ARTICLE 1390. Voidable contracts are valid until annulled.

ARTICLE 1391. You are given 4 years to annul a voidable contract. If natapos na yung 4 years and hindi
nagfile yung injured party ng annulment, the contract cannot be set aside. Incase of intimidation,
violence, or undue influence, yung 4 years ay magsstart kapag nag cease or natapos na yung
intimidation, violence, or undue influence. If may mistake or fraud, yung 4 years ay magsstart from the
time it was discovered. If entered naman by minors or incapacitated, yung 4 years ay magsstart kapag
nagreach na sya ng age of maturity at kapag natapos na yung guardianship nung incapacitated.

ARTICLE 1392. Ratification is when despite knowing na may defects at unauthorized act (eg. Fraud)
yung contract at may option ka to annul, pinili mo parin na mag enter dito. Therefore, yung action mo
to annul ay maeextinguish at magreretroact from the time na naconstitute yung contract; nawawalang
bahala na yung mga defects at unauthorized acts.

ARTICLE 1393. Ratification may be implied or expressed. If implied dapat yung injured party ay may
knowledge sa the reason kung bakit naging voidable yung contract, dapat yung reason na yon ay nag
ceased na, at nagexecute sya ng act na makakapag sabi na niraratify nya yung contract.

ARTICLE 1394. If yung incapacitated person ang nagenter into a contract, pwedeng magratify yung
guardian in behalf of him guardian since incapacitated pa sya. Pwede naming si injured party ang
magratify pero dapat mag ceased muna yung inacapacity nya.

ARTICLE 1395. Ratification is unilateral. Ibig sabihin hindi na kailangan magconsent ni guilty party.

ARTICLE 1396. May retroactive effect ang ratification. Kahit na ngayon mo sya niratify, ang effect nya is
magiging valid na yung contract from the day it is constituted kasi nga binigay mo ba yung approval mo
kahit alam mo na may defects.

Article 1397. Yung injured party lang ang may right na mag file ng annulment.
General rule is that the action for annulment of contract can only be maintained by parties who are
principally or subsidiarity bound ng contract. However, a person not obliged to the contract (strangers)
may exercise an action for nullity of the contract kapag naipakita nya na may injury or loss sya dahil
doon sa contract kahit hindi sya nagparticipate.

Article 1398. This article discusses the effects of annulment.

If hindi pa nacocomply yung contract, the parties are excused in performing the obligations. If may
compliance na, magkakaroon ng mutual restitution which means dapat ibalik yung thing and its fruits at
yung price with interest. Kapag naman nakapag render na ng service, yung value nung service ang
magiging basis for damages.
Article 1399. General rule: Walang restitution by the injured party if he is incapacitated to give consent.
However, kapag nag benefit sya doon sa thing or price na natanggap nya, kailangan nya itoing ibalik.

Article 1400. Kapag hindi mon a kayang ireturn yung thing or price because of your fault, irereturn nya
na lang yung fruits nung thing or yung value nung bagay at the time of the loss. Kapag naman hindi mo
fault, hindi ka magkakaroon ng obligation to return it.

Article 1401. This article talks about the extinguishment of action for annulment. If yung party whom
has the right to file for annulment ay hindi na kayang irestore yung bagay na obliged sya ireturn in case
the contract is annulled because of his fault or fraud, yung right nya to annul the contract will be
extinguish.

Article 1402. This article talks about the reciprocal obligation of restitution. If one of the parties ay hindi
marestore yung mga bagay na nareceived nya, hindi nya rin pwedeng pilitin yung other party na ibalik
yung mga nareceived nya. In effect, hindi magkakaroon ng annulment if yung one party ay hindi
marestore yung thing that he is bound to return.

Article 1403. The ff contracts are unenforceable unless they are ratified:
1. Yung mga unauthorized contract ay kailangan munang iratified nung principal party para magkaroon
ng legal effects. Kapag binenta mo yung property ng iba in their name tapos wala ka namang authority
to dispose it, wala syang legal effects unless niratified nung principal yung pagbebenta, either expressly
or impliedly. Sa unauthorized contracts, pwede ring binigyan ka ng authority but you acted beyond that
power.
2. Yung mga contracts na hindi nagcomply with the Statue of Frauds (dapat yung contract ay nakasulat,
kahit hindi formal basta dapat written sya for the purpose na maprevent yung fraud at mistake) ay
unforceable unless ratified.
3. Kapag both parties ay incapable to give consent to the contract, then unforceable yun.

Article 1404.