Chapter I

Introduction

Rationale

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that are primarily transmitted

through sexual intercourse. It is passed from one person to another through vaginal, oral, and

anal sex. Some students are still not aware on how STDs may affect their lives or how it can be

prevented. A lot of HIV/STD Prevention Program are being implemented which give people

information about the infection, it can help the people not to be ignorant when others are talking

about it. In some cases, people with these diseases are afraid to consult a professional because of

the thought that they may be discriminated. Using condoms in sexual intercourse can prevent

STD from being transmitted to others but in the Philippines, even though condoms are common

in convenience stores, young people opt not to buy them due to this stigma. Wearing condoms in

the Philippines is also frowned upon or banned outright in conservative communities. In this

case, there is a high risk of young adults being infected with these diseases. According to World

Health Organizations, STD’s have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health

worldwide. In 2020, they estimated 374 million new infections with one of four STDs: 82

million cases of gonorrhea, 156 million cases of trichomoniasis, 7.1 million cases of syphilis, and

129 million cases of chlamydia. In South-East Asia, there was an alarming spread of STD

including AIDS and pose a major public health and developmental threat to the countries of this

region. In 2017, the Asia and Pacific region was home to an estimated 5.2 million people living

with HIV. In the same year, among those diagnosed with HIV, 71% were on treatment an 85%

were virally suppressed. In the past 6 years, Philippines has registered the fastest-growing

1
HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia-Pacific with a 140% increase in number of new infections. Several

factors affect the rate of growth in HIV prevalence, but the two most important are frequency of

commercial sex and the size of sex worker population. According to an article published by

PubMed Central, STDs are a substantial global burden of diseases, especially in developing

countries. Lack of awareness about the diseases may result to a delay in treatment. If the STDs

don’t seem to be treated adequately, they will cause varied complications. Most folks are also

aware of HIV/AIDs as a result of the notice created by media and therefore the government

programs. In addition, they may not have the pieces of information needed and services to avoid

STDs. Furthermore, they may feel hesitant to approach people or facilities where information is

available. If the STDs are not treated enough, it can lead to various complications such as

urethral stricture, abortions, infertility, perinatal, malignancies, and neonatal morbidities. The

National Coalition of STD Directors stated that while many STDs can be cured or treated with

medication, the consequences of untreated STDs can include: infertility, pregnancy,

complications, birth defects, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, and a 3-to-5-fold

increased risk of HIV transmission. Discussing this topic allows people to be an advocate for

your own reproductive health. Potential causes for the relationship between sex education

provided before faculty and actual information concerning sexually transmitted diseases once in

the college includes info and also the inability to retain information from years past (Synovitz, et

al., 2002, p. 171). Another potential variable to contemplate is the lack of motivation students

have to be compelled to continue learning regarding updated sexual activity practices and new

information on sexually transmitted diseases when receiving sex education in high school or

Gymnasium. The perception that a student is experienced sexually transmitted diseases when

solely having received data in high school on the topic of physiological property education has

2
diode to an outsized population of scholars UN agency stay uneducated on STD transmission and

measures required to shield oneself from the harmful effects of effort associate degree STD.

Statement of the Problem

In this study, the researchers aim to know the perceptions of Grade 11 TVL Students on

the importance of knowledge about prevention of Sexually Transmitted Disease. Specifically, it

aimed to answer the following:

1. What is the importance of digital media in our daily life?

2. Do you think Sexually Transmitted Diseases are exclusively spread by sexual

intercourse? Why?

3. At your age, are you aware that you may also get this kind of diseases?

4. Do you think it is necessary to know the importance of knowing ways to prevent

Sexually Transmitted Disease?

Scope and Limitations

This study focuses on the perceptions of the Grade 11 TVL students on the importance of

knowledge about prevention of Sexually Transmitted Disease.The research study was

limited only for Grade 11 TVL students of Lamo National High School regarding the

importance of knowledge about prevention of Sexually Transmitted Disease.

3
Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be most beneficial to the following:

Students: Students will be aware on how to prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases and

how it can be transmitted.

Parents: This research can help parents become aware of STDs and help students to

educate them.

Teachers: This research will help the teachers to be aware and be a tool to educate

students about STD.

Future Researchers: This study will provide baseline data needed for future researchers

and studies related to this one. Also, it would serve as their basis and guide for them to be

able to improve their own research study.

Definition of Terms

Sexually Transmitted Disease -it is a disease which can be transmitted through sexual

intercourse.

Condom – It is a device used to prevent sexually transmitted disease and to decrease the

probability of pregnancy during sexual intercourse.

Sexual Intercourse – In heterosexual intercourse, it involves the penetration of the vagina

by the penis.

4
5
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDY

This Chapter presents the gathered and related literature of the study. The other insights of other

researchers that provide structure and information for the current study.

LOCAL LITERATURE

An article wrote by Chito Chavez (January 26, 2018). A study conducted by a research

group revealed that impoverished women workers are vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases

(STD) than those from the affluent households.

The report was revealed by Quezon City-based state think tank Philippine Institute for

Development Studies (PIDS) which based its study from the 2008 Philippine National

Demographic and Health Survey. A study conducted by a research group revealed that

impoverished women workers are vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) than those

from the affluent households.

A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that

sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates for 2015 were the highest ever recorded, with men who

have sex with men (MSM) accounting for most new gonorrhea and syphilis cases.

The annual Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report released yesterday showed

more than 1.5 million chlamydia cases reported in 2015, 395,216 cases of gonorrhea, and 23,872

cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis. The largest increase in cases reported from 2014

6
to 2015 occurred in P&S syphilis cases, which jumped 19% from 2014 to 2015. Gonorrhea

increased by 12.8%, and chlamydia by 5.9%. "Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are curable,

but the new numbers make it clear that many Americans are not getting the preventive services

they need," Donnica Smalls, MA, a health communications specialist with the CDC, told

CIDRAP News. "We know that this is the second year in a row that all three reportable STDs

have increased substantially."

"STD rates are rising, and many of the country's systems for preventing STDs have

eroded. We must mobilize, rebuild and expand services—or the human and economic burden

will continue to grow." The report said more than half of state and local STD programs

experienced budget cuts in the last 10 years, and more than 20 health department STD clinics

closed in 2015. The closures prevent early treatment for these STDs, many of which can be cured

with antibiotics. The CDC estimates STD cases cost the healthcare system nearly $16 billion

each year.

As authored by Dr. Gilbert Yang (2019), it is more challenging to treat female patients

because they have "silent infections" or "silent symptoms" since unlike their male counterparts,

their genitals are internal. Women with rashes or irritations on the skin will need to undergo tests

to check if these are related to sexually transmitted illnesses.But you see there's a lot of groups

advocating HIV. Unfortunately, wala pang group na naga-advocate (tungkol sa) gonorrhea,

syphilis and herpes. And these are quite common and they have a stigma," said Yang. "In a

random group of 10, based on my clinical practice, STDs include 3 gonorrhea, 2 genital warts, 2

cases of herpes, 1 case of HIV and 2 cases of other sexually transmitted infection, like

7
Molluscum contagiosum," he added. Molluscum contagiosum is common in children and is

transmitted by incidental contact and the prevalence may be high, particularly in young children.

According to Abrigo (2017), this can be attributed to the low level of awareness about

STDs among poor female young adults in the country. Recent records of the Department of

Health show that there are 9,217 listed cases of HIV/AIDS from January to October last year

while the total reported cases from January 2010 to May 2017 is at 40,388. Contrary to claims

that mandatory comprehensive sex education in school is likely to lead to earlier sexual initiation

and higher rate of sexual activity among young adults.

Abrigo’s study showed that implementing sex education programs in schools results to

better sexual behaviors. Specifically, it delays sexual initiation, limits sexual activity, and

increases the use of condoms among some groups in the population.Also, the study found that

increasing knowledge on HIV/AIDS may rake in substantial savings for the government in the

long run. “Focusing on the poor population by increasing HIV/AIDS knowledge could lead to a

decrease in at-risk population by 1.1 percentage points or about 2 to 3 percent. This can translate

to an annual total cost savings of about USD 0.5 million (PHP 25.35 million) to USD 5.8 million

(PHP 294.13 million),” Abrigo explained in his paper. To prevent and minimize the spread of the

disease, the author urged government to make sexuality and reproductive health information

more accessible in the Philippines especially to the young adult population through social and

mainstream media. He also proposed administration’s support to family planning programs under

the country’s Reproductive Health Law.

8
FOREIGN STUDY

According to Feltman (August 29, 2018) said that A record-breaking number of sexually

transmitted infections were reported in the United States in 2017, According to them there were

nearly 2.3 million cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis—200,000 more than in 2016,

which was a record-breaking year in its own right.  Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a

major health problem affecting mostly young people, not only in developing, but also in

developed countries.

According to google, In the year 1985-1996, a general decrease of gonorrhoea, syphilis and

chlamydia infections was noted in developed countries, both in the general population and

among adolescents [1]. From the mid-1990s however, increases in the diagnoses of sexually

transmitted diseases, in particular syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia have been reported in

several European countries, especially among teenagers 16-19 years old [2–7].

The problem with most STDs is that they can occur symptom-free and can on unaware during

unprotected sexual intercourse. On an individual level, complications can include pelvic

inflammatory diseases and possibly lead to ectopic pregnancies and infertility [8–11]. Female

adolescents are likely to have a higher risk of contracting an STD than their male counterparts as

their partners are generally older and hence more likely to be infected [2, 12].

According to data from different European countries, the average age of first sexual intercourse

has decreased over the last three decades, with increasing proportions of adolescents reporting

sexual activity before the age of 16 years [13–18]. An early onset of sexual activity not only

increases the probability of having various sexual partners, it also increases the chances of

9
contracting a sexually transmitted infection [19]. The risk is higher for female adolescents as

their cervical anatomic development is incomplete and especially vulnerable to infection by

certain sexually transmitted pathogens [20–23].

The reluctance of adolescents to use condoms is another possible explanation for the increase in

STDs. Some surveys of adolescents have reported that condoms were found to be difficult to use

for sexually inexperienced, detract from sensual pleasure and also embarrassing to suggest [24–

26]. Condoms have also been reported to be used primarily as a protection against pregnancy,

not STD, with their use becoming irregular when other contraceptives are used [15, 27].

Furthermore, many adolescents do not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting an STD

[27].

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are considered one of the most common healthcare

problems in the world and one of the five main factors that make people look for healthcare

services(1). In Brazil, there are 12 million cases of STD every year and, since notification is not

compulsory and about 70% of people with some STD seek treatment in drugstores, the real

number of cases is well below the estimates, nearly 200 thousand cases a year (2). Contrary to

common belief, STDs may have serious consequences. A person with a STD has a higher chance

of being contaminated by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the consequent

development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)(2).

In Brazil, the behavior of the AIDS epidemic, since its onset in the 1980s, has presented

important changes, allowing for the identification of distinct movements. The first, characterized

by the predominant infection of male homosexuals and bisexuals; the second, by a significant

increase of drug addicts in the young heterosexual population; and finally, the marked advance in

10
the transmission among low-income groups and women, and also the current moment of the

epidemic, which consists in increasing cases of the disease in people over 50 years old(3).

Important aspects of behavior and knowledge about STD/AIDS in the investigated population

were made evident, and these results, added to information from other studies, lead to the

conclusion of indicators that may contribute to the monitoring of measures and strategies to

prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

The fact that 72.4% of the respondents had a sexual relation in the past six months, with higher

frequencies for men, suggests similarity with studies by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and

Statistics, that men can keep high nuptial rates throughout their lives, since those studies showed

that 70.9% of men and 27.9% of women in the adult and mature population live with spouses (12).

On the other hand, the sexual activity of participants in this study was higher than in a research

executed by the National DST/AIDS Program, which verified that 67.1% of people between 50

and 59 years old and 39.2% of people older than 60 were sexually active.

Another important result within this study is related to behavior, the practice of protected sex.

The interviewees know the importance of using condoms to prevent STD/AIDS; however, it was

observed that 78.5% of the men and 86.5% of the women did not use condoms in the last sexual

relation. Studies reveal that, despite knowledge about the forms of STD/AIDS transmission,

there are few elderly adults reporting condom use in all of their sexual relations . Since
(1,3,6,13)

AIDS is a recent disease, discovered in the 1980s, older adults may face some difficulty to

become aware of the use of condoms, because this practice is not part of their culture - hence, the

importance of developing specific orientation for this part of the population.

11
From the health perspective, vulnerability is a consequence of factors from the social group that

negatively influence the individual's capacity of controlling his/her own health, and is ruled by

several personal factors related to quality and coverage of prevention, healthcare and social

support programs(14). Vulnerability still depends on a more active and autonomous attitude of the

subjects, besides the role of public policies in contributing to the reduction of collective

vulnerability(15).

Women are known to use healthcare services more frequently. A higher percentage of women

(62.3%) than men (46.7%) seeks healthcare services in Brazil (16). Many times, this may be

justified by the fact that women is responsible for the health of the family, and other times

because they are the main caregivers of some dependent family member. Therefore, they demand

a larger number of procedures, including laboratory exams.

New studies, with designs elaborated with fundamentals from Psychology, Sociology and other

areas, would be necessary to understand the relation between preventive behavior and knowledge

about STD/AIDS. The assimilation of prevention measure practices for STD/AIDS is also part of

the awareness of its importance by the healthcare teams themselves, working in Basic Healthcare

units, Family Healthcare Teams and any other private health plans or insurance services. It is

difficult for healthcare professionals to consider the sexual life of the elderly as a reality; they do

not incorporate this reality in their work agenda and do not discuss STD/AIDS prevention

measures for this share of the population.

The prevention of STD/AIDS among people over 50 years old depends on their awareness about

the existence of risk. Adequate awareness would contribute to the adoption of preventive

measures. As for the concept of risk, particularly for AIDS, there have been changes during the

12
history of the epidemic. The term "risk group" was gradually replaced by "risk behavior" (9).

However, the idea of "risk group" still persists in the comprehension and perception of people in

relation to the transmission of and vulnerability to STD/AIDS. This perception was seen in this

study when 32.3% of men answered that some specific groups of people would be more exposed

to STD/AIDS. It is important to highlight that the interviewed population, in this study, is

somehow differentiated, because it consists of people who, besides being active in the job

market, hold a college degree or a high-school education in 80% of cases; 55.5% stated having a

family income higher than six times the minimum wage, and 66.7% have private healthcare

insurances. Another factor that should be observed is the variability of the magnitude of

behavior, knowledge and perception of the risk of contracting a STD/AIDS among the results

found in other studies(7). The perception of risk differs significantly among the groups of people -

young, young adults, young elderly and older elderly beyond their insertion in society,

sociodemographic and cultural aspects.

A study conducted by Wisnieski, Sieving, and Garwick (2015) in Oklahoma focused on

the vital role parents play in reducing their child’s risk for acquiring a sexually transmitted

disease, as well as their role in promoting sexual health during adolescence. The study

interviewed 28 women of African American, European, Latina, and American Indian descent

ages 19 to 29 years old and explored early romantic decisions and the impact family input and

communication had made on their sexual behavior and decisions (Wisnieski, Sieving, &

Garwick, 2015). The (Synovitz, Hebert, Kelley, & Carlson, 2002). This study found that overall

sexuality knowledge was lower in those who had not received sex education throughout their

high school experience, which supports the importance of providing sex education in high school

to expand on information provided by family figures (Synovitz et al., 2002). However, Synovitz

13
et al. (2002) also found that while the students who had received sex education in high school did

receive higher scores than those who did not attend a school that provided sex education in its

curriculum, scores for those who had only received information on sexual health in high school

alone were significantly lower KNOWLEDGE OF STDS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 8

on the subject of sexually transmitted diseases than the scores of those who had received some

variation of sexual education since attending college. This finding could be attributed to poor

test-taking skills while taking the survey, misinformation, or inability to retain knowledge from

years past (Synovitz et al., 2002).

A study conducted by Weinstein, Walsh, and Ward (2008) used a questionnaire that examined

which types of sex education messages are most effective in increasing student knowledge about

sexual health. After passing the survey out to 347 undergraduate students ages 18 to 23,

Weinstein et al. (2008) found that students who had received sex education covering mainstream

reproductive health issues achieved higher knowledge scores than those students who had

received abstinence-only sexual education prior to the survey. In addition to the study conducted

by Weinstein et al. (2008), a similar study conducted by Kirby (2007) evaluated over 100

different sex education programs in schools and other youth serving organizations across the

United States and compared the programs that taught abstinence-only to those that took a more

comprehensive approach. They found that programs teaching strict abstinence had little influence

on sexual decisions, while programs that incorporated a more extensive approach, advocating for

the use of condoms as well as abstinence resulted in delayed intercourse, reduced number of

partners, and stimulated condom use among sexually active participants (Kirby, 2007). This

study is important because it advocates for inclusion of both abstinence and KNOWLEDGE OF

STDS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 9 contraception, which confronts the rising rates of

14
sexually transmitted diseases head-on and emphasizes that teaching promotion of abstinence and

safe sex are compatible goals for sex education (Kirby, 2007). Furthermore, a study by Walcott,

Chenneville, and Tarquini (2011) also supports the implementation of a more comprehensive sex

education program rather than focusing strictly on abstinence based on the knowledge scores

acquired from their questionnaire. Their study surveyed 1,878 students attending colleges in the

states of North Carolina and Florida and found that the highest scores for HIV knowledge

belonged to the undergraduate students who reported having received comprehensive sex

education in high school whereas those who had received abstinence-only sex education in high

school scored significantly lower (Walcott, Chenneville, & Tarquini, 2011). This correlates with

the CDC’s statement that “HIV awareness and education should be universally integrated into all

educational environments,” which is in addition to their strong advocacy for abstinence being the

only way to guarantee prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention, 2016d). Despite research advocating for the effectiveness of a comprehensive

approach in teaching sex education, there is still strong support for abstinence-only teaching.

HowardBarr, Moore, e.t al (2011) noted that out of the twenty-one states that require

schools to teach sex education, only fifteen of those states include information on contraception.

Although there is a variety of reasons to not include both contraception and abstinence teaching

in high school sex education curriculum, one of the most common explanations schools use to

support their decision to leave out contraception education is the misperception that the local

community will not support contraception KNOWLEDGE OF STDS AMONG COLLEGE

STUDENTS 10 teaching to their children and lead to controversy in the school system between

parents and educators (Howard-Barr, Moore, Weiss, & Jobli, 2011).

15
 A study by Yarber, Milhausen, Crosby, and Torabi (2005) assessed the public’s opinion

in Indiana concerning condom related issues and found that the majority of participants strongly

or somewhat approved of providing high school students with access to information on correct

use of condoms and STD prevention. Considering the heavily debated issue of whether to

include sex education in high schools, which approach is most effective and appropriate, and that

sex education, in general, can be a very touchy subject in the community, often this results in

misinformed or uninformed students who continue to engage in sexually risky behaviors despite

having been taught “sex education” in high school.

The national HIV prevalence estimates in South Africa among adults aged 15–49 years

generally increased from 15.3% to 17.9%. HIV prevalence estimates in the Northern Cape

Province were 7.4%.However, there is limited data on the national burden of STIs among

adolescents in South Africa. A study of adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province showed an

overall prevalence of 15.8% for curable STIs among the 1,057 adolescents with a mean age of 17

years, whose biological samples were collected for STI screening. Few studies of HIV and AIDS

have focused on the Platfontein San community. Reports from NGOs, staff at local clinic and

community leaders indicate that HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis severely burden the communities,

although statistics are not available. Risk factors for STIs such as unemployment, alcoholism,

domestic violence and HIV reported previously on marginalized communities in South

Africa were also entrenched among the Khwe and !Xun in Platfontein. The San Baseline study

conducted by the AIDS Foundation of South Africa revealed that 73% of the Platfontein San

respondents were not using condoms, had multiple sex partners, and they had low knowledge of

HIV and AIDS.

16
According to data from a behavioral survey in South Africa, a significant number of youths

reported sexual activity before the age of 13 years. Another explanation for the increase in rates

of STIs could be the reluctance of young people to use condoms. A study conducted among

young people in KwaZulu-Natal Province reports low perceptions of STIs, HIV and AIDS risk

among both males and females and they did not perceive that transmission could be prevented by

condom usage. Condoms have been reported to be used primarily for the prevention of

pregnancy and not STIs, and they are inconsistently used when other contraceptives are

used. The factors influencing health choices for Platfontein adolescents have not been

documented. However, previous studies done in South Africa showed that traditional medicine

plays an active role in the health care of San communities.

De Jager et al observed that people in Platfontein have poor health-seeking behavior, frequently

requiring medical care at a very late stage of disease Sexual health outcomes in the community

can further be exacerbated by the fact that adolescents are likely to encounter problems in getting

the required STI information on prevention and treatment services. Knowledge, awareness and

perceptions studies of STIs, HIV and AIDS, and the STI health care services that are available to

the school-going youths of the San-groups of Platfontein are not well understood. Across

Southern Africa, the indigenous San populations live in remote areas and they face many barriers

to good health. Where health services are available, often health staff do not speak their

languages and are involved in the running of local services. Based on the foregoing, we aimed to

assess the knowledge and risk perceptions of STIs, HIV and AIDS in this indigenous population

and their awareness of available local primary health care (PHC) services.

17
 "STD rates are rising, and many of the country's systems for preventing STDs have

eroded. We must mobilize, rebuild and expand services—or the human and economic burden

will continue to grow." The report said more than half of state and local STD programs

experienced budget cuts in the last 10 years, and more than 20 health department STD clinics

closed in 2015. The closures prevent early treatment for these STDs, many of which can be cured

with antibiotics. The CDC estimates STD cases cost the healthcare system nearly $16 billion

each year.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major health problem affecting mostly young people,

not only in developing, but also in developed countries.

Over the period 1985-1996, a general decrease of gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia infections

was noted in developed countries, both in the general population and among adolescents [1].

From the mid-1990s however, increases in the diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases, in

particular syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia have been reported in several European countries,

especially among teenagers 16-19 years old.

According to data from different European countries, the average age of first sexual intercourse

has decreased over the last three decades, with increasing proportions of adolescents reporting

sexual activity before the age of 16 years. An early onset of sexual activity not only increases the

probability of having various sexual partners, it also increases the chances of contracting a

sexually transmitted infection. The risk is higher for female adolescents as their cervical

anatomic development is incomplete and especially vulnerable to infection by certain sexually

transmitted pathogens.

18
The reluctance of adolescents to use condoms is another possible explanation for the increase in

STDs. Some surveys of adolescents have reported that condoms were found to be difficult to use

for sexually inexperienced, detract from sensual pleasure and also embarrassing to suggest.

Condoms have also been reported to be used primarily as a protection against pregnancy, not

STD, with their use becoming irregular when other contraceptives are used. Furthermore, many

adolescents do not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting an STD.

Although knowledge and awareness have been reported to have a limited effect on changing

attitudes and behaviour, They are important components of sex education which help promote

informed, healthy choices. As schooling in Europe is generally compulsory at least up to the age

of 15 years and sex education is part of the school curriculum in almost all European countries,

school-going adolescents should be well informed on the health risks associated with sexual

activity and on how to protect themselves and others. In view of the decreasing age of sexual

debut and the reported increasing numbers of diagnosed STDs among young people, results of

our review can help point out areas where STD risk communication for school-attending

adolescents needs to be improved.

Synthesis
This finding of this study was oppose by the study of Chito Chavez (January 26, 2018) A

study conducted by a research group revealed that impoverished women workers are vulnerable

to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) than those from the affluent households. This tells that the

sexually transmitted diseases(STD) and study habits are related to each other.

19
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study employed the qualitative design method of the study.

A qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in depth

understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting.

20
 It focuses on the “why” rather than the “what” of social phenomena and relies on
the direct experiences of human beings as meaning- making agents in their everyday
lives.(https://libguides.uta.edu>qual)

Samples and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of this study are the selected fifteen (15) grade 11 TVL students.

The researchers will be using the random sampling in selecting their respondents.
“Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal
probability of being chosen”. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased
representation of the population.

Research instruments

To seek the purpose of this study, the researchers formulated question. They construct

questionnaire to be distributed to the selected Grade 11 TVL students as respondents through

online form.

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of question for the purpose

of gathering information from the respondents. They can be carried out face to face, by

telephone, computer or post. Questionnaires can be an effective means of measuring the

behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and intentions of relatively large numbers of subjects

more cheaper and quickly than other methods.(https://www.simplypsychology.org)

Data Gathering Procedure

To collect the needed data to answer the specific question in this study the procedure will
be done;

21
 1. The researchers will be utilizing the online platform “facebook messenger” in collecting
the needed data for the pursuit of the study.
2. The researchers will be making a group chat, add all the selected respondents and explain
the purpose of their study. Ask for their active participation for the success of the study.
3. The researchers will now send the picture of questionnaire to the respondents, Instruct
them on how their answer will be collected.
4. The researchers will now express their gratitude to the respondents as a big contributor
for the success of their study. Their time and shared are well appreciated.

Data Analysis Procedure

Analyzing the gathered data, The following is to be done:

1. The researchers will review and identify the response and answer of the respondents.
2. After identifiying, the proponents will now tally the result, they will cope up to count the
similar answer and others different idea.
3. After the tally, the researchers will now interpret the data gathered.
4. When the interpretationof the data is done, The researchers will now come up with
conclusion.

22
Referrences

 Chavez, (January 26, 2018) Poor young females more vulnerable to STD than well-off
counterparts — study acquire from https://mb.com.ph/2018/01/26/poor-young-females-
more-vulnerable-to-std-than-well-off-counterparts-study/

 Feltman,(aug 29, 2018) Sexually transmitted diseases are at an all-time high (again).but
why? https://www.popsci.com/sexually-transmitted-disease-increase/

 Wisnieski, Sieving, & Garwick, (march 15)

_Parent_and_family_influences_on_young_women's_romantic_and_sexual_decisions.net/
publication/271603131s
 Synovitz, Hebert, Kelley and Carlson(2002) https://mds.marshall.edu ;
article=1160&context,mgmt. faculty
 Chenneville, and Tarquini (2011) The Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Among College Students https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1585&context=honors_theses

23
 Yarber, Milhausen, Crosby, and Torabi (2005) Public Opinion About Condoms for HIV
and STD Prevention: A Midwestern State Telephone Survey ;
Public_Opinion_About_Condoms_for_HIV_and_STD_Prevention_A_Midwestern_State
_Telephone_Survey
 HowardBarr, Moore, Weiss, and Jobli (2011) The Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases Among College Students https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1585&context=honors_theses

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