CARDIOVASCULAR

PHYSIOLOGY:
BLOOD & HEMOSTASIS
ABI 3213 – GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Department of Biological Sciences
transportation

regulation

protection
plasma

blood
cells

red white
blood cell blood cell platelet
Components
• Water (91-92%) – acts as solvent
• Plasma proteins (7-8%) – defense, clotting,
lipid transport, extracellular fluid volume
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
• Ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids, vitamins
(1-2%)
PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
• 7 µm in size; biconcave disc
• anucleated; without organelles
• cannot reproduce
• with hemoglobin
• plasma membrane with specific
glycolipids & glycoproteins
• production in the bone marrow
• production of RBC
• requires iron, folic acid & vitamin B12
• Iron – element in which oxygen binds with
hemoglobin; stored as ferritin in liver
• Folic acid – required to synthesize thymine;
important in DNA formation & cell division
• Vitamin B12 – required for folic acid function
needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed
• regulated by erythropoietin secreted by the
kidneys
• acts on the bone marrow to stimulate
proliferation of progenitor cells
• Anemia – decrease in the number of
erythrocytes or Hb concentration
• Polycythemia – increased number of
erythrocytes
LEUKOCYTES
17
19
20
21
• cell fragments that break off from
megakaryocytes
• 2-4 µm diameter; irregular disc shaped
• without nucleus; with vesicles and granules
• short life span: 5-9 days
• formation is mediated by thrombopoietin
PLATELETS
PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
Number Clotting Factors
I Fibrinogen
II Prothrombin
III Tissue Factor (thromboplastin)
IV Calcium ions (Ca2+)
V Proaccelerin, labile factor, accelerator globulin (AcG)
VII Proconvertin, Serum Prothrombin Conversion Accelerator
(SPCA)
VIII Antihemophilic globulin (AHG) or antihemophilic factor B
IX Antihemophilic factor B
X Thrombokinase
XI Antihemophilic factor C
XII Antihemophilic factor D or Hageman factor
XIII Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF)
• cessation of blood flow
• sequence of events that stops bleeding
• prevents hemorrhage
• includes: vascular spasm, platelet plug
formation and blood clotting (coagulation)
• damage of arteries and arterioles causes smooth
muscle walls to contract immediately to reduce
blood loss
• platelet adhesion
• platelets contact and stick to parts of damaged
blood vessel
• mediated by vWF
• platelet release reaction
• platelets become activates and enable to
interact and liberate vesicle contents
• platelet aggregation
• activated platelets adhere to each other forming
platelet plug
• transformation of blood into a solid gel called
clot or thrombus with fibrin proteins
• reinforce platelet plug
• complex cascade of enzymatic reactions
 BLOOD CLOTTING

Formation of prothrombinase from intrinsic and

extrinsic pathways

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to

thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble

fibrin

Fibrin forms threads of a clot

 Anticlotting systems
• Uses plasma protein tissue factor pathway inhibitor
1 (TFPI) inhibits factor X

• Thrombin binds to thrombomodulin eliminates

2 thrombin’s clot producing effects (inactivates VIII & V)

• Antithrombin III (activated by heparin) inactivates

3 thrombin and other clotting factors

• Activated protein C (APC) inihibits 2 clotting factors

4 not blocked by antithrombin