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CINEMA
(As per the Revised Syllabus of S.Y. BMM w.e.f. 2016, Semester III,
University of Mumbai)
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PREFACE
Author
SYLLABUS
UNDERSTANDING CINEMA
Semester - III
Max. Marks: 100
Please Note: This one paper cannot guarantee any creation of film-
makers. However, the paper takes a holistic approach giving sufficient
insight to the students seeking diverse careers and certain specific know-
how of films in the short span of three (3) months. Thus, it is also
necessary to retain the title of this paper as Understanding Cinema (to
mean in the process of learning) and by its name it has given credits and
jobs to a large number of students already working in the industry.
COURSE MODULES:
2 Introduction to Genres 25 – 40
5 Introduction to Technology 48 – 53
Bibliography 68
Introduction to
1 Indian Cinema
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cinema is an art of making motion pictures which creates visual
medium and sometimes exposes reality. It is a combination of music,
dance, literature, painting, poetry and other variations. Cinema was
known to be as cinematography. In Greek, it is termed as “Writing in
Movement”. Cinema helps to communicate with the audience. An
illiterate person can easily understand the language of cinema.
Cinema speaks through emotions, silence, facial expressions and body
language. Like a movie named Koshish where Jaya Bhadhuri and
Sanjeev Kumar played a role of dumb and deaf or a movie named
Barfi, where Ranbir Kapoor was playing a role of deaf and dumb.
Cinema is a strong mass communication. It contains their own
language and own variety of grammar which is beyond any racial,
communal linguistic differences.
BACKGROUND
Cinema began with black and white picture display which was
conducted in a motion picture. Later, they started adding some sounds
and visual effects which adopted a better presentation. Cinema is a
king of Magic where directors play a role of the Magician. Even they
are building with creating some stories in various forms. Example,
Ramayan – the story of Ram and Seeta is shown in various languages
with different artists.
2 Understanding Cinema
Lumierie Brothers
In 1886, Lumierie Brothers named Auguste Lumeire and Louis
Lumeire, French inventors and pioneer manufacturers of photographic
equipment devised an early motion-picture camera and projector
called the Cinematograph on 13th February, 1895. They also unveiled
some soundless short films in the city of Bombay. The two brothers
worked together under their father’s photographic plate production
company, where they decided to make motion pictures. In 1895, they
invented cinematograph. Later, in 1907, they also created
Autochrome Colour photographic plate.
The cinematography is the talent of the cinematographer or
director taken by photography. He learns the script and generates a
complicated lighting setup that provokes emotions and strengthens the
plot. He communicates a character’s dream, hope, despair or joy
based on where camera and lights are placed.
Cinematography ranks among one of the most complex and
challenging areas of film-making. If it were an equation, the terms
and variables would be numerous.
Lighting is never easy. Every time you strike a light, you cast a
shadow somewhere else. Adjusting the lighting is also one of the
skills.
Cinematographers, the head of the camera and lighting, have the
major crew on any film set. His right arm, the gaffer (chief
Introduction to Indian Cinema 3
electrician), manages the light and grip crew. They are responsible for
setting up lights, black wrapping windows, mounting stands, pushing
or pulling dollies, holding boards, etc.
Setting up light is what drains most of the time in any film
production. Directors of photography are creative trouble solvers.
They must be very attentive of the environment where they are
shooting because apparently useless objects can actually come quite
handy.
CODE OF CINEMA
Codes are forms of signs. They are differentiated with two
categories:
4 Understanding Cinema
Technical: They are all the ways in which equipment is used to
tell the story in a media text, e.g., the camera work in a film.
Symbolic are shown what is beneath the surface of what we see.
For example, a character’s actions show you how the character is
feeling.
Mise en scène
Source: blackiswhiteblog.wordpress.com
Mise en scène deals with what to shoot and how to shoot. Mise
en scène is a term which is derived from the French, ‘having been put
into the scene’ is used to designate the visual aspects that appear
within a single shot. The idea of Mise en scène was industrialised by
those theorists who were absorbed in issues of authorship in
constructing the sense of film. During the definitive period of
Hollywood studio, from 1920 to 1950, the director’s control was
limited to the processes that were recorded during shooting. Script,
editing, post-dubbing and re-cut escaped his control.
Elements of Mise en scène:
Setting
Props
Costume
Performance and movement
Lighting
Camera and its movement
Introduction to Indian Cinema 5
Setting
Setting are usually apparent as a signifier of legitimacy, the
place where the events are happening; they are nevertheless a
constructed setting for action. This become clear if we examine the
different in the look of the West in films such as Shane, My Darling
Clementine, Johnny Guitar and The Unforgiven. All these films are
recognisable as the West, yet they highlight different kinds of settings:
Wilderness
Small town
Large ranch.
The western may be defined in terms of the opposing focus of
wilderness and civilisation, the contrasting images of the garden and
the desert, the cactus and the rose.
The landscape and settings of westerns are read against the
conventions of the genre more than as representation of a real West.
The setting can also function to place the performers.
In The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari, the characters are enclosed in
a two-dimensional setting, with lighting painted over a backdrop and
the stage.
Props
Props are devices to convey meaning. Props can also be used to
‘anchor’ characters into particular meanings. They may be used to
clarify a meaning. They participate to the characterisation (props-
relating to family life in Godfather, Cigarettes, Guns, Guitar, Mirror,
Curtain in Streetcar).
Costumes
Costume is another kind of prop which is tightly connected to
the characters. Use of codified colors, change of costumes to signify a
change of status or evolution. Costumes may also be used to indicate
mismatches. A series of expectations stimulated by the costumes are
undermined by the action. Cross-dressing is a further device of
mismatch: Some like it hot, Tootsie. In the Crying Game, our
6 Understanding Cinema
knowledge is at least problematic and the mismatch only appears
retrospectively.
Lighting
Editing
Editing is done once the movie is over. It is a post-production
process where the editor observes each and every scene, every shot
and fixes the scene in a proper frame.
MONTAGE EDITING
Montage is one of the film editing techniques where the
sequence is edited in small shots so that it shortens the space, time
and information. It is an art where it composes pictures which come
along to make one single process.
Sound
The final element in constructing the ‘image’ of a film is the
soundtrack. Sound can be used to strengthen the steadiness of the
action. It tends to declare the ‘reality status’ of the images. Sound has
also a continuous role in establishing links across the scenes. Sound
effects help to focus on the scene by the audience such as war scene,
where the sound effects are surrounded by action music.
Narrative
Films have a main purpose of telling a story. It may be useful to
distinguish between the story that is represented and its representation
that is perceived by the viewer. Narrative develops on the basis of a
chain of cause and effect. Besides it is assumed that all elements
make sense or are clues.
Setup
To move the action on from one act to another there are what he
calls plot points – particularly important pieces of the plot, which turn
around the lives of the characters, change their relationships with
others and alter the tone of the film. Of course, films often have a
number of plot points such as these, but Field points to two major
ones between the acts and a less important one at the middle of the
film.
In many ways, this act is the most important for Field. He claims
that within the first ten minutes in particular, the audience will decide
whether they like the film and will normally be unwilling to change
their minds later. It is, therefore, vital for the film-maker to give the
audience a sense in those ten minutes what the film is going to be
about, who the main character is and why they should care about
him/her and what they can expect in terms of style. In the rest of the
first thirty minutes, the audience should learn the nature of the
problem facing the hero although this can be left all the way to plot
point one.
Confrontation
In this longest act of the film, we see the main character in a
number of more and more extreme problem situations where they
confront their enemies normally quite helplessly. Often, there will be
a mid-point where they begin to turn things around and win what
looked like a helpless struggle, but there is still a long way to go and
at plot point two, they will realise that the way they have been going
about things is not working and they will be ready for…
Introduction to Indian Cinema 13
Resolution
The hero will finally take control in the struggles with their
problems (often by going to confront the enemy on their own home
territory) and will achieve a final, decisive victory.
Silent Movie
The Indian movie industry was
influenced by The Lumiere brothers whose
first show was a silent
movie for 10 minutes.
Parallel Movie
It is an realistic cinema, social
significance and artistic sincerity. Revenge
was a dominating theme in 1970s.
Innovation
It includes Romance and Indian family system. It has helped in
patronizing the Indian tradition and heritage. The problem was faced
by an ordinary citizen.
Investments
The Indian government granted the film
business industry status in 2002.
India has been a preferred destination
for global and Indian corporate.
Major international film studios like
Sony, Warner, Universal, Disney,
Viacom and Fox are in the process of setting up operations and
entering the film production sector in India.
Obstacles to Investments
Piracy trends – There are lots of chances of piracy, though the
online protects the rights still the piracy continues.
There is no proper form of foreign investment as it is difficult
of approaching any business deals.
Introduction to Indian Cinema 15
Tax treatment of foreign broadcasting companies cost a lot for
making any movie.
Epic Characters
There are some film-makers who gave platform to film industry
of creating fabulous films. Some of them are:
Dadasaheb Phalke
Satyajit Ray
Shyam Benegal
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Mani Ratnam
Merits
Cinema earns big revenue. If a movie is successful, a film may
earns in billions.
Instructive and informative.
They provide us a very good vision e.g., epic, war movies, etc.
Very beneficial for illiterate people, giving them a chance to
have and give opinions.
One of the most effective method of exposing social evils.
Can be used for establishing mutual international understanding
and paving the way for permanent world peace.
Demerits
Grossly poorly paid crew leading to job dissatisfaction.
Huge losses due to lack of good scripts and consequent failure
of the movie.
Lot of objectionable content for some audience.
Less time spent on reading, with family, on introspection.
Youth, being the most vulnerable, gets detached from the
dismal realities of life.
Giving people new ideas to commit crimes.
16 Understanding Cinema
Telugu Cinema
The Telugu language film industry
of Andhra Pradesh is one of the three
largest film industries in India. It is
India’s second largest film industry after
the Hindi film industry in terms of films
produced yearly, though it also trails the
Tamil industry in terms of revenue and
worldwide distribution. Most of the
Telugu films are produced in The Ramoji
Film City which is in Hyderabad, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh.
Tamil Cinema
The Tamil language film industry,
known as Tamil cinema, is one of the
three largest film industries in India. It is
India’s second largest film industry after
the Hindi film industry in terms of
revenue and worldwide distribution
though it also trails the Telugu industry in
number of films produced yearly. It is
based in the Kodambakkam district of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
Introduction to Indian Cinema 19
Marathi Cinema
Marathi cinema refers to films produced
in the Marathi language in the state of
Maharashtra, India.
Marathi Cinema is as old as Indian
Cinema.
In fact, the pioneer of cinema in Union
of India was Dadasaheb Phalke, who brought
the revolution of moving images to India with
his first indigenously made silent film Raja Harishchandra in 1913,
which is considered by IFFI and NIFD, a part of Marathi cinema as it
was made by a Marathi crew.
Bengali Cinema
The history of cinema in Bengal
dates back to the 1890s, when the first
“bioscopes” were shown in theatres in
Calcutta (now Kolkatta), the first
Bengali Feature film, Billwamangal
was produced in 1919, under the
banner of Madan Theatre.
The Madan Theatre’s production
of Jamai Shashthi was the first Bengali
talkie.
In 1932, the name “Tollywood” was coined for the Bengali film
industry due to Tollygunge rhyming with “Hollywood” and it was the
center of the Indian film industry at that time.
20 Understanding Cinema
Bhojpuri Cinema
QUESTIONS
1. Explain the role of Indian Cinema.
2. What are Hollywood films?
3. Write short notes on:
(i) Evolution of Cinema
(ii) Bengali Cinema