ORTHODONTICS

3. Work in groups. Analyze the graphic organizer, reflect and discuss about
Orthodontics.

Risks Aftercare
Overbite

Precautions

Duration of Orthodontics
treatment

Crossbite
Headgear
Orthodontic Braces
appliances

READING AND WRITING

 Orthodontics
Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that corrects teeth and jaws that are positioned improperly. Crooked teeth and teeth
that do not fit together correctly are harder to keep clean, are at risk of being lost early due to tooth decay and periodontal
disease, and cause extra stress on the chewing muscles that can lead to headaches, shoulder and back pain. Teeth that are
crooked or not in the right place can also detract from one's appearance. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics is the
formal name of the dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, interception, guidance and correction of bad
bites. The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to create a healthy bite—straight teeth that properly meet opposing teeth in the
opposite jaw. A good bite makes it easier for you to bite, chew and speak. If the teeth are crowded, protrusive, spaced too far
apart, meet in an abnormal way, or do not meet at all, correction may be recommended. Braces and aligners are the
“appliances” orthodontists most commonly use to guide your teeth into their proper positions. Retainers preserve and
stabilize the results of your orthodontic treatment. In the past, orthodontic treatment was associated with children and teens,
but today many adults seek orthodontic treatment to correct long-standing problems, or problems that stem from
maturational changes. Orthodontists can help people of any age achieve a healthy and beautiful smile. The benefits of
orthodontic treatment include a healthier mouth, a more pleasing appearance, and teeth that are more likely to last a lifetime.
Based on diagnostic tools that include a full medical and dental health history, a clinical exam, plaster models of your
teeth, and special X-rays and photographs, an orthodontist or dentist can decide whether orthodontics are recommended.
Orthodontic treatment is necessary in: overbite (the upper front teeth lie too far forward over the lower teeth), underbite (the
lower teeth are too far forward or the upper teeth too far back), crossbite (the upper teeth do not come down slightly in front
of the lower teeth when biting together normally), open bite (space between the biting surfaces of the front and/or side teeth
when the back teeth bite together), misplaced midline (the center of upper front teeth does not line up with the center of
lower front teeth), spacing (gaps, or spaces, between the teeth as a result of missing teeth or teeth that do not "fill up" the
mouth), crowding (too many teeth for the dental ridge to accommodate).
Many different types of appliances, both fixed and removable, are used to help move teeth, retrain muscles and affect the
growth of the jaws. These appliances work by placing gentle pressure on the teeth and jaws. The severity of the problem
determines which orthodontic approach is likely to be the most effective.
Fixed appliances include: braces — the most common fixed appliances, consist of bands, wires and/or brackets, special
fixed appliances — used to control thumb sucking or tongue thrusting, these appliances are attached to the teeth by bands,
fixed space maintainers — if a baby tooth is lost prematurely, a space maintainer is used to keep the space open until the
permanent tooth erupts, a band is attached to the tooth next to the empty space, and a wire is extended to the tooth on the
other side of the space.
Removable appliances include: aligners — an alternative to traditional braces for adults, serial aligners are being used by an
increasing number of orthodontists to move teeth in the same way that fixed appliances work, only without metal wires and
brackets. Aligners are virtually invisible and are removed for eating, brushing and flossing. Removable space maintainers —
these devices serve the same function as fixed space maintainers. They're made with an acrylic base that fits over the jaw,
and have plastic or wire branches between specific teeth to keep the space between them open. Jaw repositioning
appliances — also called splints, these devices are worn on either the top or lower jaw help train the jaw to close in a more
favorable position. They may be used for temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ). Lip and cheek bumpers — these are
designed to keep the lips or cheeks away from the teeth. Lip and cheek muscles can exert pressure on the teeth, and these
bumpers help relieve that pressure. Palatal expander — a device used to widen the arch of the upper jaw. It is a plastic plate
that fits over the roof of the mouth. Removable retainers — worn on the roof of the mouth, these devices prevent shifting of
the teeth to their previous position. They can also be modified and used to prevent thumb sucking. Headgear — with this
device, a strap is placed around the back of the head and attached to a metal wire in front, or face bow. Headgear slows the
growth of the upper jaw, and holds the back teeth where they are while the front teeth are pulled back.

Underbite OpenBite Crowding

Crossbite Overbite
Vocabulary
crooked /ˈkrʊkɪd/- not in a straight line;
detract /dɪˈtrækt/from - to make something seem less good or enjoyable;
orthopedics /ˌɔːθəˈpiːdɪks/- the branch of medicine that deals with injuries and diseases of the bones or muscles;
protrusion /prəˈtruːʒn/- a thing that sticks out from a place or surface;
brace /breɪs/- a device that holds things together or holds and supports them in position;
aligners [əˈlaɪnərs] - orthodontic devices that are a transparent, plastic form of dental braces used to adjust teeth;
retainers [rɪˈteɪnəs]- custom-made devices, usually made of wires or clear plastic, that hold teeth in position
after surgery or any method of realigning teeth;
underbite [underbite] - an orthodontic condition where lower teeth extend past upper teeth;
overbite [ˈəʊvəbaɪt] - a dental condition in which the upper teeth noticeably cover the lower teeth;
crossbite [crossbite ] -a form of malocclusion where a tooth (or teeth) has a more buccal or lingual position;
appliance /əˈplaɪəns/- a machine that is designed to do a particular thing in the home;
retrain /ˌriːˈtreɪn/- to learn, or to teach somebody, a new type of work, a new skill;
thrust /θrʌst/- to push something/somebody suddenly or violently in a particular direction; to move quickly and
suddenly in a particular direction;
splint /splɪnt/- a long piece of wood or metal that is tied to a broken arm or leg to keep it still and in the right
position;
headgear /ˈhedɡɪə(r)/- the most useful appliance for maxillary molar distalization, used to help reposition teeth
in children whose jaws are still growing;
face bow [feɪs bəʊ]- a dental instrument used in the field of prosthodontics. Its purpose is to transfer functional
and aesthetic components from patient's mouth to the dental articulator.

1. Connect the following sentence halves.

1. Porcelain / Resin Inlay / Onlay –
2. Implants -
3. Bridges -
4. Dentures -
5. Bonding -
6. Porcelain veneers -
7. Crowns –
8.Active treatment stage —
9. Bicuspid —
10. Canines —
11. Crossbite —
12. Crown —
13. Deep bite —
14. Eruption —
15. Impacted tooth —
16. Incisors —
17. Interceptive orthodontics —
18. Malocclusion —
19. Molars —
20. Open bite —
21. Orthognatic surgery —
22. Overbite —
23. Plaque —
24. Retainer —
25. Retention treatment stage —
26. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) —
a) used to replace teeth, where there are no teeth.
b) full or partial replacement of missing teeth, also serve as cosmetic function for lip support and facial
contour.
c) a direct placement of a resin restorative material to reshape or rebuild the tooth, this work requires
much artistic talent from a dentist to replicate the life-like appearance of a tooth.
d) used to replace missing teeth.
e) the most aesthetic restorative materials used to cover the facial surfaces of teeth.
f) can be of three types: full cast metal, porcelain fused to metal, ceramic, the type of the crown depends
on several factors which are decided by the dentist.
g) conservative and aesthetic restorations for posterior teeth.
h) premolar; the two-cupped tooth between the first molar and the cuspid.i) the period during which
orthodontic appliances or braces are used.
j) the condition in which the upper teeth bite inside the lower teeth.
k) the process of a tooth breaking through the gum tissue to grow into place in the mouth.
l) the passive treatment period following orthodontic treatment, when retainers may be used to stabilize
the teeth.
m) an orthodontic appliance that is worn to stabilize teeth in a new position.
n) one of a pair of joints that attaches the mandible of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull, it is a
combination of a hinge and a gliding joint.
o) the eight front teeth.
p) any tooth that is prevented from reaching its normal position in the mouth by another tooth, bone, or
soft tissue.
q) a closed bite; a deep or excessive overbite in which the lower incisors bite too closely to or into the gum
tissue or palate behind the upper teeth.
r) the natural part of the tooth covered by enamel, a restorative crown is a protective shell that fits over a
tooth.
s) the two sharp teeth located next to the front incisor teeth in mammals that are used to grip and tear,
also called cuspids.
t) protrusion of the upper teeth over the lower teeth.
u) a malocclusion in which some teeth do not meet the opposing teeth.
v) preventative orthodontics; early, simpler orthodontic treatment.
w) the misalignment of opposing teeth in the upper and lower jaws.
x) the teeth behind the primary canines or the permanent premolars, with large crowns and broad
chewing surfaces for grinding food.
y) surgery to alter the relationships of the teeth and/or supporting bones, usually in conjunction with
orthodontic treatment.
z) a sticky film of saliva, food particles, and bacteria that attaches to the tooth surface and causes decay.

2. Give the synonyms to the following words: 

a crown, a bridge, a neglected tooth, badly damaged, to place a crown, to construct, to cover the defects.

In addition to restoring teeth that are badly decayed or broken, crowns (caps) can improve one's
appearance by correcting severely discoloured, chipped or misaligned teeth. To place a crown, the dentist
must prepare the tooth reducing it in size, so that a replacement crown can fit over the existing tooth.
Impressions of the teeth and surrounding areas are made, and life-size models constructed. Using these
models the actual crown is fabricated. Today most crowns are made from alloys. Sometimes these alloys are
coated with a layer of porcelain for natural appearance. The patient is given a temporary crown to wear
while the permanent one is being constructed. After a «try-in» appointment any necessary changes are made
and the crown is put into place. When a single crown is not sufficient to mask the defects and the patient has
enough natural teeth remaining, a fixed partial denture (bridge) can be used. For some dental problems, for
example, insufficient remaining teeth affected by periodontal disease, a removable partial denture may be
recommended. Both fixed and removable partial dentures depend on the existing teeth for their support, and
caution must be taken to avoid damage to these supporting teeth. Thorough brushing and flossing, eating a
balanced diet, and visiting the dentist regularly will help to ensure the health of the remaining teeth.
Moreover, some precautions are necessary to avoid fracturing the replaced teeth.

3. Prepositions
l. to reduce a tooth.........size
2. to improve appearance....correcting teeth
3. to fit a replacement crown....the existing tooth
4. to coat the alloys....a layer of porcelain
5. most crowns are made....alloys

ADULT ORTHODONTICS
Although crowns and bridges may work wonders for some patients, such procedures won't help those with
protruding or crowded teeth. Orthodontic treatment is the answer here. Many adults seek care simply
because they want a more attractive smile. However, orthodontic problems affect more than just a person's
appearance. Crooked, crowded or protruding teeth are harder to clean, and the consequence could be more
tooth decay or periodontal disease.
If chewing is difficult because teeth are not properly aligned, there is a tendency to choose softer foods,
often at the expense of nutrition. Misaligned teeth can also create tension and pain in the jaw joints because
of the extra stress placed on chewing muscles. They can cause abnormal wear of teeth and lead to emotional
problems due to their effect on speech and unattractive appearance.

4. Questions to be answered:
1. Do crowns and bridges work wonders for patients in all cases?
2. Why do many adults seek orthodontic care?
3. Do orthodontic problems affect only appearance of the patient?
4. What could the consequence of crooked, crowded or protruding teeth be?
5. What teeth can create tension and pain in the jaw joints?
6. What abnormalities do misaligned teeth cause?

ENTITLE THE TEXT

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that diagnoses, prevents, and treats dental and facial
irregularities called malocclusions. Orthodontics includes dentofacial orthopedics, which is used to correct
problems involving the growth of the jaw.
Humans have attempted to straighten teeth for thousands of years before orthodontics became a dental
specialty in 1900. Although orthodontic treatment often improves facial appearance and occasionally is
performed for solely cosmetic reasons, it is used primarily to correct health problems and to ensure the
proper functioning of the mouth. Properly aligned teeth, which close together correctly, simplify oral
hygiene and enable children to chew their food efficiently. Orthodontic treatment provides the following:
straightens teeth that are rotated, tilted, or otherwise improperly aligned; corrects crowded or unevenly
spaced teeth; corrects bite problems; aligns the upper and lower jaws
Alignment problems usually become apparent as the permanent teeth begin erupting at about age six.
Dentists monitor the development of a child's permanent teeth and refer the child to an orthodontist if a
problem is suspected. The Association of Orthodontists recommends that all children be screened by an
orthodontist by the age of seven. Once a child's lower baby incisors have erupted, an orthodontist can
measure the child's jaw and tooth size, project their growth rate, and possibly predict whether the child will
have orthodontic problems with their permanent teeth. The orthodontist may be able to perform preventative
or interceptive orthodontics that can reduce or eliminate the need for braces later. In a procedure called
selective serial extraction, the orthodontist removes one or more baby or permanent teeth. Doing so creates
space for the permanent teeth, especially unerupted canine teeth that might become impacted or erupt in the
wrong position. After the removal or loss of a tooth, braces or another orthodontic appliance may be used to
prevent the remaining teeth from moving into the empty space. If a baby molar—that acts as a space-holder
for later permanent teeth—is lost, a fixed orthodontic wire is inserted between the teeth to keep the space
available.
The orthodontist compiles pretreatment records that are used for diagnosis, determining the course of
treatment, and measuring the progress of treatment. These records may include: a complete medical and
dental history; a clinical examination; x rays revealing the positions of erupted and unerupted teeth,
development of unerupted teeth, any missing or impacted teeth, shortened or damaged tooth roots, and the
amount of bone supporting the teeth; a facial-profile x ray or cephalometric film revealing the sizes,
positions, and relationships of the teeth and jaw, as well as facial form, growth pattern, and the inclinations
of tipped or tilted incisors; plastic impressions of the bite and plaster models made from the impressions;
photographs and other measurements of the teeth and face. Based on the diagnosis the orthodontist develops
a custom treatment plan and designs the appropriate corrective appliances that will gradually straighten or
move the teeth. Severe overcrowding may necessitate the extraction of permanent teeth, usually the
premolars, to create space prior to using braces to move teeth.
By applying constant gentle pressure in a specific direction, braces can slowly move teeth through the
supporting bone to a new position. Springs and wires put pressure on teeth in order to straighten them. The
pressure causes bone in the jaw to dissolve in front of the moving tooth as new bone grows behind the tooth.
Braces and other appliances may be removable or fixed and are made of clear or colored metal, ceramic, or
plastic. Removable appliances are often plastic plates that fit into the roof of the mouth and clip onto a tooth.
Fixed braces exert more pressure than removable braces and can achieve more complex movements. They
consist of wires and springs that are held in place by small brackets glued to the outside surfaces of the
incisors and sometimes the premolars. Lingual braces have brackets bonded to the back of the teeth. Bands
encircling the molars also can be used for attachments. The wires, springs, and other devices attached to the
brackets or bands put pressure on the teeth, gradually shifting them into new positions. The nickel-titanium
wires are very light, and some are heat-activated. These are very flexible at room temperature and actively
begin to move the teeth as they warm to body temperature. Elastic bands sometimes connect the upper and
lower teeth to create tension.
Appliances used to direct jaw growth and development in growing children and adolescents include:
headgear attached to braces and usually worn for 10 to 12 hours at night puts pressure on the upper teeth and
jaw and influences the direction and speed of upper jaw growth and upper teeth eruption; palatal or upper
jaw expansion devices can widen a narrow upper jaw and correct a crossbite within months; removable
bionators hold the lower jaw forward and guide tooth eruption while helping the upper and lower jaws to
grow proportionately.
Headgear appliances can significantly reduce protrusion of the four top incisors and enable the growing
lower jaw to catch up with the upper jaw, eliminating swallowing problems.
Orthodontic treatment usually continues until the desired outcome is reached. Active orthodontic treatment
lasts an average of two years, with a range of one to three years. Some children respond to treatment faster
than others and interceptive or early treatments may continue for only a few months. Appliances are
adjusted periodically during treatment. Factors affecting the duration of treatment include: the growth of the
mouth and face; the severity of the problem; the health of the teeth, gums, and supporting bones; the child's
level of cooperation
Orthodontic appliances trap food, bacteria, and plaque, leading to tooth decay. Extra brushing with
specially shaped and/or electric toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste is required around the areas where the
braces or appliances attach to the teeth. Both the tops and bottoms of braces must be brushed and irrigated
with a water jet directed from the top down and the bottom up. If possible, teeth should be flossed. A
fluoride mouthwash may be recommended. Removable appliances should be brushed every time the teeth
are brushed. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings must be continued.
 Children with braces should eat raw fruits and vegetables and avoid soft, processed, and refined foods that
attract bacteria, as well as hard or sticky foods, including gum, caramels, peanuts, ice chips, and popcorn.
Chewing on hard items, such as fingernails or pencils, can damage braces. Children with braces should wear
a protective mouth guard while playing contact sports.
After braces are removed the teeth must be stabilized in their new positions. This phase of treatment
commonly takes two to three years. Occasionally it continues indefinitely. Types of retainers used for
stabilization include: positioners, rubber-like mouthpieces that are worn at night and bitten into for a few
hours during the day; removable retainers with a plastic plate that snaps onto the roof of the mouth and wires
on the outside of the teethremovable, clear, plastic retainers that completely cover the sides and biting
surfaces of the teeth; semi-rigid wires that are bonded onto the inside of the incisors.
Braces may cause discomfort when they are first installed or adjusted during treatment. For the first three
to five days teeth may hurt during biting. Lips, cheeks, and tongue may be irritated for one to two weeks
before they toughen and adapt to the braces. Some appliances may interfere with speech for the first day or
two. Damaged appliances can extend the length of treatment and negatively affect the outcome. Food
particles and plaque deposits around orthodontic appliances can cause demineralization of the tooth enamel,
leading to cavities and permanent whitish scars on the teeth.
Orthodontic treatment is usually very successful at correcting malocclusions. Even a significant size
discrepancy between the upper and lower jaws often can be corrected. Sometimes, particularly in adults,
corrective orthognathic surgery is required to shorten or lengthen a jawbone. The height of the lower face
also can be shortened or lengthened. Sometimes surgery reduces the duration of the orthodontic treatment.
Indications that children may need an early orthodontic examination include:early or late loss of baby teeth;
crowded, misplaced, or blocked-out teeth; upper and lower teeth that do not meet normally; thumb- or
finger-sucking; biting of the cheek or roof of the mouth; difficulty biting or chewing; breathing through the
mouth; jaws that shift or make noise; jaws and teeth that are out of proportion to the rest of the face.

6. Work in groups. Write 10 questions

References:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/orthodontics
https://youtu.be/jp3RlTYu5z0