BIM

A PLATFORM TO THE
FUTURE OF ARCHITECTURE

HASAN K.
RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE - II
ALLANA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ar. Romeiro Silveira, Ar. Muntazim Inamdar, Ar.
Tejaswini Pawar and Ar. Shilpa Dhawale, for their invaluable advice, constant support and encouragement to
complete my research step by step; for guidance and support in the development of thought processes and
research methods. Without their advice and regular help, this study would not have been possible.
I have an obligation to the instructors of M.C.E. Allana College of Architecture for their support and
cooperation in the research development.
Finally, a special thank you to my family and friends who, despite being in different places, have
always been there for me whenever I needed it, constantly providing me with motivation. and helped me
focus and lift my spirits when they were low.
Thank You.

1
 INDEX

Synopsis …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Introduction
Aims and objectives
Need for study
Scope
Limitations
Methodology
Introduction …...…………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
What is BIM?
BIM vs CAD
How to Develop a Building Information Model?
Data in BIM
Importance of BIM in architecture………………………………………………………………………… 10
Why is BIM used?
How does BIM improve the construction process?
What are the benefits of using BIM?
The industry’s digital overhaul
Why bother with BIM?
Dimensions of BIM …..………….………………………………………………………………………… 12
3D BIM is just a geometry modelling matter?
4D BIM : The time dimension to manage work schedules
5D BIM : Quantity and cost estimate - a new strategy or a traditional approach?
6D BIM : Sustainability and energy efficiency
7D BIM : The maintenance phase
8D BIM : Health and safety in the design and construction phase of work
9D BIM : Lean construction
10D BIM : Industrialized construction
BIM adoption around the world …………………………………………………………………………… 17
Current BIM Adoption Level of Industries
The Challenges of BIM Implementation for Architects
Designations in BIM industry
Case studies – BIM adoption by businesses
Top 25 BIM architecture firms in India and abroad
Conclusion …..………………….………………………………………………………………………… 25
Plagiarism Report …...…………...………………………………………………………………………… 26
References ..…..………………….………………………………………………………………………… 27

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 SYNOPSIS

Introduction
Architecture and construction teams are always looking for ways to reduce project costs, increase
productivity and quality, and deliver projects faster and more efficiently. Building information modeling
(BIM) provides the ability to achieve these goals using computer-generated levels to simulate the planning,
design, construction, and operation of a facility. . BIM represents a new division in architecture, one that
promotes the simultaneous integration of the roles of all stakeholders in a project. In this paper, the benefits
and future scope of building information modeling (BIM) for the architecture industry will be discussed.

Aims and Objectives

• To understand what is BIM
• To determine the importance of BIM in architecture
• Understanding the different dimensions of BIM
• Future scope of BIM in India and abroad

Need for Study

The post-pandemic design and construction sector has started embracing more modular and
prefabricated structures, with virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence, cloud-based
collaboration, sustainable and green construction, and most importantly, Building Information Modeling
(BIM) has taken off. The breadth of this micro-to-macro change also affects student performance. On the
other hand, knowledge of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has evolved from a nice-to-have skill to a
mandatory requirement, and thus the need to know the potential of BIM as a growing field in architecture.

Scope
This paper will provide an in-depth idea of BIM and its working platform for any fresher or individual who’d
like to advance with a career in BIM.

Limitations
The paper will not have data specific to any firm or organization due to limited time.

Methodology
• Identifying what BIM is
• Detailed literature survey
• Defining the current and future scenario of BIM in Architecture and Engineering Sector

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 1

 INTRODUCTION

What is BIM?
What is BIM technology and what does it mean? As you may know, it stands for Building
Information Modeling. You may have heard that it improves the quality of projects and interdisciplinary
communication. You've probably also heard people say that the programs are expensive and only a few can
handle them, so it's an extra cost to the company.
Let's start with the basics - what does BIM mean and what are its components? The nomenclature has three
abbreviations for BIM:
• Building Information Modelling
• Building Information Model
• Building Information Management

Fig. 1: The BIM Cycle

"Building" in BIM Technology

BIM technology covers the entire AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industry, and thus:
• Building construction (residential, public works, airports, hospitals, etc.)
• Infrastructure (roads, railways)
• Engineering facilities (bridges, tunnels, power stations, but also offshore installations or power grids)
Interior designers, manufacturers of building materials and facility managers also use BIM
technology.
Each of these industries has its own peculiarities and challenges. It also often uses different software
to design or manage a model. There are also varying degrees of progress in the implementation of BIM
technology - in general, cube construction is the most advanced, there are also technical structures and most
of the challenges faced with road engineering (largely due to limitations of the IFC format). However, the
basis and assumptions for the development of projects in BIM technology are similar.

"Information" In BIM Technology

The information is the most important part of the abbreviation. This is the advantage of BIM
technology. Its configurability, ease of searching and clarity of reading the various parts related to the
element.
Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 2
 The greater the investment, the more information will be created during the project. The traditional
model of collecting and exchanging information (emails, PDFs, drawings) creates information chaos. Missing
or duplicating inaccurate information is common. The situation at the construction site is like the so-called
death toll. Let us take into consideration a highly probable practical scenario :
‘An electrical contractor needs additional information about a project. As general contractors, we
call designers. Designers who are busy with work send documents and respond by phone or email. We figure
this out on our own (we're not electrical designers, after all) and pass the information on to our
subcontractors who understands it in his own way and so performs work on the construction site.’

Fig. 2: A typical example of miscommunication at site and chaos of data

BIM Technology believes that information chaos is the biggest impediment to the industry's
effectiveness. The focus is on transparent and rapid access to information and high-quality data. This is
achieved by using the Common Data Environment, where we split the data created during the investment
process into three groups: Graphical Data, Non-Graphic Data, and Documentation.
"Model / Modeling / Management" In BIM Technology

The letter "M" is usually translated as model or modeling. At the same time, the abbreviation BIM is
becoming more popular as Building Information Management, as information management, not modeling
itself, is important in the overall process.
The model contains all the information and is considered the prerequisite of the process in which all
process participants work together. At the same time, the model itself is just a graphical representation of the
information it was designed for. You can also create graphical models in Sketch Up. This is a simple
visualization that contains no information. Models are created in software such as Revit or ArchiCAD, so you
can enter not only geometric data, but any other necessary information into your project.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 3

 BIM vs CAD

The main difference between BIM and conventional 3D CAD is that the latter describes a building
through independent 3D views such as plan, section, and elevation. Changing one of these views requires all
other views to be checked and updated, an error-prone process that is one of the main causes of poor
documentation. Furthermore, the data in these 3D drawings are only graphical entities, such as lines, arcs, and
circles, unlike the intelligent context semantics of BIM models, where objects are determined according to
building and system elements such as space, walls, beams, and columns. The building information model
contains all building information, including physical, functional and life cycle information of the project, in a
series of "smart objects". For example, an air conditioning unit in BIM will also contain data on suppliers,
operation and maintenance procedures, flow rates and clearance requirements. Figure 4 shows a comparison
between conventional CAD and the “new” BIM approach.

a) Architectural Model b) Structural Model c) Plumbing Model

Fig. 3: Types of models that can be created and presented in a BIM platform

It is important to note that the building information model characterizes the geometry, spatial
relationships, geographic information, quantity and nature of building elements, cost estimates, and material
inventories. project construction materials and progress. This model can be used to demonstrate the complete
life cycle of a building. As a result, the quantity and general properties of the material can be extracted easily.
Scope of work can easily be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies, and sequences can be displayed
proportionally to an entire installation or group of settings. Construction documents such as drawings,
procurement details, tender procedures and other specifications can be easily linked together.

Fig. 4a: The old process of CAD

Fig. 4b: The new process of BIM

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 4
 A building information model can be used for the following purposes:
• Visualization: 3D renderings can be easily generated in-house with little additional effort.
• Fabrication/shop drawings: it is easy to generate shop drawings for various building systems, e.g., the
sheet metal ductwork shop drawing can be quickly produced once the model is complete.
• Code reviews: fire departments and other officials may use these models for building projects review.
• Forensic analysis: a building information model can easily be adapted to graphically illustrate potential
failures, leaks, evacuation plans, etc.
• Facilities management: facilities management departments can use BIM for renovations, space planning,
and maintenance operations.
• Cost estimating: BIM software(s) have built-in cost estimating features. Material quantities are
automatically extracted and changed when any changes are made in the model.
• Construction sequencing: a building information model can be effectively used to create material
ordering, fabrication, and delivery schedules for all building components.
• Conflict, interference and collision detection: because BIM models are created, to scale, in 3D space, all
major systems can be visually checked for interferences. This process can verify that piping does not
intersect with steel beams, ducts or walls as shown in figure given below

Fig. 5: An Illustration of Clash Detections via Building Information Modeling

How to Develop a Building Information Model?

There are a number of BIM software applications available in the market. The top three softwares
are as follows:
• Autodesk® Revit™
• Graphisoft® ArchiCAD™
• Bentley® Architecture™

After discussions with AEC companies, students and faculties of architecture, the majority chose
Autodesk® Revit™ as their first choice. The Revit™ software package includes three software applications:
• Revit™ Architecture,
• Revit™ MEP, and
• Revit™ Structure.
Revit™ Architecture has the 2D functionality of AutoCAD, as well as the design features of 3D
models. AutoCAD files can be imported to produce models. For estimating functions, information can be
exported to other estimating programs that have been designed to work with the Revit™ Architecture.
Revit™ MEP is used to design and model mechanical/electrical/plumbing systems. Revit™ Structure is a
modeling and drafting program that can model all types of structural materials and systems. All Revit™
programs use a centralized database so all changes are globally updated.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 5

 Data in BIM

Data in BIM is compiled by using the Common Data Environment and dividing the data created during the
investment process into three groups: graphical data, non-graphical data and documentation. Let us look into
each type of data in detail.

1. Graphical Data

Fig. 6: Illustration showing Graphical Data of a BIM Model

They are 3D models, characters and symbols created by designers, a virtual reflection of the building
object including the architectural body, structure, ventilation system, etc. Usually there is a separate model for
each sector, which is then combined for the purpose of coordination in appropriate programs.
The 3D model primarily serves as a place to provide relationships and contexts between information
objects. By presenting the information in 3D, we can easily navigate to specific locations in the building (e.g.
the intersection of the sanitary system with the ventilation system) and check for collisions. Elements are
spatially defined and belong to a particular system. For example: looking at a column in a model we can see
its exact location, in which room it is and its relation to other objects (beams, ceilings). Moreover, that column
is a carrier of non-graphic information – by clicking on it we may read out various information assigned by
the participants of the investment process.
What is important s that we do not model all the information. Many BIM adepts have lost due to too
detailed modeling. They lost tens of working hours choosing the type of door handles or putting rubbish bins
and carpets in rooms. The level of development (LOD - discussed ahead) determines the amount and extent of
graphical information that should be included in the model at a given stage of its development.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 6

 Here is a list of the information we usually read from the graphical model (the list differs depending
on the project):
• rooms/spaces (their location)
• departments (room groups, e.g. dental department)
• installations (sanitary, ventilation, electrical)
• components (installation components, e.g. electrical switchboard)
• equipment (elements to be modeled, e.g. operating table, MRI, office desk)

2. Non - Graphical Data

Fig. 7: Illustration showing Non-Graphical Data of a BIM Model

It's the building of metadata at the heart of the model. Non-graphical information makes BIM
technology a revolution in the market. The proper information model makes it easy to manage and create its
derivatives including reports, bill of quantities as well as cost estimates. Each object created in BIM software
allows information to be associated with it, e.g. material, flame retardant layer, color, price or manufacturer.
Information can be directly assigned to elements in a graphics program (e.g. ArchiCAD, Revit) by
changing its properties or adding new properties. It is also possible to use a collaborative database with the
generated model (e.g. Cobuilder or dRofus).
A designer can assign non-graphical information to an object (e.g. chair, table), building object (e.g.
ceiling), or even space (e.g. room). In addition, non-graphical information can also be assigned to elements
that are not physically modeled (e.g. door locks or wall tiles). Detailed project information (level of detail -
LOD) progresses with the development of the project. During the design phase, we describe the partition wall
as a "100mm non-load-bearing partition wall". In the detailed design phase is “100mm thick wall, 60 cc
aluminum corner, 2x plasterboard, EI = 30”. However, during the construction phase, we will add information
about a specific manufacturer of the material, including pricing.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 7

 Fig. 8: Illustration showing different stages and level of detail to be mentioned per stage

In order to access to the information within the model, you do not need to have a license for
expensive specialist software. Data concerning the element may be read from any free IFC Viewer available
on the market (e.g. BIM Vision by Datacomp).
Here is a list of information usually assigned to element attributes:
• material information (g. C20/25 concrete)
• physical characteristics (fire resistance, sound-proof class),
• manufacturer,
• supplier,
• cost,
• references to manufacturers documentation,
• durability (Facility Management phase, e.g. maintenance every 10 years)

3. Documentation
In this area one can find static documentation (e.g. in PDF format), mainly known from the current
investment process (cost estimate, specifications, schedule) and documentation related to BIM processes, for
example, BIM Implementation Plan (BEP), Employer Information Request (EIR). Formerly of CAD
software, it is the most comprehensive information gathering software. With the emergence of more and more
BIM technology, it is decreasing. The more advanced BIM is in a given project, the less documentation is
required.
The biggest problem with static documents is finding data. Every document must be found, opened
and examined. I bet most of us remember the amount of time we spent searching for different information.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 8

 It's not bad if it's folders on the hard drive. Fortunately, today we can capture more and more
information into the model and visualize it in software (e.g. cost estimate, schedule). More complete
information, dynamic and easy to detect. Therefore, we need less and less documents to be stored in the hard
drive.
Examples of documentation types we collect in static formats:
• schedules,
• cost estimates,
• contact information for companies and people involved in the project,
• product and material documentation,
• documentation related to the facility management of construction equipment

Common Data Environment

You already know how we divide the information generated in the BIM process. Now I will describe
how to manage them and where to keep them.
Data storage and movement takes place in a common space called the Common Data Environment,
which contains all the information related to the project. It can be a server, a cloud or an extranet. Each of the
project participants has access to the data they need to perform their tasks. Actually, as CDE on projects, we
apply shared disk space divided into folders with permissions settings e.g. Viewpoint, Autodesk 360, Project
Place, Interaxo etc. However, the tools are secondary, it's all about the process.
By using a single information source for collaboration between project members, we avoid both
errors and inaccuracies in the flow of information. When an architect needs information about the ventilation
ducts, he simply opens the sanitary model of the disc and combines it with his architectural model. If you
have any questions, you can bookmark an item on the form, write a comment, and send an animated
screenshot to the recipient.
The general principle of working in CDE and using three types of information is illustrated in the
following diagram:

Fig. 9: Preview of the Common Data Environment

At the outset of the investment process, information is divided into three categories. Their amounts
naturally increase as the project progresses. This is called a project information model and includes all
historical data generated by designers, contractors, and vendors during project development. After the
handover, moving the building to the operational phase, information is transferred from the project in the
form of an asset information model - the final, verified, "as built" information is then applied. used for the
management of the building during its existence.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 9

 IMPORTANCE OF BIM IN ARCHITECTURE

Why is BIM used?

Using BIM allows the construction team to access information throughout the development, design,
construction, and demolition of a building. BIM takes into account the geometry, spatial relationships,
geographic information, quantity and properties of building components to construct a conceptual model of
the building. Knowing this information can help reduce errors and avoid potential obstacles as every step is
visible through BIM.
BIM technology can help solve and avoid potential problems during the design phase of a project.
The visual representation of the building allows designers to identify problems and barriers between
structural, architectural and MEP systems. Identifying and correcting these issues early in the design phase
can save a lot of time and money in the erection phase of the process. Time can even be saved by detecting
problems with the building structure with collision detection. When collision detection is performed with
BIM, problems in building elements are highlighted on the computer model.
BIM is especially necessary for projects with tight budgets and limited time..

How Does BIM Improve the Construction Process?

BIM helps improve the construction process in a number of ways. BIM's ability to store all project
information in one system makes it easy for contractors and architects to create models for each stage of
assembly. This part of architectural planning is improved and simplified through the use of BIM. Virtual
models created by 3D BIM modeling software can have animations, coordination notes, and predictable paths
to expected results. This allows detailed notes to be included in the model specific to each phase of the project
and allows construction workers, architects and anyone else involved in the project to better understand the
details such as what is the next step and why.
BIM technology allows project managers to zoom in on structural supports and see how plumbing
and electrical work will fit into the design, while construction managers can view construction progress for
different floors or sections. Various teams can view digital models without disrupting different elements of
the project. BIM software accurately creates a virtual model of the building so that material orders can be
extremely accurate and at the end of the construction project, no material is wasted.

What Are The Benefits of Using BIM?

The benefits of using BIM for constructing steel building projects are:
• Easier coordination of various software systems and information
• Increased productivity.
• Comprehensive life-cycle management.
• Enhanced quality control with tools like clash detection.
• Creates a virtual model that is usable for fabrication and erection.
• Used in planning and scheduling out the phases of the steel building project.
• Issues are detected in the project early enough not to waste time, energy, or resources in the erection stage
(and avoids rework!)

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 10

 • Reduces conflicts and changes during construction.
• Allows for working on different aspects of the project at the same time.
• BIM is cloud-based, which allows for teams to work on the virtual model and make changes in real-time,
and information does not get lost throughout the duration of the project.

With all these benefits, the question of why BIM is important has been answered. BIM helps solve
problems before they become significant. Software bridges the communication gaps between builders,
contractors, engineers, architects and owners. The use of BIM enables collaborative decision-making between
all parties. Huge increases in productivity and efficiency are achieved through inviting collaboration and
coordinated communication at every stage of the project process. BIM has helped change what can happen in
the building industry.

The Industry’s Digital Overhaul

It wouldn't be incorrect to say that BIM is for the architecture industry, what Metaverse is for the
technology industry. It ushers in a paradigm shift in architecture alongside other technologies such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and Blockchain. On its way to becoming a non-negotiable
standard practice, BIM has been mandated by governments for public projects in several countries. With the
times, companies around the world are increasingly replacing CAD drawings with BIM files and looking to
hire BIM savvy architects who can lead and contribute to their digital growth.

Why Bother with BIM?

With BIM specialists in high demand and the rapid scale of digitization worldwide, the time is ripe
for architects to level-up and transform their careers.
BIM is pandemic-proof
The Pandemic witnessed a turbulent job market marked by a steady decline in employment rates.
And yet, owing to the end-to-end digitization that BIM roles involve, jobs remained stable and largely
unaffected. Online collaboration emerged stronger than ever, coupled with a growing realization of the
endless possibilities of remote working in the field.
BIM skills pay more
While it’s common for architects to see incremental salary growth based on their years of
experience, BIM professionals see exponential growth based on their skillset and project management
abilities. Typically, BIM-skilled architects earn 40% higher than the industry average.

Of course, there are certain challenges that individuals face when transitioning to BIM. When
universities fail to update their curricula to meet the demands of modern practice, graduates have only a
superficial knowledge of BIM tools and a sketchy understanding of the principles of BIM, general BIM
principles and procedures. Ultimately, architects realizing these limitations of college education have replaced
a master's degree in architecture with targeted courses in BIM to lead them to career success and bring quick
returns on employability and leverage to negotiate higher wages. .

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 11

 DIMENSIONS OF BIM

Building Information Modeling doesn’t just mean the 3D model creation of a structure. This implies
information associated with the phases of design, construction and maintenance. BIM dimensions 2D, 3D,
4D, 5D, 6D, 7D and even 8D enhance the model data for a better understanding of the building project.
Additional information visualizes the process of project delivery, cost and building facility maintenance.
The BIM dimensions, which refer to the levels of information in a given BIM data, are:
• 2D drafting | 2D drawings using CAD
• 3D modelling | geometrical, graphical information
• 4D time-related info | construction sequencing by means of Gantt charts and timelines
• 5D cost analysis | cost management, construction cost estimating, etc.
• 6D sustainability | environmental, economic and social sustainability impact studies
• 7D life cycle and maintenance | planning and management of maintenance operations
• 8D real ’as built’ | laser scans, drones and augmented reality.
• 9D lean construction | Work methodology used for the effective completion of the BIM
process as part of the production structure in the construction sector, and the use of it digitalization.
• 10D industrialized construction | Current obstacles facing the productivity of the construction sector

Fig. 10: Levels of BIM

3D BIM is just a geometry modelling matter?

The use of modern tools for digital reproduction of building models allows us to take care of the
graphic details of our designs, while ensuring a realistic rendering of the aesthetic aspect and adheres to the
excellent geometry of the modeled elements. Issues that can be addressed in the planning phase are not only
about rendering such a model, separate from related technical areas, but also considering the interplay of
multiple roles/fields related areas as an important part of this methodology.
The need to manage the activity, known as “Model Testing”, can be represented by two separate
activities:
• Code testing, which verifies the fit of the model to the project and requirements standard requirements.
• Collision detection, analysis and prevention of possible geometric collisions in the model. It follows the
need for formal verification of what has been modeled in each field

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 12

 4D BIM : The Time Dimension to manage work schedules
4D BIM adds a dimension to the project that describes the duration and duration of tasks to create a
3D depiction of the building's development over the different stages of construction. Time management is a
fundamental aspect of building planning. Some of the traditional methods used in this industry (such as Gantt
and Pert charts) for time management at site or project have certain limitations and serious problems such as:
• loss of data from the designer to the construction company,
• lack of communication between construction management and suppliers,
• actual presence and exact location of material on site, and
• work progress.
The need to continue to cut, manage and reorganize project progress based on more dynamic and
analytical assessments can be met by adopting a number of new tools and methodologies.
Example: "WBS - Work Breakdown Structure", as a methodology for organizing data, allows the
contractor to break down the entire construction process into basic time periods associated with the basic part
of the model and is considered as a logical progression of simulation construction phases to improve control
and management.

5D BIM: Quantity and Cost Estimate - A new strategy or a traditional approach?

At the heart of 5D BIM is “Quantity Takeoff”, which involves extracting measurements from a
project to determine the quantity/s of material needed to model one or more elements. When this operation is
done, you must select the price items assigned to the construction work, have a relative unit price, and then
determine the amount. Therefore, you can follow the surveyors' choices and check to see if they agree with
the designer's choices.
Usually, quotes are updated as the project design evolves, with the risk of data loss during the update
process (probability is quite high!). By comparing quotes and 4D BIM, we can assess whether the result
should be a static or dynamic product. The results may relate to certain aspects, such as maintenance, which
are interconnected but handled separately.
Thus, it is clear how a rethinking of processes, interactions, and tools can streamline information
management, linking this last aspect to other aspects of the "building life cycle".

6D BIM: Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

The concept of the sixth dimension is linked to aspects related to the energy efficiency and
sustainability of a new or existing building. Realistic 6D BIM simulation allows comprehensive analysis of
the sustainability (economic, environmental, energy, etc.) of the intervention.
Energy performance analysis from the design stage provides the designer with the most appropriate
engineering solutions to adopt to ensure lower energy consumption, higher quality and greater comfort, which
in turn ensures the sustainability of the project.

7D BIM: The Maintenance Phase

One of the goals of the BIM method is to create a virtual model (in three dimensions and with more
information) that is more faithful to what has actually been created. In fact, a model defined as “As Built”
includes not only what has been designed but also what is being built during the construction phase.
Traditionally, what is designed during the project phase is reviewed and modified in the field to deal with
variations that may occur during construction or to resolve geometric or operational conflicts not taken into
account in the initial construction phase.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 13

 This model is not to be understood as a model created by a "BIM generation" software but as a
product created from a set of models produced with the software and capable of describing the work in an
appropriate manner with respect to the appropriate digital level of development requirements (LOD here is
understood as “Level of Development”).
The generated “Model” must include the transmission of a database of information built around the
virtual representation of the “built object”, in order to preserve and convey what has been designed.
At this point, should the process be considered complete? Furthermore, is delivery of already created
things considered finished products? When we talk about the "life cycle of the building", we certainly cannot
ignore the maintenance and dismantling or renovation aspects of the structure.

8D BIM : Health and Safety in the design and construction phase of work
8D BIM is the dimension of BIM that adds security information to the geometric model of the
building during the design and implementation phase.
In practice, it is possible to model a construction site in all its parts (fences, storage areas,
scaffolding, machinery, signs, etc.) , also thanks to advanced technologies such as virtual reality and virtual
reality - presenting nature.
To obtain these results you need specific software, equipped with a special library of specialized
objects and capable of simulating all types of construction machinery and equipment to enable you create the
most suitable model.
The goal is to have an overview of the site from the design stage to prevent possible hazards and
hazards to workers. By visualizing the construction site in advance and realistically, it becomes easy and
efficient to analyze all possible scenarios and prevent dangerous and critical situations in each phase of the
project.
The construction sector recorded the highest number of serious workplace accidents. Thanks to
BIM, it is possible to more accurately verify site conditions, identify hazards in advance, plan work stages,
manage worker communication and training, critical issues importance and interference between different
works.
BIM can therefore become a valuable means of effective management of site safety. Let's find out
how. BIM 8D makes it possible to create a digital site, meaning a 3D model of the site complete with all the
objects and equipment that will actually be used during the operational phase. The result is a realistic model
that perfectly recreates the actual construction site, complete with machines, temporary structures, moving
workers, and more. This allows you to check overall dimensions and simulate emergency situations to assess
the correctness of design choices and, if necessary, intervene to modify them.
In fact, thanks to BIM functions, it is possible to focus on analyzing each identified risk and review
work processes in advance so that each worker can prepare for each type of activity and avoid possible
dangers. By examining the schedule already in place during the project phase, it becomes easier to integrate
all aspects related to project implementation. In addition, BIM, as the best collaboration method, also
facilitates the sharing of any element of the project, including safety planning in place, to avoid risky
situations. unforeseen during the implementation phase.
Finally, thanks to BIM it is possible to:
• represent the construction site in a realistic way complete with all the activities to be carried out and the
surrounding context situations (urban context, the orography of the area, the critical points of the area, etc.)
• have a complete picture of the site scenarios
• prepare detailed and up-to-date safety plans
• plan the timing and organization of each activity
• identify and accurately analyze the most appropriate safety design choices
• prevent risks by intervening on the design choices that may generate possible dangers
• visualize the digital construction site in 3D
• train workers even in virtual reality
• reduce the risk of accidents

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 14

 9D BIM : Lean Construction
9D BIM, also known as lean construction, is the dimension of BIM that optimizes and streamlines
all the steps involved in the implementation of a project through processes digitization. Lack of planning on a
construction site can lead to delays in project delivery and consequently increase the initial budget. 9D BIM is
the method designed to completely eliminate waste, optimize all the resources involved in the construction
process and increase productivity. Without any doubt, all these aspects contribute to the realization of a
valuable end product.

Fig. 11: 9D BIM

The principles on which lean construction is based are:

• Optimizing, reducing or eliminating activities that do not add value to the process – To achieve process
improvement, special attention is paid to all aspects of the supply chain (from production, to transportation
of materials to the construction site). The entire production chain is analyzed, unnecessary or repetitive
processes are identified and strategies are devised to simplify or replace them. For example, the use of
means of transport is planned to be optimized and perfectly matched to the quantities to be transported.
With this in mind, the use of larger trucks for transporting materials is preferred, reducing the number of
trips required;
• Considering the customer’s needs – Before starting any project, it is necessary to identify the customer’s
needs by means of market research and satisfaction surveys, even on projects that have already been
delivered. Activities that do not add value to the process are not of interest to the client and therefore the
client is not willing to pay for them. On the other hand, focusing on the customer’s needs is more likely to
make all operations run smoothly;
• Standardizing processes – Construction is one of the sectors with the highest rate of unforeseen events:
each project is unique and unique are the conditions that come into play at the construction site (completion
time, labor, local conditions, availability of equipment and materials, etc.). In order to minimize site
diversification, standardized construction processes should be adopted, reducing the possibility of problems
and improving the ability to manage unforeseen events. Reducing these variables allows the construction
company to maintain a predefined standard and ensure a smoother and safer process;
• Optimizing time – The time variable is influenced by the activities of transport, waiting, processing,
inspection, etc. Optimizing all these activities has an impact on the quality of the work and client delivery
times;
• Increasing the transparency of the process – This principle contributes to greater participation of all those
involved in the process, who can actively and more consciously intervene in the development of
improvement solutions.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 15

 10D BIM : Industrialized Construction
All aspects of BIM have a common goal of the 10th dimension, which aims to industrialize and
make the construction sector more productive, also thanks to new technologies and the digitization of
processes, BIM 10D is the key to solving low productivity in the construction industry and optimizing each
stage of the building lifecycle: design, construction and management of infrastructure or equipment.
In this sense, BIM 10D acts as a data-centric tool to optimize all project activities based on the use of
technology. This means that project managers will have the intuitive resources to complete the project in the
best possible way.
10D BIM promises to provide a complete view of asset management (in the design, construction and
maintenance phases). Therefore, it can be used for financial, business, environmental, health and safety
regulation, risk analysis, and more. In this context, the 10D BIM tool offers a multitude of possibilities for all
types of projects and can be used at every stage with the aid of highly intelligent technologies and digital
resources. can automate even the most complex tasks.
If you are looking for a BIM management tool to manage project activities, execute and maintain
construction projects, try the free, cloud-based usBIM plug-in ecosystem, available in a single, scalable
solution to digitize buildings and infrastructure simply and securely. and shared workflow.
Take advantage of the various free tools and applications available to:
• collaborate on models and documents in real time with your colleagues
• share and manage construction and construction projects infrastructure, including large and complex
models
• works online with any device (computer, tablet, smartphone) and from anywhere.

The world has bifurcated the levels of BIM as follows:

BIM

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D

Fig. 12: Levels of BIM (a hierarchy of levels)

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 16

 BIM ADOPTION AROUND THE WORLD

United Kingdom
The UK is leading the way with a clear national strategy for implementation which is
shown in the high adoption rate – 54% of projects using BIM in 2016. The UK government have
been instrumental in driving this adoption, saving £855 million on existing projects in the year
2014/15.
USA
Biggest single market with annual revenue of $1.07 billion. This has led to a great deal of
technological innovation, and current BIM software is more powerful than ever, but there is still a
way to go to achieve high adoption rates.
Canada
BIM users increased from 64% in 2013 to 67% in 2016
Europe
A market size of $2.7 bn in 2016 and growing at 23.4% CAGR.
Globally
Overall global demand is high, estimated at $3.52 bn in 2016 and projected to exceed
$10 bn by 2022.

Current BIM Adoption Level of Industries

AEC industries in most countries have been quick to realize the need for BIM adoption, due to the
following recent trends within the building industry:

However, this recognition of the need

hasn’t necessarily led to speedy adoption. A 2017
survey indicated that only a small proportion of
contractors are on board with BIM, with only 53%
of professionals in the AEC industry having a basic
understanding of it.
AEC businesses that want to thrive over
the coming years should be looking to adopt and
implement BIM with a degree of urgency, to
benefit from the numerous advantages.

The Challenges of BIM

Implementation for Architects Fig. 13: BIM Adoption Level of Industries
Although we’ve established that there is a very real need for BIM adoption in the architecture and
building trade, there are some challenges that face individuals and companies willing to implement it.
This section will highlight the challenges and pitfalls of BIM installation before looking at ways to
overcome them.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 17

 1. People and Training Needs
Implementing any new strategy or initiative requires a certain amount of time for people to acquire
the requisite knowledge and skills. BIM is no exception. In fact, creating and manipulating BIM 3D models is
a complex task that requires IT skills, problem-solving, engineering knowledge, communication skills and
creativity, amongst others.
When these training needs are combined with the time taken to prepare the technological
infrastructure, install and test the software, it’s clear to see that BIM implementation can be a time-consuming
process.
A Salford University research paper on the subject highlighted the following difficulties with
implementing BIM in architectural practice:

1 Overcoming resistance to change – educating people to see the value of BIM

2 Adapting existing working practices

3 Training people in the practicalities of BIM

4 Updating and preparing networks and tech resources

5 Encouraging collaboration between departments

6 Outlining responsibilities of stakeholders such as lawyers and insurers

2. BIM Standards and Standard Object Dictionaries

Countries with high BIM adoption rates are those that have introduced national standards and
guidelines as part of an overall strategy. The main reason is the lack of an agreed set of standards that makes
it impossible to transfer, export, and share BIM designs and data. Countries such as the UK, Finland,
Singapore and Norway have successfully developed and implemented national standards.
In addition, BIM design relies on the creation of objects that are components of a building, i.e.
structural elements such as columns and beams, or utilities such as plumbing, electrical components , etc. To
make BIM models interchangeable between different parties and contractors, there should be consistent
objects. Therefore, many countries have implemented, or are in the process of developing, standard object
dictionaries stating the properties of common objects.
Some countries have difficulty in setting national standards and targets. In the United States, for
example, a number of government agencies and private companies have designed and are using their own
BIM standards. It is almost impossible to master them and get everyone to adopt common standards unless
there is pressure from above.

3. Contractual Matters and BIM

Contracts and working agreements hold complex projects together, especially when there are many
different contractors and sub-contractors involved. The BIM model can be viewed as intellectual property,
and therefore details such as ownership, confidentiality and fair usage should be agreed upon when drawing
up a contract. The final agreement should state whether the BIM model itself should be considered a contract
document.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 18

 If BIM issues are neglected during the writing up of the contract, it is likely that there will be
disputes later on. If this situation arises, it can jeopardize the success of the overall project or at least slow
progress. From the architect’s point of view, it’s best if the BIM model is considered to be a contractual
document that can be shared openly with all parties.

4. Different Levels of Adoption

As an example, there are four main recognized levels of BIM adoption in the UK, each differing in
the amount that BIM is utilized within an organization or industry.

There are additional unofficial BIM levels that are

recognized by many in the industry known as 4D, 5D and 6D
BIM which describe the use of BIM for time analysis, cost
management, and facilities management respectively.

The main challenge in rising through these

levels lies in moving from level 1 to level 2 and getting
disciplines to collaborate. If the architects are the only
party actively using BIM, the full benefits will not be
realized.

5. Concerns Over the Process of BIM

Implementation
With any change comes
uncertainty. Often, this will lead to
resistance to change or a complete
rejection of new methods. To overcome
the uncertainty and concerns that architects
may have, it’s useful to identify the steps
involved in achieving implementation and
how to carry them out successfully.
Fig. 14: BIM Levels

Step 01 Without a clear understanding of the current situation, it can be difficult to

Detailed review of
current procedures and
identifying the potential
benefits of using BIM
plan a smooth transition to a new way of working. An existing
communication and practice diagram is a good starting point for mapping
the workflow design process for analysis. SWOT analysis can be done for
future reference. At this stage, highlighting the benefits of BIM services to
everyone involved can help reduce resistance.

The second step is to identify the actions that need to be taken to

Step 02 effectively implement BIM. SWOT analysis and the data collected in the
Planning the transition early stages can be used to identify key performance indicators (KPIs).
Decisions on the BIM system will be made and detailed plans made.

This is the implementation phase of the process, typically starting with

Step 03 pilot testing to identify and fix any issues. For example, the establishment
Trialing and of decision-making and action sequences can be determined during the
implementing BIM pilot. BIM can then be deployed and implemented.

It is important to evaluate whether the strategy has worked and to identify

Step 04 efficiencies and work process improvements. BIM processes can be
Evaluating the success of revised and refined during this phase to ensure continued success.
BIM implementation.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 19

 6. Data Security Concerns
Data is used and analyzed at different stages of the construction process, and it is important to ensure
the integrity and accuracy of the data. For example, after the building is completed, information about the
construction process is collected and the BIM model updated accordingly. If BIM data continues to be used
after the building is put into use, this is even more important. Changes to building materials and assets should
be recorded and any deviations from the original design should be revised on the BIM model.
Since there is a large amount of data and information stored in the BIM model, ensuring the integrity
and security of the data can be a challenge.
This task is the responsibility of the Chief Information Officer, who oversees data management,
cybersecurity, control, and maintenance. They ensure that any changes that occur during the life of the
building are promptly updated in the BIM model.

7. The Demand for Specialist Skills

Using BIM software can be a complex process at first, especially without adequate training. The
following is a breakdown of some specific benefits of using BIM and the skills required to achieve them.
a. All project data and information accessible from one place
Importing 3D scans, digital elevations, aerial imagery, and geometry, including all of the survey
information in the BIM model means that everything is stored in one accessible location and can be viewed
and used by various parties more easily than paper print-outs. Basic IT skills are the only requirement for this
part of the process.
b. Faster 3d design and project planning
BIM drawing tools are faster than its 2D CAD counterparts. Objects are connected directly to
databases to allow automatic counting of components and quick quantity takeoffs. The skills required to
achieve this are design skills, engineering knowledge, and advanced IT skills.
c. Improved collaboration
The sharing of BIM models between different companies and disciplines makes the overall project
run far more smoothly from start to finish. Design reviews and checks can be carried out quickly and
remotely. The skills needed are good communication, management and problem-solving.
d. Simulation and visualization
Things such as sunlight and shadows can be modeled and simulated in the BIM software. The
analysis and optimization can be carried out automatically in the software. Skills needed are design and IT
proficiency.
e. Resolving conflicts
Clash detection of services and structural elements prevents large additional costs being accrued, by
discovering them early rather than on site. This requires design, IT and engineering skills.
f. Setting out work sequence
The BIM model and associated information and drawings can be used to optimize the sequence and
order of activities. Resources and staff can be scheduled in at the most convenient points during construction,
informed by the BIM model. This requires construction and engineering knowledge, management skills and
IT skills.
g. Present designs clearly and thoroughly in 3d
The BIM model is perfect for showcasing or demonstrating the scope of the project and features to
clients, investors, politicians, etc. This requires presentation, IT and communication skills.

The BIM model is perfect for showcasing or demonstrating the scope of the project and features to
clients, investors, politicians, etc. This requires presentation, IT and communication skills.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 20

 8. Other Challenges Preventing Widespread BIM Adoption
Some other challenges that are either slowing down or preventing BIM adoption are as follows:

Fig. 15: Challenges Preventing Widespread BIM Adoption

A challenge that is often cited is the lack of communication between different companies within the
construction industry. In many countries, an adversarial, hyper-competitive culture exists, rather than the
collaborative approach needed for successful BIM implementation.
Other real (or perceived) challenges include:

Lack of Client Demand

1 73% of small architectural or construction companies (with five or fewer employees) state that
there is little to no demand for BIM from clients. In some countries such as the UK public
projects are required to use BIM, but many clients are not aware of or see the potential benefits.

Perceived Lack of Applicability

71% of SMEs is under the misconception that BIM isn’t appropriate for their projects. For
2 instance, companies that are involved in residential construction may think that their operations
aren’t complex enough to warrant using it. However, BIM can certainly help to improve
efficiency and streamline workflows for domestic buildings.

Prohibitive Costs
There are substantial costs to consider, including the purchase of expensive software, training
3 and time spent. A simple cost-benefit comparison will show that the long-term gains will far
exceed the short-term outlay.

Skills Shortage
4 77% of construction companies and 62% of SME contractors revealed that they didn’t think they
had the in-house BIM skills available to implement it well.

Hardware Demands
5 Installing the powerful BIM software often requires an upgrade to the existing network. This
incurs disruption and has cost implications.

Technology Concerns
6 It was always a challenge to adopt new technology over the legacy systems without delay
regarding the transition phase.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 21

 Designations in BIM Industry

• BIM Manager : Planning | Designing | Delivery

BIM (Building Information Modelling) managers act as collaborators between the client’s team,
design team, contractor team and supply chain. As a BIM Manager, you will oversee the production of project
information models which contain 3D visualizations that bring together data, drawings and schedules
associated with the design and construction phase of a project.
BIM Modeler : Builds a virtual environment under guidance of BIM Manager
A BIM modeler uses building information modeling software to create a three-dimensional visual
plan for a project. Building information models (BIM) are virtual files used to aid decision-making during the
building process. BIM modelers work closely with architects and engineers to develop designs for clients.
BIM modelers need to have excellent artistic, technical, and computer skills.
• BIM Analyst
The function of the BIM Analyst is to perform analyses and simulations based on the BIM model,
e.g., building performance analysis, circulation and security analysis. This specialist can work in Design
Firms, mainly MEP, and also as a Design Consultant.
• BIM Facilitator
The function of a BIM Facilitator is to assist other professionals, not yet skilled in operating BIM
software, in visualizing the model information. He usually works with who is going to physically construct
the building, assisting the engineer's work to communicate with foremen or contractors. A similar function
may exist for helping facility managers to extract information from BIM models for asset management, space
planning and maintenance scheduling.
• BIM Application / Software Developer
A BIM Application/Software Developer (US GSA, 2009) is a specialist that develops and customize
software to support integration and the BIM process (Applied Software, 2009), from small plug-ins to BIM
servers, integrated project management tools and data repositories
• Modelling Specialist
Modelling Specialists are IT professionals who contribute, along with experts in different areas of
the AEC/FM industry, to the IFC standard, from initial requirements to the final characteristics of a software
product. They are the proponents of IFC extensions, and have to be familiar with the IFC data structure and
modelling concepts. They are also responsible for mapping of Exchange Requirements (ER) to IFC classes.
BIM models are structurally very complicated and, in most cases, the use of IFC data exchange still requires
that each company to have qualified people to ensure the integrity of the exchanged data.
• BIM Coordinator
The BIM Coordinator develops and maintains BIM protocols and Execution Plans and other
documentation while coordinating work information flows. A BIM Coordinator reports directly to project
leadership, but is also overseen by the BIM Manager. In cases of complex and multidisciplinary works, more
than one BIM Coordinator professional can be involved. One of the BIM Coordinator’s main roles is also to
guarantee efficiency and effectiveness of the organization's digitalized processes and being responsible for
verifying the correctness and consistency of the BIM model.
Salary (per month) (₹)
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Fresher 1 - 2 Yrs 2 - 3 Yrs 3 - 5 Yrs 5 - 10 Yrs

Fig. 16: Monthly Salary of a BIM professional with respect to experience

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 22
 Case Studies – BIM Adoption by Businesses

Hong Kong Highway Department Cut Costs by 12% on Zhuhai to Macao Bridge
The Leighton – Chun Wo Joint Venture won the $4.6bn to design and build the 40 000 sq.m.
passenger clearance building and surrounding works, a large part of the overall $10.6bn sea crossing project.
Leighton Asia used BIM technology throughout the project leading to several benefits:
• Cost savings of 12% on overall construction and 15% of the survey budget
• Increased collaboration between the eight main contractors, two consultants, and many subcontractors,
reducing the complexity of managing the project
• Models and 2D drawings from 8 contractors all merged into one 3D BIM model
• Final as-built carried out using point clouds imported to the BIM model, thus streamlining the process and
saving 15% of the expected survey budget
• Problems rectified early on using BIM tech, such as the discrepancies with the unusual wavy roof design
• Simulating the workflow using BIM highlighted and prevented safety issues.

Fig. 17: Hong Kong Highway

London Curved Tower Made Possible by BIM

1 Merchant Square, London is a tower block of such complexity that it’s hard to imagine it being
possible without BIM technology. The curved structure posed many challenges for designers and building
contractors, that BIM helped to overcome.
• BIM computational modeling helped to design the complex trapezoidal cladding
• BIM objects such as 2000 doors were created that could be customized for uniqueness, yet still, reduce the
complexity of the design
• Construction problems minimized by running isolated clash detection, such as architectural walls compared
with cable trays.
• Precision design and data analysis led to a successful project, cost savings and increased productivity.

Fig. 18: London Curved Tower

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 23
 Top 25 BIM Architecture Firms in India and Abroad

Sr. No. Name Location (Abroad) Location (India)

1 Rebcon Group Melbourne Hyderabad
2 Turner Construction USA | Canada -
3 IndoVance USA Pune
4 RamTech North America Noida Dehradun
5 AEC Digital Solution Chicago Gurgaon
6 PrimaVerse Australia | USA Pune
7 Virtual Building Studio USA | Australia | Saudi Arabia Ahmedabad
8 Atkins UK | Poland | Sweden | France | Surat | Gurgaon |
Norway | Belgium | Russia Mumbai | Bangalore |
Bhubaneshwar
9 WSP Australia | Canada | China | Denmark -
| Finland | France | Germany | Qatar |
Saudi Arabia
10 Surbana Jurong Singapore | Bangladesh | China | Bangalore | Chennai |
Indonesia | Malaysia | Myanmar | Gurugram
Vietnam | UAE | Brunei
11 DGEC Uganda | USA Bangalore | Chennai
12 ALEC Dubai | Saudi Arabia | Qatar | Abu -
Dhabi
13 V + S Design Partner - Bangalore
14 Studio Parametric USA Bangalore
15 SkyTree Consulting - Bangalore
Engineers
16 Green Brook Engineering - Bangalore
17 GRO Centroid - Bangalore
18 Turn BIM - Bangalore
19 Hexa Pent Engineering USA | Australia Bangalore
Services
20 Vconstruct - Pune | Noida | Nagpur
21 Ecomes - Pune
22 Ncircle Tech - Pune
23 3D Prime - Pune
24 Stru Engineers Sweden Pune
25 Softech Engineers USA Pune | Gujarat

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 24

 CONCLUSION

Building information modeling (BIM) has become an innovative way to manage projects. Many
researchers and practitioners have pointed out that BIM technology is rapidly becoming an integral part of
building design and construction like the T-square or hammer and nail. As the use of BIM accelerates,
collaboration within project teams is expected to increase, which will lead to improved profitability, reduced
costs, better time management, and improved relationships. customer / customer. On the other hand, BIM
implementation teams need to be very careful about legal pitfalls such as data ownership and issues related to
ownership and risk sharing. These issues should be addressed from the outset in the contract documents.
BIM is a revolutionary benefit to the AEC industry. BIM digitizes the life of a building or a group of
buildings to provide optimized solutions at each stage, from design to demolition. Processes such as collision
detection and energy analysis help reduce major construction costs and improve construction efficiency.
Developed countries like the US or UK have benefited from BIM, but the level of BIM adoption in
developing countries like India is still low. The Indian construction industry can manage delivery delays and
easily detect design conflicts using BIM. A collaborative effort between the government and private sector
companies is needed to increase the use of BIM in India.
With leading countries such as the US, Singapore, UK and other European and Asian countries, the
players in the construction industry are increasingly aware of the huge benefits to be gained from the
implementation of BIM or the its outsourcing to professionals. Architects and designers will benefit
significantly from increased use of BIM. Redesigning and revising will become easier and faster, especially at
BIM level 3 and above. Overall, the use of BIM leads to cost savings, increased productivity and efficiency,
and safer working practices.
Therefore, now is the time to adopt BIM into your business to offer your clients a world-class service.

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 25

 PLAGIARISM REPORT

Content checked for Plagiarism : Pages 01 - 09

Content checked for Plagiarism : Pages 10 - 15

Content checked for Plagiarism : Pages 16 - 19

Content checked for Plagiarism : Pages 20 - 25

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 26

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THANK YOU

Hasan K. BIM: A Platform to the Future of Architecture 27