dashed) and Equations

Differential a wave traveling

(PDEs)to the left (left part of the figure)
PROBLEM SET 12.4
New1.Variables
Show that c is the speed of each ofNormal
the two Form
waves given 11. u xx " 2u xy " u yy ! 0 12. u xx # 2u xy " u yy ! 0
by (4). 13. u xx " 5u xy " 4u yy ! 0 14. xu xy # yu yy ! 0
v!£ w!% u vw ! F1
the fundamental 4.2. CAS
ShowPROJECT.
that, becauseGraphing Normal
of the boundary Modes. (2),
conditions Write a
Sec.
2 15. xu xx # yu xy ! 0 16. u xx " 2u xy " 10u yy ! 0
v ! of
he length x the MEprogram
673w ! for
£ graphing u with
12.3, the function f in (13) of thisww
! % n L
u ! p! and
F c of your
section 2must be odd 17. u xx # 4u xy " 5u yy ! 0 18. u xx # 6u xy " 9u yy ! 0
What happens 1 if Modulechoice
and of similarly
11 2Las
1Practice
period . in Fig. 287. Apply the program to
Problems
bass v ! than
larger (£ " °) u 2, uw3,! (£ # °)these solutions
u . Also u vv "asu ww ! Fover 19. Longitudinal Vibrations of an Elastic Bar or Rod.
2 i 2graph
3. If a steel4 2wire
surfaces
m in length weighs 0.9 nt (about 0.20
3
These vibrations in the direction of the x-axis are
the xt-plane. Explain the connection between these two
lb) and is stretched by a tensile force of 300 nt (about modeled by the wave equation u tt ! c2u xx, c2 ! E>r
kinds of graphs.
67.4 lb),1:44
whatPMis thePage
corresponding speed of transverse
ythe ! %(xof , y), F1 ! F 1(v, w, u, u v, u w), etc., and we denote u as
c 12-
), %motion a . qxd 10/30/10 552 (see Tolstov [C9], p. 275). If the rod is fastened at one
were
gain violated?
byau. qxd 5–13
, for simplicity. waves?DEFLECTION OF THE STRING
c 12- 10/30/10 We 1:44seePMthat Page
the normal
567 form of a hyperbolic end, x ! 0, and free at the other, x ! L, we have
umption
mbert’s 1? The InFind
solution. 4. What
the (x, t) are
uparabolic the
case
for the frequencies
we of
string just of
getlength one
L! the1 eigenfunctions
family
and cof2
solutions
! 1 whenin u (0, t) ! 0 and u x (L, t) ! 0. Show that the motion
assumptions? Prob. 3? corresponding to initial displacement u (x, 0) ! f (x)
liptic case, i ! 1#1, and the characteristics are complex and are of
the initial velocity is zero and the initial deflection with small
r derivation, k 5–8
(say, 0.01)
GRAPHING is in as App. follows. 1. Sketch or graph u (x, t) as in
SOLUTIONS and initial velocity zero is
erivation in thissee Ref. [GenRef3]

u ! a An sin pnx cos pnct,

very substantial Fig. 291 in the text.
Using (13) sketch or graph a figure (similar to Fig. 291 in !

tion Obtained
that may 5. k sin
show Systematically
Sec.
552 12.3) 3pof x the deflection CHAP. 12 t) of a Differential
u (x, Partial vibrating string Equations (PDEs)
1 n!0
ristics gives d’Alembert’sSEC.
k (sinLin
6.solution
(length p!xa 1, " 2ends
systematic
sin 2p x) cTo
fixed,
fashion.
! see 1) this,
starting
we
with initial
write the wave
velocity 12.60 and Heat initialEquation:
deflection Solution
( k small, by say,Fourier k ! Series
0.01 2 ). L
(2n " 1)p
567
!
7. kxy(1!"
! 0 in the form (14) by setting ct.xBy ) the chain 8. kx rule,2 u t ! u yyt ! cu y and u tt ! c u yy.
(1 " x) y-axis in the 2 figure, r ! density, A ! cross-sectional
f (x) Hence
! k sin x 6. f (x) ! is ky r(1
2
y r x"
An ! f (x) sin p x dx, pn ! .
u xx # u yy ! 0, as stated 5.before.
9. conditions.
thepcharacteristic equation ##1cos ! (p ) 1) area). (Bending L 0of a beam nunder a load is discussed2L in
families of solutions (characteristics)
7. f ( x ) ! are
k sin£( State
2x ,
p y)
x ! they " difference
x !8. const
f (x ) !between
and kx°( (1x , y
# ) Fig.
!
x ) y #291 x !in 18–25
Sec. 3.3.) TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS
ew cvariables
12- a . qxd
v ! $10/30/10
! y " 0.1 ! ct1:44
xSec. 12.3
" x and PMwFig.
and !Page °295.! 567 y # x ! ct # x and d’Alembert’s 2
ricorec-
mi
) " f2(x # ct). 9–18 NORMAL FORMS !
20.
15. Tricomi
Laplaceand
18.Substituting u Airy
! F (xequations.
equation. )GFind(t) into Show
the(21), potentialthat the
show in Tthe
that
5–7 LATERALLY INSULATED BAR equ ation y u
tangle 0(4)&xxx & 20, " u yy# # 0 & y & 40
! 0 is of mixedwhose type. Obtain
upper sidetheis
Find the type, transform 0.5 to normal form, 1 and solve. Show Airy >F ! "
F potential
equation G
G110s ># c2VyGGand! 4
!b0whose !fromconst, the sidesTricomi
kept at other are
Find1work
your
10. in detail. u (x, t) in a bar of silver of length
the temperature
equation by(xseparation. (For solutions, see p. 446 of
A x B x
4 10 cm4 and
9. u xx " 4u yy ! 0 constant cross section of area
10. u xx # 16u yy ! 0 1 cm 2
(density grounded. F ) ! cos b & sin b
10.6 g>cm3, thermal conductivity 1.04 cal>(cm sec °C), 19. Ref.
Find[GenRef1]
the potential listed
&inC the
in App.
cosh square 1.)
bx &0D&sinh x &b2, x, 0 & y & 2
1
specific heat 0.056 cal>(g °C) that is perfectly insulated if the upper side is kept 2at the potential 2 1000 sin 2 px
wo waves given 11. u xx " 2u xy1 " u yy ! 0 12. u xx # 2 u xy " u yy ! 0 G ( t ) ! a cos c b t & b sin c b t .
SEC.
laterally,12.6 with Heat ends Equation:
kept atSolution 3
temperature 1by Fourier0°C and Seriesinitial and the other sides are grounded. 567
13. u xx " 5u xy4 " 4u yy !2Sir0 GEORGE 14.
4 # yu yyAIRY
xu xyBIDELL ! 0(1801–1892), English mathematician, known for his work in elasticity. FRANCESCO
temperature f ( x ) °C , where 20. CAS PROJECT. Isotherms. Find the steady-state
ditions (2), Sec. 15. x– u14 xx # yu xy ! 0 TRICOMI 16.(1897–1978),
u xx " 2u xyItalian " 10mathematician,
u !0 who worked in integral equations and functional analysis.
5. conditions.
f (x) # sin 0.1 Statepx the difference between Fig. yy 291 in 18–25solutions (temperatures) in thex square
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS plate in Fig. 297
on must be odd 17. u1Sec. 4u xyand " 5uFig. 0 18. u xx # 6u xy " 9u yy ! 0 (A) Simply supported
11. xx #12.3
6. f (x) # 4 % 0.8 ƒ x % 5 ƒ yy ! 295. with a # 2 satisfying the following boundary condi-
18. Laplace
tions. Graph equation.
isotherms. Find the potential in the rec-
19. Longitudinal
4 Vibrations of an Elastic Bar or Rod. x=0 x = L
7. f (x) # x (10 % x) tangle 0 & x & 20, 0 & y & 40 whose upper side is
9 nt (about 0.20 5–7TheseLATERALLY vibrations inINSULATED the directionBAR of the x-axis are (a) u # 80 sin px on the upper side, 0 on the others.
of 300 nt (about 8.
Find Arbitrary
the temperature temperatures u (xequation at
, t) in a ubar ends. If the ends
of silver of length
2 2 x # 0 kept at potential 110 V and whose other sides are
modeled by the wave tt ! c u xx, c ! E>r (b) u # 0 on the vertical sides, assuming that the other
ed of transverse 10 (see
cmandand 1L of the
x #constant 1 bar in 3 the text 1 areareakept 1 cmat2 constant grounded.
Tolstov 4 [C9],2 cross p. 275). section of
4 If the rod is fastened at one
(density sides are perfectly insulated. (B) Clamped at both
10.6end,temperatures
g>cm 3
, 0, thermal U1 and U2, respectively,
conductivity what is the
1.04x cal>(cm tem-
sechave°C), 19. Find the potential in the square 0 & x &ends 2, 0 & y & 2
x ! and free at
12. 1 perature u (x) in the bar after a long time (theoretically,the other, ! L , we (c)theBoundary conditions of your choice 1000 (suchsin that1 p the
genfunctions in specific heat 0.056 cal>(g °C) that is perfectly insulated x = 0if upper side is kept at
x = the
L potential 2 x
:
1
u4 (0, t) ! 0 and u x (L, t) ! 0. Show that the motion solution is notsides identically zero).
as
laterally, t $ )?
with ends First guess, then calculate. and the other are grounded.
corresponding to keptinitialat displacement
temperature 0°C u (x, and 0) !initialf (x)
9.and In Prob.
temperature initialf8(velocity
xfind
) °C,the where temperature
zero is at any time. 20. CAS PROJECT. Isotherms. Find the steady-state
1 3 1Assume that the ends solutions (temperatures) y in the square (C) Clamped
plate inatFig. the left
297
10.
5. fChange
(x) # sin of end
0.1 p x temperatures.
a
r to Fig. 291 in 4 ! 4 end, free at the
of the bar in Probs. 5–7
ƒ x x%A%n5 1sin have
ƒ p0nx cos been kept at 100° C for a with a # 2 satisfying the following boundary
right end condi-
13.6.2xf (" x) # 4x 24 % uif0.8 a
vibrating string ! 0% 2, if 12 p%nctx ,% 1 x=0
tions. Graph isotherms.
x=L
long time. Then at some instant, call it t # 0, the
ng with initial 7. f ( x ) # x (10 % x
n!0 )
14. Nonzero
temperature initial at velocity.
x # L is suddenly Find the deflectionchanged tou(0°C x, t) and
of (a) u #Fig. 80 293.
sin pxSupportson the upper of a side,
beam0 on the others.
ay, k ! 0.01). 8.the Arbitrary
string of temperatures
L
length L ! p and at c 2ends. If the ends x # 0
! 1 for (2
zero n " 1)
initial p dis-
!
kept at 0° 2C , whereas the temperature at x # 0 is kept (b) u # 0 on the vertical sides, assuming that the other
An x!#and x) sin
f (the pninxinitial
dthe
x, velocity pare
n ! . x
1 # cos px) and
placement
at 100° C L.LFind of
1
the bar
“triangular” temperature text
in the kept at!
umiddle
t(x, 0) 2 Lofconstant
1
0.01
the bar sides are perfectly insulated.
0 U, and
t (xU
iftemperatures x$ 1 u50 , respectively, what is the
x) calculate.
if tem- a x
(1 # x) at 0t # $ 1, 2, 23,p 10, , 20)
sec. ! 0.01
First (p "then
guess, 2p $
perature u x in the bar after a2 long time (theoretically, 16. (c) Boundary
Simply supported conditions
beam inofFig.your293A.choice (such that the
x $ p . (Initial ( ) conditions with u (x , 0) # 0 are hard Fig. 297. Square plate Find solutions
t : $ )?ADIABATIC
1
20. Tricomi and Airy equations. Show t that the Tricomi
asrealize solution is not identically zero).
u n ! Fn(x)Gn(t) of (21) corresponding to zero initial
BAR to
equ UNDER u xxFirst
ation yexperimentally.)
guess, then calculate.
" u yy ! 0CONDITIONS is of mixed type. Obtain the
nd solve. Show 9. In Prob. 8 find the temperature at any time. velocity and satisfying the boundary conditions (see
Airy equation
“Adiabatic” means G nos # heat yGexchange
! 0 fromwith the theTricomi neigh- Heat
21.Fig. flow in a plate. The faces of the thin square plate
10. Change of separation.
end 293A) y
equation
borhood, by
because thetemperatures.
bar is(For completely Assume
solutions, seethat
insulated, p. the446
alsoends
ofat in Fig. 297 with side a # 24 are perfectly insulated.
6u yy ! 0 the Ref.of the
ends. Pbar
[GenRef1]
hysic in aProbs.
l In for5–7
listed mination have
App. : The been
1.) heat keptflux at 100°
xat the C for endsa The upper side u (0,aist)kept
! 0,atu25° (LC , t) and
! 0 the other sides are
long time. toThen
is proportional the value at some of 0 uinstant,
> 0 x there. call it t # 0, the kept at 0°C. Find (endsthe simply supported
steady-state for all times
temperature u (xt,),y)
Show that foratthex completely
11. temperature # L is suddenly insulated changed= L u xto
x bar, (0,0°Ct) #and 0, in the plate. u xx (0, t) ! 0, u xx (L, t) ! 0
kept
LL AIRY (1801–1892), Englishumathematician,
at 0°C , whereas #the f (xtemperature at x # is kept
of 0variables
x (L, t) # 0, u (x, t) for
known his ) andin separation
work elasticity. FRANCESCO 22. Find (zerothemoments,
steady-state hence zero curvature,
temperature in the at the in
plate ends).
Prob.
at 100°
gives in C . Find
theintegral
following the temperature
solution, in the middle
with Aanalysis. of the bar
), Italian mathematician, who worked equations and functional n given by (2) in 21 if the lower side is kept at a U0°C, x the upper side at
at
Sec. t #11.3. 1, 2, y3, 10, 50 sec. First guess, then calculate. 17. Find the solution of (21) that satisfies the conditions in
u U1°C, and the other sides are kept at 0°C. Hint: Split
Prob. 16 as well Fig.as297.the initialSquare plate
condition
into two problems in which the boundary temperature

“Adiabatic” means0 no a
BAR UNDER ADIABATIC ! CONDITIONS
Fig. 292. Elastic beam "(cnp>L) t n p x 2
u(x, t) # A " A cos e is 0 on threeu sides (x, 0) for ! feach (x) !problem.
x (L " x).
heatn exchange L with the neigh- 21. Heat in a plate.
n#1 23. Mixed boundary value faces
flow The problem. of theFind thin square
the steady-plate
borhood, because the bar OF is completely insulated, also at 18. Compare
15–20 SEPARATION A FOURTH-ORDER in
stateFig. 297
the with
temperature results side
in theaProbs.
of # 24in17
plate are
Prob. perfectly
and 7. with
21 What insulated.
theisupper
the
the
12–15ends. PFind h y sic l
athe
PDE. VIBRATING BEAM In formation: The
temperature in heat 11
Prob. fluxwith at the L #endsp , The
basic upper
difference side is kept
between at
the 25° and
frequencies
C the other
of the sides
normal are
and lower sides perfectly insulated, the left side kept
is
c# proportional
1, and to the value of 0 u> 0 x there. modes
kept atof the
0°C . vibrating
Find the string
steady-stateand the vibrating
temperature u
beam?
( x , y)
By the principles used in modeling the string it can be at 0°C, and the right side kept at f ( y)°C.
11.
12. Showf (x) #that x for the completely insulated 13. f (x) bar, # 1u x (0, t) # 0, 19. in the plate.
Clamped beam in Fig. 293B. What are the boundary
shown that small free vertical vibrations of a uniform elastic 24. Radiation. Find steady-state temperatures in the
14. uf(Fig.
beam (xx()L#, t)cos # 0,xu (x, t) # f (x) and
292) 2are modeled by the
separation
15.fourth-order
f (x) # 1 % of xvariables
PDE >p 22.conditions
Find for
in the
the steady-state
rectangle Fig.clamped
296temperature
with beam the inupper
inFig.
the293B?plateleft
and inShow
Prob.
sides
gives the following solution, with An given by (2) in that
21 F
if in
the Prob.
lower 15sidesatisfies
is kept these
at U conditions
°C, the if bLside
upper is aat
16. A bar with heat generation of constant rate H ( ! 0) perfectly insulated and the right side radiating into 0 a
Sec. 11.3. solution
U 1°C, and of the equation at 0°C. Hint: Split
is modeled by u t 2# c2u xx " 4H. Solve this problem if
0 u 0 u medium at the
0°Cother accordingsides are to ukeptx (a, y) " hu (a, y) # 0,
into
h ! two problems in whichgetthemany boundary temperature
ap)>(2
(21) L # p and the ends 2
!of"the
! c2 barn4 p are x kept (Ref.
at 0°C . Hint.
[C11]) (22) 0 constant. cosh (YoubL will cos bL ! 1. solutions since no
0 t 0 2x "(cnp>L)2t is 0 on three sides for each problem.
u ( x ,
Set # v % H0x(x %t ) # A " A cos
n c ). e condition on the lower side is given.)
L
17. Heat flux. The he a t n#1
flu x of a solution u ( x , t) across x # 0 23.
25. Mixed
Determine
Find formulasboundary
approximate
similar value to problem.
solutions
(17), (18) forFind
of (22), the the steady-
fortemperature
instance,
whereisc2defined ! EI>rby A (!E(t! Young’s
) # %Ku xin modulus
t). Find
(0,Prob. of elasticity,
! (t) Lfor# the state
in the rectangle R of the text when the lower sideupper
temperature
graphically from in
the the plate
intersectionsin Prob. of 21 with
the the
curves ofR
of
I !12–15
moment
solution
Find the temperature
of(9).intertiaExplain of thethe crossname. section Is with
it
11 with
respect to
physically
p,
the
under- and
cos b Llower
and sides
1>cosh perfectly
b L . insulated,
is kept at temperature f (x) and the other sides are kept the left side kept
c # 1, and
standable that ! goes to 0 as t : $ ? at 0°C., and the right side kept at f ( y)°C.
at 0°C
12. f (x) # x 13. f (x) # 1 24. Radiation. Find steady-state temperatures in the
 Solution by Fourier Integrals and
far the dominating term because the coefficients of the next terms are much smaller. The
horizontal nodal lines ( y ! 23 , 43 ), the third term two vertical ones (x ! 43 , 83 ), the fourth
nd two vertical ones, and so on. !
Transforms
C. 12.7 Heat Equation: (20) in Example 4 569
OurModeling Very
discussion of Long Bars.equation
the heat Solution by Fourier Integrals
Fig. 300. and Transforms
Solution

9 in (2) is not assumed to be periodic, it is natural to use

0 2u
Fourier integrals instead of Fourier
(1)P RAlso,
series. O BALand EM 1 2 . 70and
S EareTarbitrary
B in (5)
u
!wec2may2regard them as functions of p, writing
0t 0x
y of the eigen- A ! A ( p) and B ! B (P). Now, since the heat equation (1) is linear and homogeneous,
ne change (a) If the1.function
CAS PROJECT.
0 Heat Flow. (a) Graph the basic 9. Graph the bell-shaped curve [the curve of the inte-
a membrane of in the last
Fig. 299.section extends to bars of infinite length, which aregrand goodin models of very
(21)]. Show that long
erf x is odd. Show that
c) If we double bars(b)
or wires
1.0 (such as a wire of length, say,
In (a) apply animation to “see” the heat flow in
! ! 300 ft). Then the role of Fourier
b series in the
1
!
p
0.8
! !
2
ons. solution
(6) terms process
u(of
x, tthe will be taken
u (xof
) !decrease by Fourier
, t;temperature.
p) dp ! integrals (Sec. 11.7).
[A( p) cos px # B( p) sin px] e e
"c 2 2
!wp tdw !
dp (erf b $ erf a).
0.4
2
ion 2 cannot be Let us illustrate the method by solving
(c) Graph u (x,0t) with c ! 1 as a0 surface over a (1) for a bar that extends ato infinity on both

assume that the sidesrectangle

(and 0is oflaterally
the forminsulated
$a " x as " before).
a, 0 " yThen " b. we do not have boundary bconditions, but
!
2

only the initial

0.1 condition e!w dw ! 1p erf b.
is 2–8
then a solution
SOLUTION of (1), provided this integral exists and can be differentiated $b twice with
s of the square 0.2
respect toIN xy and once
INTEGRAL with
FORMrespect to t. 10. Obtain the Maclaurin of erf x from that of the
1, 2, 3, 4. (2) 0.3
u(x, 0) ! f (x) ("$ % series
x % $)
0.4 the solution of (1) in integral
Using (6), obtain 0 form integrand. Use that series to compute a table of erf x
0.1 0.2from the Initial Condition. From (6) and (2) we get
Determination
satisfying of A(condition
0.5 p) and0.3 B( p)
u (xtemperature
x, 0) ! f (x), where for x ! 0 (0.01)3 (meaning x ! 0, 0.01, 0.02, Á , 3).
where f (xthe
) is initial
the 0.5given0.4initial of the bar.
2.Tof (xsolve
) ! 1 thisif ƒ xproblem,
ƒ " a and we !start as in the last section,11.
0 otherwise Obtain the values
substituting u(x, t)required
! F(x)inG(Prob.
t) 10 by an integration
!
Fig. 306. Partial sums S2,2 and S10,10
(7) (x) !
3. f(1). u
# x in
1>(1gives (2
x ,
). 0) ! [A ( p ) cos p x # B( p ) sin p x ] command
dp ! f ( x). of your CAS. Compare accuracy.
into This theCAStwoProject
ODEs9b
Hint. Use (15) in Sec. 11.7.0 12. It can be shown that erf (&) ! 1. Confirm this experi-
(x) ! Ae ( p) and B ( p) in terms ofFfs(x#
4. fgives
(3)
!ƒxƒ
p F ! 0from (4) inmentally
2 by
[see computing
(5), Sec.erf x for large x.
12.6]
This ); indeed, Sec. 11.7 we have
f (x) !
10.5. CAS ƒ x ƒ if ƒ x ƒ " 1 and
EXPERIMENT. 0 otherwise
Quadruples of Fmn. Write a 13. Let f ( x ) ! 1 when x % 0 and 0 when x " 0. Using
! ! erf (&) ! 1, show that (12) then gives
arbitrary and
6. program
f (x) ! xthatif gives
(8) ExampleA1,( pso) that ! !
ƒ x ƒ "1you
1 and four numerically equal lmn in 1
0 otherwise
f (v) cosF pv correspond
dv, !
B(top)it.! p f (v) sin pv dv. "

!
eries. (a) Write 7. f (x) ! (sin x)> x. pfour different 1
mn
# u ( x , t ) !
2
e!x dz
G, F#74cin2pExample
2
"! "!
al sums of (15). (4) Sketch the nodal
Hint. Use Prob. lines of F18
4 in Sec. , F81, F47
11.7. G!0 [see (6), Sec. 1p 12.6].
!x>(2c1t)
raphs show that 1 and similarly
According
8. Verify to that u ,inSec.
(1*) 11.9,Fmn
for further
the solution ourofthat you will find. (7) with these A ( p) and B ( p) can be
Fourier
Prob. 7 integral
satisfies the
condition (3a)? 1 1 x
written
Solutions
11–13 are
initial SQUARE
condition. MEMBRANE ! $ erf a$ b (t % 0).
rapid? 2 2 2c 1t
Find the deflection u (x, y, t) ofError
the square! membrane of side
!

! !
Graph a portion, 9–12 CASFPROJECT.
(xinitial
) u!(xA cos!px10#and Function.
B csin pxfdeflection and 14.GExpress
(vt)d ! the2p2temperature
e. !c t
, (13) in terms of the error
partial sums on p and c2 ! 1 for ,velocity
0) p initial (v) cos ( p x " p v) d dp
function.
they differ. (See 11. 0.1 sin 2x sin 4y x0 "! x
respectively,
(21)0.01 sin(6)
12.
Similarly,
where
x sin erfA
in ythis x!
section1p 0
!
and 2B areeany
becomes
!w2 constants. Hence a solution of (1) is
dw 15. Show that £(x) ! !
1
12p !"
2
e!s >2 ds
of your choice. 13. 0.1 xy (p $ x) (p $ y) ! FG! ! (A cos px # B sin px) e!c p t.
2 2
(5) u(x, t; p) !
! !
This function isu(important 1 1 1 x
x, t) ! pin applied fmathematics
(v) cos ( px and
2 2

c " pv) e"c p t dv d dp. ! # erf a

2 2 12
b.
physics (probability theory and statistics, thermodynamics, 2
Here we had to choose the 0separation "! constant k negative, k ! "p , because positive
etc.) and fits our present discussion. Regarding it as a typical Here, the integral is the definition of the “distribution
values
Assuming of k would
that we lead to
may reverse an increasing
theanorder exponential
of that function in (5), which has no physical
integration,
case of a special function defined by integral cannot we obtain function of the normal probability distribution” to be
meaning.
be evaluated as in elementary calculus, do the following. discussed in Sec. 24.8.
! !

p ! f (v) c !
1
Use
(9) of Fourier
u(x, t) !Integrals e"c
2
p2t
cos ( px " pv) dp d dv.
"! 0
Any series of functions (5), found in the usual manner by taking p as multiples of a fixed
number, would lead to a function that is periodic in x when t ! 0. However, since f (x)
Then we can evaluate the inner integral by using the formula
!
1p "b2
!
2
(10) e"s cos 2bs ds ! e .
2
0

[A derivation of (10) is given in Problem Set 16.4 (Team Project 24).] This takes the form
of our inner integral if we choose p ! s>(c 1t) as a new variable of integration and set
x"v
b! .
2c 1t