CVE208/208L NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO CE PROBLEMS ENGR. JERIME C.

JIMENEZ

LESSON 3: Matrices (Part 2)  A third order determinant is defined by

LESSON OBJECTIVES 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
 To define the concept of an inverse of a matrix |𝐴 | = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
and determinant, and understand its 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
importance in linear solutions.
[𝐴 ] = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
 To apply different methods and theorems in
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
solving matrices associated with a square
matrix.
Examples:
 To solve problems and exercises related to
determinants, and develop critical thinking
Evaluate the following determinants:
skills. 3 4
 𝐷= (ans. 2)
1 2
3.0 Inverse of a Matrix
2 3 −1
An n x n matrix A is called non-singular (or invertible) if  |𝐴 | = 8 5 6 (ans. -96)
there exists n x n matrix A-1 such that 0 2 4

1 −2 3 4
𝐴𝐴 =𝐴 𝐴=𝐼
 |𝐴 | = −2 1 −3 3 (ans. 340)
4 3 2 −1
where I is the identity matrix. The matrix A-1 is called
3 4 5 2
the inverse of A. If there exists no such matrix A-1, then
matrix A is called singular (or non-invertible). Not every 3.1.2 Properties of Determinants
matrix has an inverse.
1. Interchanging corresponding rows and columns
3.0.1 Theorems on Inverse of Matrix does not affect the value of determinant.
2. If all elements in a row (or column) are zero, the
1. If A is a non-singular matrix, then A-1 is non- value of the determinant is zero.
singular and (A-1)-1 = A. 3. Interchanging any two rows (or columns)
2. If A and B are non-singular matrices, then AB is changes the sign of the determinant.
non-singular and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 4. If two row (or columns) of a determinant are
3. If A is a non-singular matrix, then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T. identical or proportional, the value of the
determinant is zero.
Examples: 5. If each of the elements in a row (or columns) of
a determinant is multiplied by k, the value of the
2 3 determinant is multiplied by k.
1. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = .
2 2
−1 2 6. If each element in a row (or column) of a
2. Find the inverse of 𝐵 = determinant is expressed as the sum of two or
2 −1
1 2 1 more terms, the determinant can be expressed
3. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = 1 3 2 as two or more determinants.
1 0 1 7. If each element of a row (or column) of a
1 1 1 1
determinant is added m times the corresponding
1 2 −1 2
4. Find the inverse of 𝐴 = elements of another row or column, the value of
1 −1 2 1
1 3 3 2 the determinant is not changed.

3.1 Determinants Problem Sets:

A determinant is a number associated with a square 1. Find the inverse, if it exists, of

matrix. A determinant of order “n” is written as: 1 1 1 1
1 3 1 2
𝐴=
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 1 2 −1 1
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 5 9 1 6
𝐷 = |𝐴 | = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 1 1 1 1
1 2 −1 2
𝐵=
with rows of elements and n columns of elements is 1 −1 2 1
1 3 3 2
called determinant of order n.
𝑎 𝑐
3.1.1 Determinants of Orders 2 and 3 2. If = 3, evaluate
𝑏 𝑐

 A second order determinant is defined by 𝑎 + 2𝑐 𝑏 + 2𝑑

a.
𝑐 𝑑
(-) 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 b.
𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 + 3𝑎 𝑑 + 3𝑏
(+)
CVE208/208L NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO CE PROBLEMS ENGR. JERIME C. JIMENEZ

3. Evaluate the following matrices

6 5
a.
−1 −8

2 1 −3
b. 4 −5 6
−3 −2 −7

8 7 1 2
3 5 7 6
c.
1 2 5 7
10 11 5 4

2 10 14 8 6
5 9 6 −2 −3
d. −1 0 5 8 7
1 5 7 4 3
8 3 7 6 −2

1 𝑎 𝑎
4. If 𝑎 = 1, evaluate 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 1

5. Prove that |𝐴 + 𝐵| = |𝐴| + |𝐵|, given that 𝐴 =

1 2 −8 5
and 𝐵 =
3 4 6 −2