal management of the enterprises
4/4/2023 129
* Organizing the provision and publication of information:
Depending on the type of accounting report and each object used to organize
the provision of information accordingly, specifically:
- For financial statements:
+ Organize the provision for the recipients of the report according to the
prescribed time
+ At the same time, need to publicize the financial information of the entity
- For managerial accounting reports: Organize the provision for administrators
at all levels in different scope and field in a timely manner according to
management requirements
4/4/2023 130
4.1.3. Organization for analyzing accounting information
* Objective: to comprehensively and specifically assess the financial
situation, the business performance of the entity to meet the needs of
different information users.
* Content:
- Organizing the analysis of financial accounting information
- Organizing the analysis of management accounting information
* Main analytical methods:
- Comparative method: compare actual information with those
planned; compare actual information between different accounting
periods and between entities in the same industry,...
- Factor analysis method: assess the specific impact of these factors
on the aggregate economic and financial indicators
- Other methods such as balance method, detailed analysis,...
4/4/2023 131
4.2. Application of the current accounting law in Vietnam to
organise the provision of accounting information
4.2.1. Organisation of applying accounting law to prepare
financial accounting reports
4.2.2. Organisation of applying legal regulations on accounting
to prepare management accounting reports
4.2.3. Organisation of applying legal regulations on accounting
to provide accounting information
4/4/2023 132
4.2.1. Organisation for applying accounting law to prepare
financial accounting reports
* Principles for preparation and presentation of financial
statements:
- Going concern
- Accrual basis
- Consistency
- Materiality and aggregation
- Offsetting
- Comparative information
4/4/2023 133
* Requirements for preparation and presentation of financial
statements :
- Comply with current accounting standards and regimes
- Be honest and reasonable about the financial and business
situation,...
- The selected accounting policies on the preparation and
presentation of financial statements must conform to the
requirements of each accounting standard.
- Reliable, comparable and easy to understand
* Organizing the preparation of financial statements:
Organize the preparation and presentation in accordance with
regulations on content, form and method => compliance
4/4/2023 134
* ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM
The financial reporting system applied to enterprises includes annual
financial statements and interim financial statements
➢ The annual financial reporting system includes 4 components:
- Statement of financial position Form B 01 - DN
- Statement of profit or loss Form B 02- DN
- Cash Flow Statement Form B 03- DN
- Financial statement footnotes Form B 09 – DN
➢ The system of interim financial statements (prepared quarterly) includes :
- Full (Form B 01a-DN) or summarized (Form B 01b-DN) interim statement of
financial position
- Full (Form B 02a-DN) or summarized (Form B 02b-DN) of interim statement
of profit or loss
- Full (Form B 03a-DN) or summarized (Form B 03b-DN) of interim cash flow
statement
- Selected notes to the financial statements (Form B 09a-DN)
4/4/2023 135
Responsibility for preparing financial statements
All enterprises must prepare and submit their financial statements in
accordance with the regime’s regulations.
➢ All enterprises must prepare annual financial statements
➢ SOEs and companies listed on the stock market must prepare full-form
interim financial statement. Other enterprises, if voluntarily, can prepare
interim financial statements in full or summary form.
➢ Companies and the ones with affiliated accounting units must also prepare
general financial statements or consolidated financial statements at the end
of the annual and interim accounting period.
➢ Parent companies and groups must prepare interim consolidated financial
statements and annual consolidated financial statements. In addition, it is
required to prepare a consolidated financial statement after a business
combination (according to accounting standard No. 11 "Business
combination")
4/4/2023 136
a. Statement of financial position
• Definition: Is a primary report that generally reflects the
enterprise’s entire existing asset value and the source forming
those assets at a given time. The figures on the statement of
financial position show the total existing assets of the
enterprise according to the structure of assets and the structure
of capital sources forming those assets.
• Characteristics:
- Items are expressed in terms of values
- Reflect assets in two ways of capital classifications: capital
structure and source of capital formation
- Reflects different types of capital and sources of capital at a
time
4/4/2023 137
• Content: Reflecting the business’s assets and sources of capital
at the time of reporting by type, group, or item.
• The content of each part is divided scientifically and
reasonably according to each type and item and is divided into
current, non-current and sorted by decreasing liquidity,
specifically as follows:
Structure:
- Assets section: Current assets and Non-current assets
- Capital section: Liabilities (current and non-current) and
Equity
- For items without data, they are exempt from presentation;
and the enterprise re-serializes the items according to the
continuous principle
4/4/2023 138
In which: Assets and liabilities are classified into short-term and
long-term according to the following principles:
- Assets and liabilities that are recovered/settled within 12 months (1

business cycle) from the reporting date are classified as current.
- Assets and liabilities that are recovered/settled for 12 months (1

business cycle) or more from the reporting time are classified as
non-current.
In case the enterprise has a business cycle of more than 12 months,

it is required to clearly state the characteristics to define a business
cycle.
4/4/2023 139
* Assets section: includes items reflecting the entire current asset
value at the time of reporting, divided into 2 categories :
- Category A: Current assets:
+ Cash and cash equivalents
+ Short-term financial investment
+ Current/Short-term receivables
+ Inventory
+ Other current assets.
- Category B: Non-current assets:
+ Land
+ Non-current/Long-term receivables
+ Fixed assets
+ Investment property, PPE
+ Long-term financial investments and good-will
+ Other non-current assets (trademarks...)
4/4/2023 140
* Capital section: includes the items reflecting the sources of capital
forming the assets at the time of reporting, divided into 2 categories :
- Category C: Liabilities:
+ Current liabilities
+ Non-current liabilities
- Category D: Equity:
+ Equity (Shareholders’ equity)
+ Other funds
* Structure: Divided into 5 columns: Item; Code; Note; Numbers at
the end of the year (quarter); Numbers at the begin of the year
* Organizing the application of the statement of financial position
preparation method: items with appropriate content related to the
balance of one account in the accounting books; related to the balance
of multiple accounts; special cases
4/4/2023 141
ASSETS CAPITAL
Economic significance - Structure, proportion of - Structure and proportion

each type of asset in the of each type of
enterprise enterprise's sources of
- Assess the scale and capital
* The meaning of level of capital
the balance sheetuse - Assess the financial
status of the business
Legal implications Rights to manage and use Legal responsibility of the
assets of the enterprise business in using each
source of capital
4/4/2023 142
b. Statement of profit or loss
• Definition: is a primary report reflecting the enterprise’s general business
performance and results in an accounting period in details for each production
and business activity..
• Reflecting the enterprise’s business performance and results by type of activity,
including the results of normal production and business activities and results of
other activities.
* Content: including:
- Revenue and expenses by type of transaction and event:
+ Sales and service provision activities
+ Financial activities
+ Other activities
- Net profit before corporate income tax for each normal activity and each other
activity
- Corporate income tax expenses include: current and deferred corporate income
tax expenses
- Profit after corporate income tax
4/4/2023 143
* Structure: The items are reported in detail in 5 columns :
- Item
- Code
- Note
- Current year (This quarter of the current year, Accumulated from
the beginning of the year to the end of this quarter of the current
year)
- Previous year (This quarter of the previous year, Accumulated from
the beginning of the year to the end of this quarter of the previous
year)
* Organizing the application of the preparation method: items
including revenue from sales of goods and services, revenue
deduction, financial income, other incomes, and expenses
4/4/2023 144
c. Statement of Cash flows
* Definition: is a general financial report reflecting the formation
and use of the amount of money arising in the reporting period of the
enterprise
* Content and structure: including the following 3 parts:
- Cash flow from operating activities: relating to major revenue-
generating activities, to evaluate the ability to generate money from
operating activities to pay off debts, maintain operations and make
new investments without the need for external financial resources
(including different items depending on the direct or indirect
method)
- Cash flow from investing activities: relating to the procurement,
construction, sale, and liquidation of long-term assets, and other
investments other than cash equivalents...
- Cash flow from financing activities: Relating to changes in the size
and structure of equity and debt
4/4/2023 145
d. Footnotes to the Financial Statements
* Definition: an integral part of the financial statements, used for
narrative description of or to analyze in detail the data presented in
the financial statements as well as other necessary information
required by specific accounting standards. The footnotes might also
present other information if the company deems it necessary for the
fair presentation of the financial statements.
* Main content includes:
- Operational characteristics of the enterprise
- Accounting period, currency used in accounting
- Applied accounting standards and regimes.
- Applied accounting policies
- Additional information for items presented in the statement of
financial position, statement of profit or loss, cash flow statement
- Other information.
4/4/2023 146
4.2.2. Organisation for applying legal regulations on accounting
to prepare management accounting reports
* Requirements when building a managerial accounting
reporting system:
- In accordance with the requirements of providing information for
the internal management of each enterprise
- Ensuring to provide complete and comparable information for
management requirements
- The items should be designed in accordance with those in plans,
estimates and financial statements but can be changed according to
requirements of each management level
4/4/2023 147
* Organizing the preparation of managerial accounting reports:
- Building a separate reporting system for enterprises
- Specifying the content, form, and process of preparing reports
- Specifying the responsibilities for preparing reports
=> Flexible, suitable
* The management reporting system includes::
- Performance report: Performance information, past => control
- Analysis and forecast report: Forecast information, future => consulting, decision making
4/4/2023 148
a/ Performance status report:
- Report on revenue, expenses and profits of each product, goods and service;
- Report on volume of goods purchased and sold during the period by types of
customers, selling prices, discounts and other promotions;
- Detailed report on product (service) volume completed and consumed;
- Report on compliance with inventory norms;
- Reporting on labour usage and productivity;
- Detailed report on finished products, completed works;
- Report on balance of import, export and inventory of raw materials,
materials, products and goods;
- Detailed report on receivables according to debt term, debtors, and debt
collection capability;
- Detailed report on loans, payables according to debt term and creditors
- ......................
4/4/2023 149
b/ Analysis report:
- Analyze the relationship between cost, volume and profit;;
- Analyze the financial situation of the business;
- Analyze the factors affecting the implementation of the
production plan, and the financial situation;
In addition, based on the management and administration

requirements of each specific period, the enterprise can prepare
other managerial accounting reports..
4/4/2023 150
* Some major managerial accounting reports:
- Report on production cost and product cost : provide information on the
production situation of each department, workshop as well as the whole
company about production volume, completed volume, production cost
and product cost, including :
+ Production report
+ Product cost report
+ Job order cost sheet
- Report on sales and business results: provide detailed information about
revenue, expenses and profit by each group of goods, business
department,... including:
+ Sales day book
+ Report on sales, business results,...
4/4/2023 151
- Report on increase and decrease in inventories: provide
information about the increase or decrease of materials, products
and goods of the company, including :
+ Report on material fluctuations
+ Report on fluctuations in products, goods, ...
- Reports serving the making of business decisions, choosing
production and business plans::
+ Variable cost based Statement of profit or loss
+ Analysis of relevant information,...
4/4/2023 152
4.2.3. Organisation for applying legal regulations on accounting
to provide accounting information
* For information on financial statements : need to comply with
the regulations of the State in a specific way and apply consistently
to enterprises:
- Deadline for submitting financial statements:
+ For State-owned enterprises (SOEs)
+ For other types of enterprises
- Where to receive financial statements:
- Publication of financial statements::
+ It can be done in many different ways
+ Attached to the conclusion of the auditing organization
4/4/2023 153
* For information on managerial accounting reports:
- Provide information to which managers in the company and at
what time depending on the specific requirements in each case
- Enterprises are not required to disclose information about
management accounting unless otherwise prescribed by law
4/4/2023 154
4.3. Organization of providing management accounting
information
• Organization of providing management accounting information is the process of
reporting and presenting management accounting information based on specific
procedures and requirements for managers’ need of information.
• Types of management accounting reports:
➢- Budgeting reports: to provide information in planning
➢- Actual results statements: reports of revenue, costs, benefits for each product/
service/ project…, labor reports, production reports, sales reports…
➢- Control and performance measurement reports: variances reports, standard costs
report, responsibility accounting reports,…
➢- Reports for decision making: reports relating to relevant information for specific
decision making: make or buy, further processing, shut-down decision…
4.4. Organisation of providing accounting information in computerized accounting
In computerized accounting, accounting information presented on financial statements
will be automatically processed and reviewed before being systematized to produce
financial statements at every period end
• There are 4 main financial statements:
➢ SOFP
➢ SOPL
➢ SOC
➢ Note
• List of managerial accounting statements may include:
❖Statement of cash disbursement
❖Statement on the balance of goods, materials, products…
❖Statement on increment/decrement of assets
❖Statement on overdue payment….
4/4/2023 156
CHAPTER 5
O R G A N I Z AT I O N O F
A C C O U N T I N G A P PA R AT U S
157
CONTENT
1. Organizational model of accounting apparatus
2. Organization of financial accounting and management accounting.
3. Human resources management for accounting apparatus
4. Organization of Accounting inspection
158
5.1 ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL OF
ACCOUNTING APPARATUS.
- Accounting Apparatus is a part of a business that manages
accounting works. Accounting apparatus might be a set of
accounting staffs, working in one or more accounting
departments.
- The accounting apparatus organizational model provides a visual
representation of how the accounting team is. It defines functions
and tasks of each accounting position and the relationship
between the accounting departments.
- A properly organized accounting apparatus can help with
productivity improvement, cost reduction and business efficiency.
159
5.1.1. Main factors affecting the organization of
accounting apparatus
1. Characteristics of production and business

organization, size, geographical location, area of
operation of the business
2. Administrative decentralization and delegation of
authority.
3. Accounting apparatus size; qualifications and skills
of accountant staff.
4. The level of business equipment
160
5.1.2. Organizational model of accounting apparatus
3 organization models of accounting

apparatus
Centralization Decentralization Semi-centralization

model model model
(mixture model)
161
5.1.2.1 The form of centralization accounting organization
The centralization model of accounting apparatus.
Chief Accountant
Accounting General Assets

Financial Inspection Accounting Accounting
Section Section Section Section
Other
Payroll Payable
Payable
Payable Cost
Payroll Accounting
Payroll Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting Accounting Accounting
Sections
Accountants at
162
surbodinate units
* DESCRIPTION
- T H E F O R M D E N O T E S T H E C O N C E N T R AT I O N O F A C C O U N T I N G
W O R K I N O N E A C C O U N T I N G D E PA R T M E N T, G E N E R A L LY AT
T H E T O P O F T H E O R G A N I Z AT I O N A L H I E R A R C H Y.
- C E N T R A L A C C O U N T I N G D E PA RT M E N T I S I N C H A R G E O F A L L
A C C O U N T I N G TA S K S . C E N T R A L A C C O U N T I N G D E PA RT M E N T I S
RESPONSIBLE FOR BOTH FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF
BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R AT I O N A C C O U N T I N G RECORDS ARE
KEPT AND R E TA I N E D AT THE CENTRAL ACCOUNTING
D E PA RT M E N T.
- AT THE S U B O R D I N AT E UNITS ( FA C TO R I E S , PLANTS,
PRODUCTION TEAMS ...), A C C O U N TA N T S TA K E
RESPONSIBILITY TO I D E N T I F Y, CLASSIFY TRANSACTIONS
AND RECORD TRANSACTIONS IN THE INITIAL DOCUMENTS
AFTER P E R I O D I C A L LY TRANSFERRING TO THE CENTRAL
A C C O U N T I N G D E PA RT M E N T.
163
Advantages:
- The whole accounting work shall be done at one place, which helps best- support accounting
analysis and and inspection process.
- This form allows for strong leadership.
-Centralization enables quick implementation of accounting practices or standardized
procedures.
-Application of advanced equipment, especially with information technology or modern means
of calculation might be taken at ease.
Disadvantages:
Centralized organizational forms might be impractical in case of large –sized enterprises, lack
of advanced equipment in accounting process, or scattered working areas.
Applicable Conditions:
Small and medium-sized enterprises with low hiearchy and do not operated in scattered areas.
164
5.1.2.2 The form of decentralization accounting
organization
The decentralization model of accounting apparatus
Chief Accountant
Accounting General Accounting

Financial Accounting Section for
Inspection
Section Section Office
Section
Accountants at subodinate units
Other
Payroll Payable Cost
Accounting
Accounting Accounting Accounting 165
Sections
Description : Accounting responsibilities and tasks are delegated to
subordinate units of the enterprise. The enterprise accounting apparatus
consists central accounting department at the head office (the head
accounting department) and accounting departments at subordinate units.
The central accounting department is responsible for:
- Performing accounting work of the head office and the whole
enterprises.
- Guiding and inspecting accounting work at subordinate units’
accounting department.
- Collecting, checking private accounting reports submitted by
subordinate units and preparing consolidated accounting reports of the whole
enterprise.
The accounting department at subordinate units are responsible for:
- Performing accounting work of each unit, preparing their private
accounting reports to be sent to the central accounting department for
166
preparing consolidated financial statements of the whole enterprise.
Advantages:
- Timely support for the inspection and supervision of financial
activities and operations in each subordinate unit.
Disadvantages:
-Accounting apparatus might be large and unwieldy.
-Decentralization may result in delay in preparing consolidated
financial statements of the whole enterprises as subordinate
accounting reports must be completed and sent from subordinate
units to the central department.
Applicable conditions:
- Large - scale enterprises with high - level delegation in
management. Subordinate units are considered as separates
accounting units taking responsibilities for their own assets,
liabilities and business performance independently 167
5.1.2.3 The form of semi centralized accounting organization
The semi- centralized model of accounting apparatus
Chief Accountant
Accounting General Other

Financial Accounting Accounting
Inspection
Section Section Sections
Section
Accountants at subordinate units

Accountants in charge
(no separate accounting
at subordinate units department)
Cost Other
Payroll Payable
Accounting Accounting
Accounting Accounting 168
Sections
Description:
This form is a combination of centralized and decentralized forms. Under
this form, the superior unit set up central accounting department, while
subordinate units might be entitled to build their own accounting departments
depending on their operational sizes and the delegation of management.
The central accounting department’s responsible for following tasks:
- Develop financial plans for the entire enterprise.
- Perform accounting work of head office and dependent subordinate units
which do not have their own separate accounting departments.
- Provide guidelines and inspection for accounting work at independent
subordinate units.
- Receiving and checking accounting reports sbumitted from independent
subordinate units
169
Subordinate units are divided into 2 groups: dependent units with no
separate accounting departments and independent units with their own
separate accounting departments.
At dependent subordinate unit, accountants take responsibility to carry out
initial accounting work ( i.e. to identify, classify business transactions and
record data in the initial documents) before periodically transferring these
documents to the central accounting department for bookkeeping.
At independent subordinate unit, accounting departments are set up to
perform accounting work including identifying, recording, processing
transactions and financial data and preparing its own accounting reports.
Applicable Conditions: enterprises with large-scale operation with
geographically dispersed subordinate units. The size, operational
characteristics and levels of management delegation in subordinate units are
often not similar
170
5.2. Organization models of financial accounting and
management accounting
Based on the items, Financial accounting

scopes and purposes
of information
provision Management accounting
Based on the level General accounting

and nature of the
information Detailed accounting
Financial accounting involves tasks of Management accounting deals with
collecting, processing, inspecting, collecting, processing, analyzing and
analyzing and providing economic and providing economic and financial
financial information by financial information in accordance with
statements to all who concern management requirements and economic
information of the accounting unit (both and financial decisions within the
insiders and outsiders) accounting unit. (insider only)
When organizing financial accounting and management accounting, enterprises

must perform general accounting and detailed accounting simultaneously.
General accounting requires collecting,

Detailed accounting requires collecting,
processing, recording and providing
processing, recording and providing detailed
general information regarding the
information in currency units, kind units and
economic and financial activities of the
labor time units for each specific accounting
entity. General accounting uses the
object in the accounting unit. The statistics of
currency units to reflect the conditions
detailed accounting must be consistent with
and sources assets, situation and
general accounting ones in an accounting
performance of economic and financial
period.
activities of the accounting unit.
The organization of accounting in enterprises includes the organization of
financial accounting and management accounting.
When organizing financial accounting and management accounting,

enterprises must base on the scale and scope of activities; the nature and
management requirements to implement properly according to one of
following models:
- Organization models of - Organization models of

- Mixed organization
financial accounting and financial accounting and
model of financial
management accounting management accounting
accounting and
are separate (the separate are combined (the
management
organization accounting combined organization
accounting
model) accounting model)
5.2.1. Separate organization accounting model
The entire organization items of financial accounting and
management accounting are separated, implemented individually
and independently from each other.
=> Organizing the accounting system of the enterprise into two
separate divisions
Financial accounting: Management accounting:

Collecting, processing and Collecting, processing and
providing information to serve analyzing information to serve
mainly for preparing and the needs of information usage
presenting financial statements for management within the
of an enterprise. enterprise.
Limitations:
- Numerous organization items of financial accounting and
management accounting are overlapped
- The separate organization model of accounting is
complicated
- The accounting system is cumbersome and ineffective
- It fails to promote the role of each accounting division,
modern accounting equipment and facilities in accounting
tasks.
5.2.2. The combined organization accounting model
- Requiring a close combination between financial accounting and

management accounting in each content of the organization of accounting
system
=> The organization of the accounting system does not need to be divided
into two separate divisions, but:
+ Performs financial accounting and management accounting
simultaneously
+ Performs general accounting and detailed accounting simultaneously
- It is possible to organize additional divisions for planning, production
and business estimation and decision making.
Advantages:
- Avoid duplication
- Simplify the organization of accounting
- Create favorable conditions to maximize roles and abilities
- Create a compact accounting system with high efficiency.
- Bring out the efficiency of equipping with means of computing
techniques
5.2.3. Mixed organization accounting model
- Being developed based on the combination of the two mentioned
models.
- Several items between financial accounting and management
accounting are organized separately (normally referring to items of
cost accounting, cost, revenue and results), and other combined
items (the remaining accounting items)
5.3 Human resources management for accounting apparatus
Enterprise have to organize the accounting apparatus, appoint

accountants, or purchase external accounting services. Human
resource management for accounting apparatus includes of following
content:
- Choose to appoint or hire a chief accountant;
- Recruit qualified accountants who are able to fulfil the business
requirements or hire an accountant;
- Chief accountant allocates tasks to accountants depending on
their suitability and availability for the tasks.
- Select and assign accountant staff working in the production
plants, production teams...
- Provide regular training, updating the accounting knowledge and
changing issues.
Standards, Rights and Obligations of Accountants
•Standards:
-Comply with professional ethics, be truthful, integrated, and abide
by law.
-Have professional accounting knowledge and skills.
•Accountants have the right to perform accounting works
independently.
•Accountants must comply with regulations of law on accounting,
perform given tasks, and take responsibility for their performance.
When an accountant is replaced, the replaced accountant shall
hand over his/her works and documents to the replacing
accountant. The replaced accountant is still responsible for the
accounting works done during his/her practice.
Chief Accountant: Rights and Obligations
1. A chief accountant has the responsibility to:
a) Comply with regulations of law on accounting and finance of accounting units;
b) Organize the operation of the accounting apparatus in accordance with this Law;
c) Make financial statements in accordance with accounting regimes and accounting standards.
2. The chief accountant has the right to perform accounting works independently.
3. Chief accountants of regulatory agencies, organizations and public service agencies using state
budget, and enterprises whose over 50% charter capital is held by the State also have the right to:
a) Offer opinions in writing about employment, reassignment, pay raise, commendation, and
disciplinary actions for accountants, warehouse-keepers, and treasurers;
b) Request relevant departments of the accounting unit to provide adequate documents related to
the chief accountant’s accounting works and financial supervision works in a timely manner;
c) Preserve his/her opinions in writing if they are at odds with that of the decision maker;
d) Submit written reports to the legal representative of the accounting unit on discovered violations
against regulations of law on finance and accounting in the unit.
5.4. Organization of accounting inspection
* Purposes: ensure to implement related accounting tasks in

compliance with the State's policies and regimes, and the
rules and regulations of businesses and to provide information
reliably, economically and efficiently
* Audit responsibilities: are simultaneously performed by
units and governing bodies
* Audit tasks:
- Inspect the legality of the profession
- Inspect the compliance with the State’s policies and regimes
- Inspect the compliance with business plans, financial
regimes,... at the unit
- Detect and prevent violations and propose measures for
resolution and improvement
* Inspection requirements:
- Implement cautiously, seriously, honestly and objectively
- Perform the audit immediately in the handling process and
operations
- Conduct the audit continuously, regularly, and unforcedly
- Provide clear, strict conclusion and indicate the shortcomings
for resolution
- Provide timely reports
* Inspection Methods:
- Implement regular audit
- Inspect for abnormality
* Inspections items:
- The implementation of legal regulations on accounting
related to records, systems of accounts, accounting books,
accounting reports,...
- The accounting organization and administration related to
the accounting system, the relationship with other
divisions,...
5.5. Organization of managerial accountancy
• System of management accountants consists of accountants who
have professional competencies, skills and ethics in charge of
management accounting, they are work divided properly and
equipped with system of information collection, analysis, provision
infrastructure to process management accounting information.
• Models of management accounts organization can be considered in
the relationship with financial accounting.
- Separate model
- Integrated model
- Mixed model
5.6. Organization of monitoring and inspecting management
accounting
• Organization of monitoring and inspecting management accounting is

the process of assessing management accounting system by using
benchmarks, measurement standards for comparison between actual
results and plans of management accounting work in order to
improve the system itself.
• Inspection process can be prepared with the following steps:

▪ - Planning and identifying purposes of inspection
▪ - Establishing principles, guidelines, methods of inspecting and monitoring
management accounting system as well as identifying standards or
benchmarks using in inspecting process.
▪ - Monitoring and measuring management accountant performance.
5.7. Information technology application in organization of management
accounting
• Management accounting information in computer-based application can be developed with

the process as follows:
- Developing or purchasing a suitable management accounting software which meets all the
requirements mentioned above.
- Software installation in line with other information infrastructure, wifi, LAN… in connection
with other functional departments.
- Software implementation for management accounting: designing system of information
input/output, information processing procedures.
- Management accounts organization for user division.
- Monitoring and inspecting the process of management accounting in computer-based
application.

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CHAPTER 1

1.1. The role and functions of accounting in organizations

1.2. Responsibilities and principles of accounting in organizations

• 1.1.1. The role and functions of accounting in enterprises

• Accounting is a science, a profession and an important management instrument

• Accounting information is used to make business decisions. Therefore, accounting

• 1.1.3.1. Basic accounting concepts

• 1.1.3.2. Basic accounting principles

1.2.1 Requirements and principles of accounting in organizations

1.2.1 Requirements and principles of accounting organization

- Accounting must ensure the principle of consistency:

• Accounting must follow the principle of economical and effective

• A rational accounting process is based on:

− Mechanism on financial management regulated by the State in general, the Law on

− Operational characteristics and objectives of organizations, business size and

− Capacity and competency of existing accountants;

− 3 stages to process accounting information: information input- processing – information output

− Step 3: Activate accounting system khai bao ban dau

− Step 4: Record economic transactions

− According to product form:

• Advantages of computerized accounting:

− Relevance to enterprise itself (business features, business operations, operating conditions…)

− Characteristics of business operations: management method, management ability, business size,

− Organization of systematizing and processing accounting information

2.1.Application of accounting voucher system in enterprises

2.3. Collecting data on inventory transactions

2.5.Collecting data on other transactions.

Definition of accounting voucher :

Collecting information in the form of accounting vouchers is an

Elements (Content) of Accounting vouchers (7):

1.Title and code of vouchers

Classification of accounting vouchers

•Business transaction nature:

lao dong tien luong

Organization of accounting voucher system in an enterprise:

1.Set up a list of accounting vouchers

chung tu ke toan chi dc lap duy nhat 1 lan

day la 2 co so de ghi so tien mat

Other relating accounting vouchers:

Cash receiving slip phieu linh tien mat

§· nhËn ®ñ sè tiÒn(ViÕt b»ng ch÷)/ In word:........................................

KÌm theo/Attached: ............................................. Chøng tõ gèc/Source vouchers:

Ng©n hµng ®Çu t vµ ph¸t triÓn ViÖt Nam

®Þa chØ/Add: TK Cã/Credit account

Ký tªn, ®ãng dÊu

Diagram B¾t ®Çu

makes Approved- 2,3

cash accounting (11) (7)

NH®T vµ PTVN GiÊy b¸o sè d kh¸ch hµng Trang:...

LËp bảng KiÓm so¸t KÕ to¸n trëng

process Cash receiving

No. 2.3 Cash 1

Serving bank Banking accountant Related accountants

Cheque (3) (4) Cheque

Voucher rotation process for decrement of cash at bank

2.2.1. Voucher preparation & voucher rotation process.

- Voucher rotation process for finished/outsourced goods

- Voucher rotation process for materials delivery.

- Voucher rotation process for goods/product delivery

Tên, nhãn hiệu, quy cách, Số lượng/Quantity

Cộng/ Total x x x Nhập xngày ..... tháng

Phụ trách cung tiêu Người giao Thủ kho

Finished/outsourced goods (10)