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Effective Temperature Calculation Techniques (Methodelogy)

Method · August 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30476.77444

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 Effective Temperature Calculation Techniques
(Methodelogy)
Akbar Rahman
Department of Engineering
Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia

A. Research Methods
The research method used is qualitative method that derived quantitative data.
Quantitative data are solar radiation data, temperature data, humidity data and wind speed data. The
quantitative data obtained is processed to determine the value of its effective temperature, the
effective temperature is a function of dry bulb temperature and humidity by considering the aspect
of wind speed (velocity). Various data are considered to determine the effective temperature which
causes the thermal comfort value to be more valid [1, 2].
Thermal environment data are taken from different locations and places: public spaces
and houses, but have similarities around river. The aim is to find the difference in thermal comfort
between public spaces and houses around the river, so it is expected to note differences in thermal
environment and thermal comfort conditions. The public spaces and houses are (Figure 1):
 Public spaces around the river: green open spaces, floating markets and pedestrian ways.
 Public buildings around the river or buildings are in public space.
 House living in the river: floating houses.
 House living on the riverbank, which is a residence located on pedestrian ways.
 Houses living in settlements around the river, about 50-100 meters from the river.
The thermal comfort standard used in this study is SNI 6572 [3, 4]. This thermal comfort
standard is specifically a thermal comfort zone in Indonesia for Indonesian people that uses an
effective temperature scale. The thermal comfort level of the standard is mentioned in comfortable
and uncomfortable conditions. Thermal comfort conditions are divided into 3 groups, namely:
 Cool comfort.
 Optimal comfort.
 Warm comfort.

Housing aside the

pedestrian ways

House in the
House in the river:
sattlement, distance
floating houses
from river 50-100m

Building in public
space: Menara and
Anno Build

R i v e r Public space Sattelment

Figure 1. Zoning of Thermal environment data collection based on different public space and houses
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 Standard of SNI 6572 mentioned only thermal comfort value, in this research will be
made thermal comfort conditions of SNI 6572 into psychometric chart to make it easier to see thermal
comfort condition. How to create thermal comfort zone in psychometric using SNI 6572 comfort
zone boundary simulation. The comfort zone within the psychometric diagram will be adjusted to
the wind velocity conditions, so it will show the comfort zone movement of SNI 6572 in the
psychometric chart (Figure 3). The thermal comfort zone in the psychometric chart, it will facilitate
in analyzing the thermal comfort conditions in the research object, especially know the thermal
comfort character and difference from each research location.

1. Research Variable
The observed variables are 3 groups:
 Independent variable
 Dependent variable
 Control variable
Based on research title: Study of Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Public Space and
Houses in Around River, then this research variable is: [5, 6, 7, 8]

Research Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variable

public space and houses around the thermal condition: comfort zone:

Dry bulb temperature, Psychometric chart,

Siring Tendean,
(Menara, Anno and Open space) Relative humidity, effective temperature and
Sasirangan Village air velocity and standards of
(Floating houses and settlement) solar radiation SNI 03-6572
Bilu Village
(Houses aside pedestrian ways and
settlement)

Figure 2. Research variable scheme

The independent variables are public space and houses located around the river. The indicator is
based on the location of public spaces and buildings against the river.

The dependent variable is thermal comfort, and the indicator is:

 Intensity of solar radiation
 Relative humidity
 Wind velocity
 Dry bulb temperature indoor and outdoor
 Effective temperature is a combination of dry bulb temperature, wind speed, and humidity.

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 Figure 3. The psychrometric chart
Control variable aims to control the variables that exist in the research, so that research remains
focused. The control variable is comfort zone based on SNI 6572, psychometric chart [9, 10] and
effective temperature chart [11, 12].

Figure 4. The effective temperature chart for 0.5 clo

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2. Research Place
The object of this study is the public space and houses around the river Martapura, in the city of
Banjarmasin. The research was conducted in three places:
 Siring Tendean, Kelurahan Gadang
 Sasirangan Village, Kelurahan Seberang Mesjid and
 Bilu Village, Kelurahan Sungai Bilu.

3. Data Collection Technique

How data collection has been done:
 Observation, to know the actual condition or the field state. Implemented by direct
measurement in the field. Measurements with measuring tools, to obtain quantitative data of
variables required on the object research.
 Interviews, to get oral data from sources related to the research.
 Documentation, to get graphical data as a matter of making map and building drawings.

4. The Steps of Research Work

After identified the existing problems, then do the data collection in accordance with the study scope.
The main steps in this research are:
 Determine the problems variables to be implemented.
 Data collections are:
1) Theories related to public space, pedestrian way, tropical climate, and thermal comfort.
2) Field data: build sketch data, photos of building conditions, and thermal measurement data.
 Number of measuring points: 2040 point
 Measurement time:
1) The measurement of the solar radiation intensity from 6 AM - 6 PM, the purpose to know
the solar radiation intensity in outdoor, at the same time carried out measurements of relative
humidity, dry bulb temperature and wind speed.
2) Measurements of relative humidity in outdoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
3) Measurements of relative humidity in indoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
4) Measurements of dry bulb temperature in outdoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
5) Measurements of dry bulb temperature in indoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
6) Measurements of wind velocity in outdoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
7) Measurements of wind velocity in indoor from 6 AM to 5 AM or 24 hours.
Thermal measurement schedule in 3 research locations, can be seen in table 3.1.
 After the measurement data, survey and interview, the next step is data processing. The steps
of data processing are:
1) Stage of building maps and building drawings:
 Survey results in the form of maps: area and location, then processed in AutoCAD
software based on observations and measurements in the field.
 The results of the survey in the form of building sketchs and photographs, then
processed in AutoCAD software based on the measurement results in the field.
 After the drawings are complete. The maps and building images are collaborated to
provide information about conditions in the location and study place.
2) Thermal environment data processing
 Thermal environment measurement data from all locations are entered into tables using
excel software.
 Wet bulb temperature data is processed using psychometric chart and the Sugar
Engineers software.
 After the wet bulb temperature data is known. The data will be entered into the affective
temperature chart. After the effective temperature data is known, then put it in the Excel
software to see the thermal comfort condition.
 Finally, after all data has been entered into the table and graphs are made to find the
study conclusions.
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 Table 1 Measurement period
Locations Number of Place Date of Measurement
3a and 3b Indoor-Outdoor: Housing aside pedestrian ways 11th - 12th September 2016
Bilu Village 3c and 3d Indoor-Outdoor: Housing aside pedestrian ways 12th - 13th September 2016
3e and 3f Indoor-Outdoor: Housing in sattlement 13th - 14th September 2016
2a and 2b Indoor-Outdoor: Floating house 18th - 19th September 2016
Sasirangan
2c and 2d Indoor-Outdoor: Floating house 19th - 20th September 2016
Village
2e and 2f Indoor-Outdoor: Housing in sattlement 20th - 21th September 2016
1a and 1b Indoor-Outdoor: Menara and Anno 25th - 26th September 2016
Siring Tendean 1c Outdoor: Public space around floating market 26th - 27th September 2016
1d and 1e Outdoor: Public space around Menara and Anno 26th - 27th September 2016

5. The Method of Calculating Effective Temperature

There are 2 methods that can be used in calculating the effective temperature value, as follows:
The first method, enter the dry bulb temperature value and relative humidity on the psychometric
chart to determine the wet bulb temperature value. Then the wet bulb temperature, dry bulb
temperature and wind velocity are inserted into the effective temperature chart, it will get the
effective temperature value.
The second method, using a calculator to replace the psychometric chart in the calculation of wet
bulb temperature. The use of calculators in wet bulb temperature calculations can be faster and more
accurate. The calculator name is "the sugar engineering". In the calculator enter the dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity, then the wet bulb temperature value will be known. Then the wet
bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature and wind velocity are inserted into the effective temperature
chart, it will get the effective temperature value.

For more details, the following example calculation:

Based on the measurement of September 19th, 2016 in lanting house (floating house) indoor at 8 AM,
got the dry temperature value is 25,5oC and relative humidity is 87,2%, with wind velocity 0,1 m/s.
What is the effective temperature value?

Answer, calculate the wet bulb temperature using the first method: Calculating the wet bulb
temperature value using a psychometric chart, by inserting relative humidity and dry bulb
temperature into the psychometric chart, the working steps can be seen in the Figure 5.

23,8
STEP 3:
Drag the diagonal line at the
point of crossing the green and
red lines, the value indicated by
the arrow is the wet temperature
value, ie 23.8 C
(blue line)

STEP 2:
Enter a dry temperature value of
25.5 C, and drag a vertical
straight line (red line)

STEP 1:
Enter the relative humidity
value of 87.2%, and drag the
curved line according to the
image (green line)

Figure 5. Method of calculating wet bulb temperature using psychometric chart

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Answer, calculate wet bulb temperature using the second method: Calculates wet bulb temperature
value using the calculator application, by inserting relative humidity and dry bulb temperature into
the menu bar, the working steps can be seen in the Figure 6 below [13].

STEP 1:
Enter a dry
temperature
value of 25,5 C

STEP 3: Result

STEP 2:
Enter a relative
humidity value
of 87,2%

Figure 6. Method of calculating wet bulb temperature using psychrometric

calculations by the sugar engineers

After the wet bulb temperature values are known, next step is to enter the dry bulb temperature, wet
bulb temperature and wind velocity in the effective temperature chart to obtain an effective
temperature value. The working steps can be seen in the Figure 7.

Results and Conclusions: when the dry bulb temperature is 25,5OC, the relative humidity 87,2%
with wind velocity 0,1 m/s, resulting in a wet air temperature condition of 23,8 OC with an effective
temperature of 24OC. This indicates, the thermal comfort of the room in optimal comfort conditions
based on SNI 6572-2001.

6. Research Tools
The tools used in this research are:
 Lux meter
 Data logger-4HC for:
 Dry bulb temperature
 Relative humidity
 Extech AN100 for air velocity
 Stationary
 Length measuring instrument
 Tripod
 Camera
 Drone Ziro explorer camera
 Software

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 STEP 4:
Enter a wind speed value of 0.1
m / s and drag a curved line
according to the image (purple
line)

STEP 3:
Connect the value of dry bulb
STEP 1: 24 temperature and wet temperature
in one line (red line)
Enter a dry bulb temperature
value of 25.5 OC

STEP 2:
Enter a wet bulb temperature
value of 23.8OC,

STEP 5:
Drag the diagonal line at the point of
crossing the purple and red lines, the
value indicated by the arrow is the
effective temperature value, ie 24OC ET
(black line)

Figure 7. Method of calculating effective temperature using effective temperature

chart for 0.5 clo

Calculate of wet bulb temperature The Sugar Engineers App

Calculate of effective temperature Diagrams effective temperature
High measuring instruments from the ground/floor 150 cm

REFERENCES
[1] Rahman, Akbar. 2010. “Air Temperature Difference between Shadow and Without a Shadow of
Buildings in Relation to the Comfort of the Pedestrian Ways”, Sustainable Enviromental
Architecture. Prosiding. Laboratory of Architecture Science and Technology, Departement of
Architecture-ITS. Surabaya.
[2] Rahman, A, Kojima, S, 2017, ‘Analysis of thermal comfort SNI-6390 in the Lanting (floating
house)’. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Vol.
100.
[3] Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). Standar Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National
Standardization)-SNI 03-6572:2001 Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Ventilasi dan Pengkondisian
Udara pada Bangunan Gedung, BSN, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2001.

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[4] Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). Standar Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National
Standardization)-SNI 6390:2011 Konservasi Energi Sistem Tata Udara Bangunan Gedung, BSN,
Jakarta, Indonesia. 2011.
[5] Rahman, Akbar, Kojima, Shoichi. (2017). Study of Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort for
Public Space and Houses in Around River, Case Study: Banjarmasin City, Indonesia. Advances in
Engineering: an International Journal (ADEIJ). Vol. 2 (1). 29-41. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1244077.
[6] Rahman, Akbar, Kojima, Shoichi. (2017). Analysis of Thermal Comfort SNI 03-6572 In Green
Open Space Siring Tendean Banjarmasin-Indonesia. 6th International Conference on Innovation in
Civil, Architecture, Environment and Materials Engineering (CAEME-17) Paris (France). Oct. 5-
6, 2017. pp. 40-44. DOI: 10.17758/EIRAI
[7] Rahman, Akbar, Kojima, Shoichi. (2018). Characteristics and Evaluation of Thermal Comfort
Around River in Banjarmasin City. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research. 7
(7). 240-249.
[8] Rahman, Akbar. 2018. Thermal comfort condition in Siring Tendean based SNI 03-6572.
ResearchGate: Experiment Findings. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17477.70887/1
[9] Lechner, N, 2000, Heating. Cooling, Lighting (Metode Desain Arsitektur), Raja Grafindo Persada,
Jakarta.
[10] Szokolay, S.V., 2007, Thermal Comfort. PLEA with Department of Architecture, The University
of Queensland Brisbane.
[11] ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. 2013.
[12] Houghton, FC, Yaglou, CP, 1923, Determining equal comfort lines, J Am Soc Heat Vent Eng.
[13] http://sugartech.com/psychro/index.php [accessed on July 7th, 2017]

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