06/03/2023

ENERGY

Energy is:

capacity to do work or
ability to cause change.

ENERGY &
METABOLISM &
WATER Dr. Seliz Bağcılar
sbagcilar@ciu.edu.tr

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OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Terms

Calorie basic measurement unit of energy

in biological system. Indicated by a “c”.

In human metabolism kilocalorie (1,000

calories) is widely used. Indicated by a
“kcal”.

Joule is also another unit for energy.

To convert from one unit to

another:
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

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Energy Expenditure
FOOD AS FUEL The energy expenditure (EE) of a man or woman
over a day is often divided into 3 components, which
can be individually determined. These are:
CARBOHYDRATE: 4 kcal/g
1- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
PROTEIN: 4 kcal/g 2- Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
3- Physical Activity (PA)
FAT: 9 kcal/g

ETHANOL: 7 kcal/g

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COMPONENTS OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
BMR is the rate at which the body uses energy for
vital functions while at rest.

Factors that influence BMR:

­ Age
­ Sex
­ Weight/size
­ Genetics
­ Food intake

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BMR constitutes 60-75% of Harris-Benedict

total energy expenditure
equation
­Woman: 655.1 + 9.56 (wt:kg) +
Basal Metabolic
Rate (60-75%)
1.85(ht:cm) - 4.68 (age:yrs)

­Man: 66.47 + 13.75 (wt:kg) + 5.0

(ht:cm) - 6.76 (age:yrs)
Measurement conditions:
Lying at rest
Just after a normal sleep
10-12 hours since last meal
No physical activity in the past 12-18 hours

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Measuring oxygen uptake and CO2

production of a spontaneously breathing
subject

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FACTORS THAT AFFECT

BASAL METABOLIC RATE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
(BMR) (BMR)

Muscle & organ mass Age ® 2-3% ¯ per decade

Liver 29% ¯Lean body mass
Brain 19% ­Body fat
Muscles (resting) 18% ¯Organ function
Heart 10%
Kidney 7% Keeping physically active
The rest 17% Slows loss of lean body mass
100% Slows gain of fat
→ preservation of BMR

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT

BASAL METABOLIC RATE
(BMR)

Gender: BMR of ♀ < ♂

♀ (female):
smaller
less lean body mass
Menstrual cycle influences:
Low point:
a week before ovulation
High point:
Just before menstruation starts

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT FACTORS THAT AFFECT

BASAL METABOLIC RATE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
(BMR) (BMR)
Sleep Fever BMR
­ 10% ↓ in BMR
Environmental temperature
↑ lean body mass → ↑ BMR ­ Cold
­ (growth spurts, e.g. infancy &
­ Hot
adolescence)
Starvation BMR
Hormones
­ Thyroid Genetics
Physical stress

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Physical Activity (PA)

Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
On average it accounts for 15 to 30% of total daily EE but can
Also called post-prandial thermogenesis (PPT) or the thermic vary more in very active persons.
effect of food (TEF).

DIT accounts for about 10% of total energy intake (EI) for a
mixed western diet.

This is the amount of energy utilized in the digestion,

absorption and transportation of nutrients.

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Components of Energy Expenditure

ENERGY BALANCE
Energy equilibrium: a balance of energy
intake and output that results in little or no
change in weight over time

Positive energy balance: energy intake

exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in an
increase in body energy stores and weight gain

Negative energy balance: energy intake is

lower than energy expenditure, resulting in a
depletion of body stores and weight loss

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DEFINING HEALTHY BODY

WEIGHT
Body mass index (BMI)= weight (kg)/height2 (m)2

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BMI

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HOWEVER BMI IS NOT A

USEFUL TOOL ON ITS
OWN.
WHY?

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ABDOMINAL OBESITY

e Pe
ppl ar
A

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WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE
GENDER RISK (BMI>25) HIGH RISK (BMI>30)

MALE ≥ 94 cm ≥ 102 cm

FEMALE ≥ 80 cm ≥ 88 cm
IMPORTANCE OF
WATER

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WATER AS A SOLVENT

Water is know as ‘The

Universal Solvent’.

Because the water

molecule is polar, it can
ionize substances easily.

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WATER AS A WAY OF WATER AS A REACTANT

TRANSPORT Water, being a good solvent, allows many
Tree Sap
reactions to occur.
Many different
substances, such as
blood and sap, are
transported by water.

Human Being good solvents

Blood allows them to dissolve
Cells the substances they are
transporting.

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WATER AS A WAY OF WATER AS A LUBRICANT

SUPPORT
When water enters the When bones meet at a
cell by osmosis, the water joint, they need a fluid
between the bones to Synovial
fills up the cell so much prevent scraping against
that the cell prevents Fluid
each other.
other water intake.

Many internal organs have

This makes the cell fluid around them to keep
turgid, or stiff. them protected. Examples:
Brain: Cerebro-spinal fluid
Lungs: Pleural Fluid
Eye: Mix of fluids.

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WATER FOR CONSTANT Ways of Gaining Water in

TEMPERATURE
•Water helps mammals maintain their body temperature constant
Mammals
by sweating.
•Mammals sweat when their body temperature is too high.
•Sweat is made of mostly water. ! drinking
•When the water evaporates from the organism it creates a
cooling effect, therefore lowering the organisms body
temperature. ! eating

! metabolic water (occurs in cells

as a result of respiration).

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Ways of Losing Water in

Mammals 2-3 liters / day
] evaporation from body

surfaces

] Sweating (500 ml)

] Exhalation (300 ml)

] Urination (1500 ml)

] Defaecation (200 ml)

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