3 Polypropylene

Allison Calhoun
Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States

3.1 Managerial Overview

Polypropylene is found in many films and multi-
layer film structures due to its strength, toughness,
and high melting point [1 3]. When formulated
with the proper additive packages, polypropylene
resins can exhibit excellent processability. The
homopolymer chemical structure is rather simple, a
methyl group located on every other backbone car-
bon unit as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Figure 3.2 Polypropylene tacticities: (A) isotactic

Figure 3.1 The polypropylene monomer unit. The
subscript n indicates that this is a repeating unit that
is connected to n number of monomeric units.
The placement of this methyl group around the
stereocenter during polymerization creates different
tacticities as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Methyl groups placed consistently on one side of
the polymer chain generate isotactic polypropylene.
When these methyl groups alternate from one side
to the other the polymer is known as syndiotactic. A
random methyl group ordering creates an atactic
polymer. The polymer tacticity partially defines the
polymer’s properties. Molecular weight distribution,
degree of crystallinity, and the polymerization
method also define the polymer properties. Further
with all methyl groups on the same side of the
chain, (B) syndiotactic with methyl groups
alternating above and below the chain, and (C)
atactic with methyl groups in a random orientation.
3.1.1 Describing Polymers
3.1.1.1 Polypropylene Molecular Weight
Characterization
Polymer molecular weight is defined as a distribu-
tion rather than a specific number because polymeri-
zation occurs in such a way to produce different
chain lengths. Weight average molecular weight
(MW) and number average molecular weight (MN) are
two ways we can characterize the polymer molecular
weight. Polymer MW is defined as follows.
X
N

chemical alterations via copolymerization with MW 5 wi MWi :

i51
monomeric units such as ethylene and butylene cre-
ate an even more comprehensive physical property Here, wi is the weight fraction of polymer chains
library for specific applications. having a molecular weight of MWi. The MW is

Multilayer Flexible Packaging. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-37100-1.00003-X

© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35
36
typically measured by light scattering experiments.
When light passes through a liquid polymer-solvent
solution, it is scattered by the individual molecules
suspended in the solution. The degree of scattering
arises from the molecule size and, thus, a molecular
weight distribution can be mathematically resolved
from the total scattering created by the sample.
MN is an average based on the number of poly-
mer chains in a sample and is defined as follows.
X N
MN 5 Xi MWi :
i51
In this equation, MWi refers to the molecular
weight of each individual polymer chain and Xi refers
to the mole fraction of each chain length included in
the summation. This number average means that each
chain, regardless of its molecular weight, contributes
equally to the reported MN.
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also
known as size exclusion chromatography, is used to
determine this property. In GPC, a dissolved polymer
passes over a material held in a cylindrical column.
The material, the substrate, contains holes that tempo-
rarily trap low molecular weight molecules. The
lower the individual molecule’s molecular weight, the
more time they spend trapped and, thus, the longer
they spend on the column. The polymer molecule
concentration in the solvent escaping the column is
measured, and residence time on the column is
related to the inverse of the molecular weight.
The ratio of (Mw/Mn) allows us to define the
polymer polydispersity. Fig. 3.3 illustrates Mw and
Mn for a high- and low-polydispersity polymer.
Mn
MW
Mn
MW
Ni
Ni
MWi MWi
Figure 3.3 Molecular weight distributions for a high-
and low-polydispersity index polypropylene. In both
materials, Mw . Mn. The polydispersity for the left
figure is higher because of the broader molecular
weight distribution which means that the high
molecular weight materials influence MW more than
they influence Mn.
MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
For all real polymers, Mn , Mw. The smaller the
polydispersity index, the more closely the Mn and
Mw match one another because the distribution
curves are becoming more symmetric. Polydispersity
for most [4,5] isotactic commodity-grade polypropyl-
ene used in film manufacture today approximately
equals 3.5.
3.1.1.2 Characterizing Polypropylene
Tacticity
While it is convenient to think that polypropylene
is simply isotactic, syndiotactic, or atactic, most
polymeric materials do not exhibit this kind of regu-
larity. Tacticity approximates the behavior of many
polymer molecules. Tacticity, typically analyzed
through nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, is
often defined as the fraction of five adjacent units
(called pentads) with a specific methyl group orienta-
tion (isotactic is all on the same side, syndiotactic is
on opposite sides, and atactic is random orientation)
relative to the total pentads in the polymer. Tacticity
is then reported as a fraction or percentage.
3.1.2 Polymerization
Initial research investigating polypropylene poly-
merization relied on high pressures and radical initia-
tors [2]. This technology produced low molecular
weight oligomers with little commercial value. The
Ziegler Natta catalyst technology allowed the manu-
facture of commercially viable polypropylene. The
resulting product was predominantly a high molecular
weight isotactic polypropylene. Metallocene catalysts,
the next-generation catalysts, provide a mechanism to
control polymerization forming either isotactic or syn-
diotactic high polymer. Additionally, these catalysts
can create specific molecular weight distributions.
3.1.2.1 Ziegler Natta Catalysis
Ziegler Natta catalyzed polypropylenes exhibit a
relatively broad molecular weight distribution. The
Ziegler Natta catalysts developed for propylene
polymerization generally are a mixed catalyst system
containing TiCl3 and trialkyl aluminum. The high
weight average molecular weights achieved with this
chemistry (B4 3 106 g/mol) create a polymeric
material that can be processed into cohesive films.
To better control the molecular weight distribution,
polymer tacticity, and to improve the catalyst effi-
ciency, chemists have modified the TiCl3 crystal
3: POLYPROPYLENE 37

structure, purified the catalysts, introduced transition 3.1.2.2 Slurry Process Polymerization
metal compounds, and/or a Lewis base to act as an
In slurry polymerization, chain growth occurs as
electron-donating species.
monomers dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent add to
In general, a Ziegler Natta catalyst acts to destabi-
growing chains also dissolved in the solvent. Two
lize the double bond between adjacent alkene carbons.
fractions result from polymerization: one fraction is
The catalyst itself is a crystalline solid. It catalyzes
soluble in the solvent, whereas the other is not. The
polymerization on the edge sites of the crystal metal
two fractions are separated by centrifugation, thereby
(Ti or Zr) centered complex by forming a bond
creating two product streams. The insoluble fraction
between the metal atom and the monomer. The elec-
creates the slurry phase and is predominantly isotac-
trons from the double bond delocalize making them
tic material. The soluble components are either low
available for subsequent monomer addition. This pro-
molecular weight oligomers or highly atactic poly-
cess, called a chain migratory insertion, allows for
propylene that precipitates from solution when the
chain growth [4]. Fig. 3.4 shows this process.
solvent is boiled off at high temperatures. Unreacted

(A) (B)

Cl Cl
Cl Ti Cl Ti

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

(C) (D)

Cl
Cl
Cl Ti
Cl Ti
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

Figure 3.4 Illustrative mechanism of Ziegler Natta catalysis. (A) The catalyst ready to receive the monomer,
(B) the catalyst with a monomer interacting with the alkene bond, (C) the reaction intermediate in which the
electron density shifts from the double bond to form a single bond with the polymer held by the catalyst, and
(D) the catalyst is now ready to add the next monomer.

These catalysts are often “supported” with added
MgCl2 nanoparticles.
The MgCl2 provides a surface to adsorb the
Ziegler Natta catalysts (the TiCl4/trialkyl alumi-
num). This improves stereoselectivity and process
control.
Ziegler Natta catalyst chemistry allows poly-
merization in four unique polymerization systems:
slurry, liquid propylene, solution, and gas phase.
monomer is also released as a gas when the solvent
boils off. This monomer is then recycled back into
the monomer stream (Fig. 3.5).
3.1.2.3 Liquid Propylene Polymerization
Another polymerization process utilizes the liq-
uid monomer as the polymerization solvent. The
advantage this process has over the slurry method
38 MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PACKAGING

Centrifuge

Monomer and solvent recycle

Atactic PP, Isotactic

oligomer, PP,
monomer, monomer,
solvent solvent

Figure 3.5 Slurry process for polymerizing polypropylene. Catalysts, represented as the solid dots, act to
promote the formation of high polymer over time, indicated as lighter halos around the catalysts. Centrifugation
removes the high and low weight samples which are then either recycled or purified.

arises from the fact that the high monomer concen-
tration increases the reaction rate. Runaway reac-
tions, uncontrolled reactions that arise from hot
spots in the reaction medium, are prevented
because the monomer itself can absorb excess
heat as it vaporizes. The gas-phase monomer then
can be condensed and reintroduced to the reactor.
As in the slurry process, high-molecular-weight
polypropylene forms an insoluble phase in the con-
densed monomer. This insoluble phase contains
both the atactic and isotactic fractions which are
isolated from the liquid propylene at the same time.
A second separation step removes the solvent-
soluble atactic fraction by using an appropriate
organic solvent resulting in a pure isotactic poly-
propylene product (Fig. 3.6).

Gas-phase
monomer

t
Hea

Liquid Polymerization in
monomer monomer occurs Atactic
+ around catalyst +
catalyst isotactic
polymer

Solvent

Solvent- Solvent-
soluble insoluble
atactic PP isotactic PP

Figure 3.6 A solution containing the liquid monomer and catalyst allows polymerization to occur around the
dispersed catalyst. The solution is heated to remove the gas-phase monomer from the polymer. The polymer is
then treated with a solvent to separate out the atactic PP.
3: POLYPROPYLENE 39

3.1.2.4 Solution Polymerization 3.1.2.6 Metallocene Catalyzed

During solution polymerization the monomer,
catalyst, and solvent enter a reactor held at a tem-
perature between 175°C and 250°C. Polymerization
in the solvent creates a viscous polymer solution. A
pump removes the whole solution from the reactor,
and the solution is filtered to remove any residual
catalyst, if necessary. Vacuum drying removes the
solvent from the polymer, leaving behind isotactic
and atactic polymer (Fig. 3.7).
Polymerization
Once manufacturers recognized the benefits
of polypropylene in composite film structures, there
was an increased demand for tightly controlled
polydispersity and tacticity. The Ziegler Natta cat-
alysts were unable to meet these market needs.
Additionally there was a need for improved catalyst
performance to reduce residual catalyst levels in
the final polymer. Entrained catalysts act as prode-

Monomer + Pump Catalyst

catalyst + Solvent
solvent Polymer +
solvent

Vacuum
pump
Filtration Polymer

Figure 3.7 A solution containing the liquid monomer and catalyst allows polymerization to occur around the
dispersed catalyst. The solution is heated to remove the gas-phase monomer from the polymer. The polymer is
then treated with a solvent to separate out the atactic PP.

3.1.2.5 Gas-Phase Polymerization gradants thereby reducing the polymer’s stability.

The most effective way found to achieve these
Gas-phase polymerization passes gaseous mono-
goals is to use metallocene catalysts.
mer through a fluidized bed containing polymer gran-
Metallocene catalysts control the polymerization
ules and an inert media supported catalyst. Some
by permitting only those monomers that approach
monomer reacts within the bed to create polymer,
with a specific orientation to attach to the growing
and the remainder passes through where it is col-
chain. The catalyst chemical structure has two dis-
lected and recycled. The high-polymer granules are
tinct regions. The first region is the active site, the
removed from the fluidized bed bottom along with
actual locus of polymerization. The second region
some inert media supported catalyst. The catalyst is
has bulky molecular structures that hinder access to
replenished in the reactor at the same time (Fig. 3.8).
the region in which polymerization occurs (Fig. 3.9).

Pump

Monomer

Catalyst and Polymer and

inert media Fluidized bed catalyst on
inert media

Figure 3.8 Gas-phase polymerization. The monomer stream and its recycle are indicated as solid arrows
leading into the fluidized bed reactor. The open arrows indicate the introduction and removal of the catalyst and
inert media. Upon leaving the reactor, the catalyst and inert media contain polymer that can then be extracted
by a solvent.
40
(A)
CI
Zr
CI
Groups creating steric
hindrance at the reactive
center
Figure 3.9 (A) A Zr centered metallocene catalyst. (B) The same catalyst with the reactive center and groups
creating the steric hindrance highlighted.
Both the active site and the bulky structures can
be designed to alter catalyst efficiency (generally
by changing metal center composition) and tacti-
city (generally by altering the bulky structures).
In addition, the metallocene catalysts have only
one active polymerization site; this produces
a narrower molecular weight distribution than
is achieved by the Ziegler Natta catalysts
(Mw /Mn  2.0). In general, metallocene catalysts
process polymers with a slightly lower melting
temperature than can be achieved with the best
Ziegler Natta catalysts.
Metallocenes are homogeneous catalysts, mean-
ing they exist in the same phase as the reaction
they are catalyzing and are often soluble in
organic solvents. Therefore, polymerization can
occur via a solution process with a nonpolar dilu-
ent dissolving the propylene gas, the catalyst, and
the cocatalyst system. They can also be adsorbed
onto an inert substrate which acts as part of the
fluidized bed for gas-phase polymerization pro-
cesses (Fig. 3.8).
3.1.3 General Polypropylene
Resin Classes
3.1.3.1 Atactic Polypropylene
Atactic polypropylene, though the first manufac-
tured polypropylene, finds little commercial use in
the film industry. The random methyl group place-
ment creates a polymer with low crystallinity. It is a
soft and tacky material with low strength. It has
high vapor and gas permeability and little solvent
resistance. Commercial applications are very lim-
ited; however, it can be found as a component in
adhesives and roofing systems.
MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
(B)
Reactive center
CI
Zr
CI
3.1.3.2 Isotactic Polypropylene
Isotactic polypropylene produced through current
catalyst technology can be more than 95% isotactic
as defined by the percent isotactic pentads in the
polymer chain. The advantages of isotactic polymers
over the syndio- and atactic polypropylene arise
from their high crystallinity. Typical isotactic poly-
propylenes are between 40% and 70% crystallinity.
The resulting polymer has a higher melting point
(160°C 180°C), higher density, and higher strength
relative to the syndiotactic and atactic forms.
In general, isotactic homopolymer polypropylene
has high crystallinity, thereby creating a strong mate-
rial with low permeability to vapor or solvents, and
high chemical resistance. Isotactic polypropylene,
with the exception of the mesomorphic crystalline
form, is typically opaque due to the high crystallinity.
Isotactic polypropylene exhibits four crystalline
structures: alpha, beta, gamma, and mesomorphic
[3,5]. Each structure forms under specific proces-
sing conditions and defines the polypropylene prop-
erties. In polypropylene containing the alpha, beta,
and gamma structures, the final material is typically
opaque due to the light scattering by spherulites
with sizes similar to the wavelength of visible light.
The crystallinity type is generally analyzed via
X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Light passing
through a sample scatters in specific patterns based
on the repeating structures within the polymer.
The crystallinity can be calculated based on the
peak intensity associated with specific repeating
structures. A typical XRD pattern can be found
below with representative peaks labeled (Fig. 3.10).
The degree of crystallinity can be measured based
on the relative polymer fraction solubility as a
function of temperature (the higher the dissolution
temperature, the more crystalline the material) or
3: POLYPROPYLENE 41

α
α

β
β

10 20 30
2θ (degrees)

Figure 3.10 Typical X-ray diffraction pattern for

isotactic PP showing alpha and beta peak locations.

through differential scanning calorimetry (a way to

investigate the polymer melting temperature range).
3.1.3.2.1 Alpha Crystallinity
Alpha crystallinity arises from a helical confor-
mation of the polymer chains described by a mono-
clinic unit cell. This structure represents the most
thermodynamically stable structure and forms readily
as the polypropylene cools below its crystallization
Figure 3.11 Polypropylene semicrystalline
temperature. The helices align to form crystallites
structures. (A) Crystallite formed from polymer
which then associate to form sheet-like lamellae.
chains associating; (B) secondary crystallization
Crosshatching microstructure arises as secondary
associating crystallites to form lamellae;
lamellae grow perpendicularly off the primary
(C) spherulite formation from long range
lamellae. These secondary lamellae create a supermo-
structuring of lamellae.
lecular structure by connecting the neighboring
primary lamellae. The secondary lamellae can further
associate to create spherulites as shown in Fig. 3.11.
Another way to look at the spherulites and the
lamella arrangement in the spherulite is shown in Crystalline
Fig. 3.12. lamella
Fig. 3.13 [6] is a picture of a PP spherulite Y
grown between glass slides on a microscope hot
stage. Tie molecules
Polypropylene crystallites can be the size of the
wavelength of light and therefore tend to refract
light and be translucent with high haze and low Amorphous
domain
transparency. There are several additives that can
promote nucleation, reduce the spherulite size
below the wavelength of light and make the
quenched PP more transparent. Fig. 3.14 [7] is an X
optical micrograph that shows the effect of a nucle-
ating agent on spherulite size.
Z
3.1.3.2.2 Beta Crystallinity
Beta crystallinity forms when the polymer is Figure 3.12 Spherulite crystal morphology showing
cooled quickly to a temperature below its melting the lamella, the molecules, and amorphous domain.
42
Figure 3.13 A Maltese cross pattern of
birefringence obtained using optical microscopy
under crossed polarizers. Polypropylene was
isothermally crystallized at a pressure of 100 MPa.
(Approximate magnification × 120)
0.1mm
General purpose Nucleated
polypropylene polypropylene
Figure 3.14 Two optical micrographs show the
effect of a nucleating agent on spherulite size. In
nucleated polypropylene (right) spherulites are
smaller and more numerous than the unnucleated
polypropylene (left).
point. High processing speeds and fast cooling
times created by cooling and quenching equipment
create these structures in films. Beta crystallinity
arises because polymer chains do not have the time
required to form the thermodynamically
stable alpha crystallinity. Because of the reduced
crystallinity, beta crystalline polymer exhibits lower
density and lower melting point than a polymer
containing the alpha crystalline form. Once the
polymer is heated or placed under strain, the beta
crystallinity reverts to the alpha structure.
Annealing processes take advantage of this transi-
tion to increase the polymer strength via increased
alpha crystallinity.
MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
3.1.3.2.3 Gamma Crystallinity
Isotactic polypropylene also forms gamma
crystallinity, though this form rarely arises from
processing under standard conditions. The gamma
crystallites form a crosshatched structure just
as seen in alpha crystallinity. However, the crystal-
lites grow in two directions at the same time result-
ing in a high-crystallinity, high-density material.
The mechanism for forming gamma crystallinity is
believed to arise from shearing an alpha crystalline
polymer to create a more uniform crystal structure.
3.1.3.2.4 Smectic or Mesomorphic Crystallinity
Rapidly quenched isotactic polypropylene has a
fourth crystalline form. The rapid cooling prevents
large crystalline domains from forming. Therefore
the crystalline regions are small with poor align-
ment between the individual crystallites. The smec-
tic crystalline polypropylene properties lie between
alpha crystalline and atactic polypropylene. The
polymer will be transparent and will revert to an
alpha crystalline structure upon heating.
The crystallinity and crystallite orientation in a
mesomorphic polypropylene can be affected both
by the cooling rate and by subsequent annealing.
Fast cooling creates small crystalline domains with
limited crystallite orientation, whereas slowing the
cooling rate will allow for larger domains and
greater long range structure. Annealing allows the
polymer to retain the dispersed structured domains
while converting to the alpha crystalline phase. This
process creates a ductile film because the crystalline
domain distribution is also strong because of the
alpha crystallinity [5].
3.1.3.3 Syndiotactic Polypropylene
With the introduction of single-site catalysts, syn-
diotactic polypropylene became commercially avail-
able. Its use, however, is not widespread in
multilayer film manufacture. Until recently, syndio-
tactic polypropylene was not a viable commercial
product as its manufacture was not feasible with the
prior catalyst technologies [3,5]. Polymer produced
with single-site catalyst rarely exceeds 75% syndio-
tacticity as determined from pentad sequences. The
polymer, relative to isotactic polypropylene, has a
lower melting point (approximately 138°C versus
155 160°C) and a lower density (0.89 g/cm3 versus
0.93 g/cm3). The crystallites that form in syndiotac-
tic polypropylene are more complex than those
formed in the isotactic polymer. This complexity
3: POLYPROPYLENE
reduces the rate at which the crystallites can form
meaning that the polymer crystallizes very slowly
[6,7]. Syndiotactic polypropylene has found use as a
core layer in multilayer films to provide high tear
strength and clarity.
Its slow crystallization rate limits its use as a
monolayer film as that leads to material that can dis-
tort or stick to processing equipment. Syndiotactic
polypropylene can also be incorporated into other
polypropylene materials to improve strength.
3.1.3.4 Polypropylene Copolymers
Propylene monomers can be polymerized with
other monomers to create copolymers. Random
incorporation of nonpropylene monomers creates a
random copolymer while structures with alternating
chains of the two monomers can create block copo-
lymers. In general, incorporating other monomers
interferes with the pure polypropylene crystalline
structure. Thus, copolymers are more flexible than
homopolymers while retaining good strength.
Introducing a second monomer creates an opportu-
nity for different chemistry to alter the polymer
reactivity, surface chemistry, or rheology.
Ethylene propylene copolymers are used as seal-
ant layers in multilayer films. The ethylene content
changes the melting point and thus the sealing prop-
erties. Ethylene propylene butene terpolymers are
also used as seal layers in multilayer films.
3.1.3.5 EPR or EPDM Elastomers
A common polypropylene copolymer produced
with ethylene is an elastomer. The Polymerizing eth-
ylene into the propylene chain generates a flexible
and extensible polymer that regains its shape. Thus,
like rubbers, they can be used to create structures
that recover after strain and are known as elastomers.
These copolymers are often referred to as EPR or
EPDM rubbers and elastomers. They are used in
automotive weather-stripping and seals, glass-run
channel, radiator, garden and appliance hose, tubing,
belts, electrical insulation, roofing membrane, rubber
mechanical goods, plastic impact modification, ther-
moplastic vulcanizates, and motor oil additive appli-
cations. They are not normally used for multilayer
film application.
3.1.3.5.1 Processing
Polypropylene’s excellent strength, low surface
energy, low gas and liquid permeability, and relative
43
ease of processing make it an attractive option for
use in multilayer films. However, its opacity may be
a detriment for packaging applications.
Orientation breaks up the spherulitic structure,
thereby resulting in a transparent film. Additionally,
orientation improves tensile properties, impacts
strength, and reduces gas permeability.
Polypropylene may be used to manufacture single
layer films or as a component in multilayer films via
both cast and blown film processing. In multilayer
films, polypropylene can serve as the major layer to
provide structural integrity to the film or it may be
used as a minor layer for specific functionality. In
either blown or cast film processing of multilayer
films, coextrusion generates the individual layers.
Processors accomplish adhesion between the layers
by using pressure to create intimate contact between
the layers at a time when they are still hot. In blown
film processing, this occurs through a double bubble
method where the pressure is created by air on
the inside of the bubble. In cast film, the layers are
pressed together in nip rollers at the outlet of the die.
3.1.3.6 Polypropylene Use Challenges
The challenges associated with using polypropylene
in film applications are that it is an intrinsically
unstable polymer that degrades via oxidative, thermo-
oxidative, and ultraviolet degradation processes
[8,9,10,11]. Resin manufacturers recognize this issue
so they stabilize them well before sending them to
their customers. However, stability may be a consider-
able issue if the stabilizer is ineffective for the proces-
sing conditions or is used up during processing or use.
The most common degradation during manufactur-
ing is thermooxidative degradation. In this process,
oxygen and high temperatures create an autocata-
lytic reaction which promotes the double bond
formation in the polymer chain, creates chain scis-
sions, and generates low molecular weight volatile
products. The double bonds end up conjugated on
the chains which lead to off-color resin with a yel-
low tint. The low molecular weight volatile materi-
als can lead to holes in the film (under very extreme
conditions) or thin spots where the volatiles flashed
off at the die. Another issue associated with degra-
dation is that the polymer molecular weight reduc-
tion induced by chain scission reduces the polymer
melt viscosity. This leads to ineffective polymer
mixing and pumping thereby changing the final film
properties.
44 MULTILAYER FLEXIBLE PACKAGING

To prevent this degradation from occurring, pro- Table of Selected Polypropylene Manufacturers
cessors need to confirm that the stabilizer works and Example Products—Cont’d
under the processing conditions including such things
Suppliers Example Products
as the residence time, shear conditions, and tempera-
ture regime that the polymer will experience. This DSM Engineering Fiberfil
becomes especially critical when recycled material is Plastics
introduced into the process. The stabilizer will already DuPont Bynel
be depleted in this recycled material which can lead Exxon Mobil Exxon Mobil PP6262
to additional problems during its reprocessing.
Formosa Plastics Formolene
Another processing concern is that polypropy-
Corporation, USA
lene’s melt strength may be inadequate to sustain a
stable bubble during blown film processing. This INEOS H03G-05, H07G-00
means that the bubble may sag or dance under its Technologies
own weight resulting in uneven film thicknesses LyondellBasell Moplen, Profax, Clyrell,
across the bubble. A recent improvement to this Adstif, Hostalen
resin family includes a polypropylene which con- Mitsui Chemicals ADMER
tains long chain branching. This branching increases
Pinnacle Polymers PP5135
entanglements among the polymer chains promoting
greater polymer cohesion. This, therefore, increases RTP Company RTP 100
the melt strength. SABIC Innovative
Plastics (GE
Plastics)
3.2 Summary Sunoco Chemicals Ultraclear
(formerly Aristech)
Polypropylene provides the film manufacturer The Dow Chemical INSPIRE
with strength, toughness, high melt temperature, Company
and processing ease that makes it a star among the
Total PPR1251, PPH3271,
polyolefin resins. Films produced with this polymer
Petrochemicals PPH 3274, PPC4170
find many applications in many different arenas.
Consumable and medical packaging, labels, stick-
ers, personal hygiene, and construction films all
have been made with this versatile resin.
References
Table of Selected Polypropylene Manufacturers [1] Charrier J-M. Polymeric materials and proces-
and Example Products sing: plastics, elastomers and composites.
New York, NY: Hanser Publishers; 1990.
Suppliers Example Products
[2] Malpass DB, Band E. Introduction to industrial
BASF Neopolen polypropylene: properties, catalysts, processes.
Borealis HC101BF, TD310BF Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. and
BP Amoco Accpro Salem, MA, Scrivener Publishing; 2012.
[3] Karian HG. Handbook of polypropylene and
Braskem Symbios polypropylene composites. CRC Publisher;
Carmel Olefins Capilene 1999.
Chevron Phillips Marlex Copylene [4] Moore EP, The rebirth of polypropylene: sup-
Chemical Company ported catalysts. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker,
LP Inc.; 2003.
Dow Chemical STRANDFOAM [5] Pasquini N, editor. Polypropylene handbook, pro-
ducts, technologies and markets. Cincinnati, OH:
DSM Engineering Electrafil
Hanser/Gardner Publications; 2005.
Plastics
(Continued )
3: POLYPROPYLENE 45

[6] Odian G. Principles of polymerization. 3rd ed. [9] Ehrenstein GW. Polymeric materials: structure-
New York, NY: Wiley Interscience properties-applications. Cincinnati, OH: Hanser/
Publications; 1991. Gardner Publications; 2001.
[7] Moore Jr. EP, editor. Polypropylene handbook. [10] Schnabel W. Polymer degradation: principles
1st ed. Cincinnati, OH: Hanser-Gardner and practical applications. New York, NY:
Publications; 1996. Hanser Publishers; 1992.
[8] Painter PC, Coleman MM. Fundamentals of [11] Pielichowski K, Njugana J. Thermal degrada-
polymer science. Lancaster, PA: Technomic tion of polymeric materials. Shrewsbury,
Publications; 1997. United Kingdom: Rapra Technology; 2005.