1. Exactly describe why we cannot use the CIDR notation for the following blocks in ‘Table 12.1: a. AD HOC block with the range 224.0.2.0 to 224.0.255.255. ‘b. The first reserved block with the range 224.3.0.0 to 231.255.255.255. c. The second reserved block with the range 234.0.0.0 to 238.255.255.255 ‘stop a7 x com: + cioRis ase of standard interne rotocolthat can be used to give uniue dentfcatonrumber to the neteorrar wet eto aercen ‘inthe COR stars the Fist block fan P ares rei inorder der the netwrk secre + Bef CGR, 2 DNS [Domain Name Str wer etalcd orcesklruting stoma wore ued to an sctess narderto dently te network acres. fer at CIDR Was AScoveres. + The prefix partie wed by st compte for ranemiting the packets oie destination compute. + COR removed ear version othe cases which name fae flows ‘we cases for future use and thetrrenge which areas flows. + Cass As Ths has the range 0.27, + aes 8 This has the ange 28-11, ‘ass Be This has he range 24-258 This can be used for multicasting. ‘ass Tis haste range 240-255. reseed or future se «rom the above class ange cn be dented fom which class the Padres i belongs “CIDR i adres can be lok ikea normal P aderess hat ends wth folowed by 2 rumber which ‘inthe the ass le that prec P network + The orf nator nea thathow nan accesses are cover ty the COR,supa? x HOR Blocks: + CIDR blocks can be used to group the blocs adresses into singe outing network aes + C1 pref network used for interpreting thePacdeses, + Ciba backs anu the est nooks oF Sequences whic canst of Bnet fepresentaton of Sees on lcs canbe eraestough he seca cot notation at can Deuseser rvs 115 CIR blocs, an aes which has the unique pais ae ame number fis aye ‘teste thesame bore. + CIORbock assignment canbe managed ty the ANA rier Assigned Number Authority ‘The main urp0ee ofthe IANA sto provide the large block of IP adreszes tothe RRs (Regions Internet egies +5, the large aks canbe use fa geographical aea whichis as flows + Nomth amen, usta, ica and Europe et. ‘The main purpose sch Res 1 assign smal locks, but Rist usedto ceste anger blocs of IPatereses ote Us (Loca interme egies). funnes + CIDR can aes be uses for never IP tans, step 3/7 = ‘IOR notation cannot be usd forthe blocks because of felling reasons: ‘inorder to fa the CIOR natation fr 2 ange fadrsses whe he est and let back adresses ae oven + Thor neo tnd the peti lent which an be denoted a nate of) ‘In oder the mannan number af same right mast bits in Left adsess and ight des + Suppose that he fis blocks pret nthe fst adress, ght most bts uh shoud be al an inthe st adares, ight most ts uf shoud be aS. + Suppose above tet matches infest ane lst adcreszes then fhe value of rei ent and the boucan oe uses trios motto, *The above test guarantees that the ist adress canbe divided no present block numberof Serenesoar a ‘+ Tes0-Hoc ocx ata me ange: 22402010 2240255285. Dry such a + sutin te fst aos te ghost bok uf has inthe second lack fom the ght which Cana scen nine sore rt ares wnichsepresertac ne Bray. otis lek does nok Match + Anas tockcan be diced no many acs thew purpose swpsi7 a ‘gst Access wenn decal 23255255285 ht cn be represented nary Wh 535 sep B s eunn ane frst adres thermos block gue ns two 15 nthe lock rom the ng which (rte son ne shove et ares which represented nthe Bray 5,ths DOU Sees oka Sitythe condos when ae nase oesesadsbovetorne Coe + And hi lock can be Sed to many heck inthe hewe puree sep 5 as acess whic n decmal 28 285255 288 nat can be ewesentd in binary WHEN 25 1m oe 08 statnconep act na as tei od + auto ve est adres te gto block uta nas one inthe our Bock om te ight wich (ante sean in testo est areas whichis retezrted nth rary anain te Last odes the fourm bie rom the dhe when as one. So, sock doesnot match wth the cneton wh hasbeen decuseed bows fore GDR ‘+ hod ts lock can be vdeo many ied in the Kzwe purpose2, ‘The AS number in an organization is 24101. Find the range of multicast addresses that the onganization can use in the GLOP block. stop 5 As nb: “Te tad for Auanomoue System Numba. “tunovomous seem ie sometmes adic tothe eng coma “inthe tye ost, network can communicate ng formation’ the grou vate IOP enor Caewsy orzo. «Ts lsibutes th tng nfarmation ote ter auonorout sytem wth the hel of BG (Borer GatenayPetcoh + EP (exeror Gateway Protec) was used prevesly B cn be sed orf “These tne oty una numer eerste ae an atonomove ster mane + they ofan autonomous system, ange newer or io of networs canbe conve by ‘heretwork ads ore group of sdminsttos + An aSrumber aval abl and can be wed 0 Menty the autonomous system, ‘ oatonemout tan quer hae the inte ube sevens canbe ssigned ie l-t number sepa 5 + omauioctayer ‘nuhistne sang ange 2240000 i used revere base aes. ‘Te econ ange 24001 fe wes to muttast ine comer gine ‘ftv dtagrame wih marcas addres hen thal datagrams smutanaously ancmited'9 ey emp outa ares ‘sop aH a “reo canbe utes aan trom eem ‘sey canbe asgned mers btrunbr shgrtomarineatoramaieortemruntr henine md fc. Hott coe can ‘crac merarge 23x01 2021425816 case the 26 mutase sinncny the amber sepa 5 {inde den nthe elon wa ‘he AS nubsre 240) ansterete tne ose be oases srretavoe ne 20103 by 256 nore tte andy waren ane yie ‘sang he 21011 256 geste 54a uote an a remain Then neva fa ny 253 ‘hen si ila orto Nocle239043793. A multicast address for a group is 232.24.60.9. What is its 48-bit Ethernet address for a LAN using TCP/IP? e082 5 + nea acess apo olal oar nch ets catgram or raarnat cet ‘heats or fess set nether + iat acthasngshandedin the OS lay hats ae ata Lay + yas cress has ome ange wheh sa flows: + ints the arta ange 2240000 eure tore bse aes The second ange 24.001 aed to mula he canoer ur +The bid ange 24.002 used to subetal ut “ecatppepe mn atten tenet ctr srtanecny tte cery sep 2 5 heme Address + arnt ade ao inna wees adver acess. + emeret adress conansrumbe ard is rumber sass grea by 2 manvfacue frat heme. +The asgned meter wb in 6 ytoheradcinal mambo + Fer xamsl,e numbers 0070108606. + nso places ted pic Oxto tel that te uberis inneradacil rd do ot int th Ox ‘shetorhe mimi The above bytehowadacrl each 2b can be rita at ishexaecirl whch fons: sep38 5 tppece group has 232.2409 a malas dees then 4B ere dees fr LAN ng Teri ein beeseateaby he elma way ‘scone the mula cress bay fom sfolows: ‘Tbnayumbar wi be: t40100099014000 011400 00004008 From he served ects the profi3 ocets 2.00SEhat mers 2 tare sere re 2 Snctiscctestare om seat, ce, ooet and sbhie ae exec ciate Ory 2 can ‘Thus the 3 octet hath pfctl 0005 anathema cn be calla See eg ee eee eee cecal" stray te for: booaenat ‘rary its or 20 00000000 nar sree 1019 + Topetarm opaton or 46 hen 2sres, 22s the st cto De gen adress and ‘heheh am ptetnemet aero enh snthed Soe ‘me ecutart vali not change aha the sane vale or hid octets ana enaiing vase Basoovaee ‘rary fom of 232244094 101000 990ne00G0NN0900001001, ‘rary fom otte:008m 800000: ocecenaosnti9 Therenting aes willbe 1034 24509 ortetiewe tts ‘hone, restong value ean be nhoxdcemal OLGOSE2AICOD,4. Change the following IP multicast addresses to Ethernet multicast addresses. How many of them specify the same Ethernet address? a. 224.18.72.8 b. 235.18.72.8 . 237.18.6.88 a. 224.88.12.8 see z ‘rng mca cress. 22487, fay sie a ost 3g and sstac esto {lets eotne sea fn pete fane nen se ere senna cb eee snp > sinmsie mutase 9548728 syn Ne ratkns Sc ana sunset enon eimai ttcgntinh hrc stg es +5. fom ne nove Pmuncst ae, me cand Neate aes eons: sree deca oa: fy ok etn cg antes he ty Selb nabeshstinne tyes tele sinsann renanestepons 5 sive manen sss 0428, tly stn rant nat dagheandaunaacine Sh ‘Reletnoz Ogu aniopntt sgn honthensoteeaete ng ote eet eave inary canbe epee inhewecmal kth: +5 fom he ove micas ase he changed Gn neaceomal des soos: Sola seco supa 5 rom th bo cr at see mest aes same hk aes fos + aRLan72tcFor IP mt des, the eh dees OLED 124808 fr oon. ‘ence, ne above wo anton an precast dees 5, Why is there no need for the IGMP message to travel outside its own network? aoa 5 roc set fs and equltonstiat detir how cnmuniton canbe hagoen “scan meet eco at geste ove suas ast sa ype ct carmuniaton ‘shee can te one sender one mutes gus menor eee | -inacastg ces that net ne cuit an aero tthe ntl comer a ‘anbe dened by teesoer corer for new nore amr Listiend ee aieranme nom For ale, soot ater owe fant ot thal hay atachadto te neon ‘inte hehe aba tom loa at + Tee ovenerentysrvey aestn eave coma ewok or cction + suppose 3 ns wars on mics go, then sees he message ners a est isp he pow erwin fees ‘Thera ned fr FP ret ante of Rs ow network ben “Terai cove kone ne cnc reste otra ve ane ne ‘ape upp aren ees en De moe edges SrmeNroeSTS Gea6 Answer the following questions: ‘a. What is the size of a general query message in IGMPv3?, 'b, What is the size of a group-specific message in IGMPv3? c. What is the size of a group-and-source-specific message in IGMPv3 ff it con- tains 10 source addresses? ‘Lantos san man ma fn iI Teel | Roper | Ga Seay A Ren 5 [S| Oe [Reet Sear Fae ‘ye seine monaze ee snder lca s ht +201 taste nese ake cled cures sunyinan se ‘umber ore 8 es c cvestb kat souce see 22D ens a InsP meses pete vey messin ya, Intra ese atte rpsgee meas bays seer a nemesis acy abe7. What is the size of a report message in IGMPv3 if it contains 3 records and each record contain 5 source addresses (ignore auxiliary data)? seo A isthe te vero FNP on used for souce terme + owes nrg enna tama ht gig ao sro nih 16a soso two made which felons sea E ‘one deat prod mtn terbook feast sea)enean(tea) Hence the see a reper message noms =,8 Show the socket state table (similar to Figure 12.11) for a host with two sockets: SI and S2. S1 is the member of group 232.14.20.54 and S2 is the member of the gqoup 232.17.2.8 SI likes to receive multicast messages only from 17.8.5.2; S2 likes to receive multicast messages from all sources except 130.2.4.6, 928 5 iZuSaevanccinrce he atest nesager one srasaina sabe te ane evao loose nie Seatcietetnecesioes sume erage a Teer =O — i BEES TS = 7 T T zal socket ut ae Sag goon at 9. Show the interface state for the computer in Exercise 8. step 22 Interface state of the computer whieh Is given In the below table which Is as follows: (Multicast Group|TimorFilter |Souree addrass las2142054 |1200)Includeliras2 seaz28 i205 exclucelt3024610. Show the group record sent by the host in Exercise 9 if socket SI declares that it likes also to receive messages from the source 24.8.12.6. step 2/2 a ‘sper ven deals the below isthe group record sent withthe help of computer for exerlse 9m ths socket $1 defines that wants to receive the message that has the address 24.18.42.6 + Inthe below diagram, sty header and group record message has been discussed according to given deta, ‘The fed 0122 can be used for group record while ancther eld tke Reserved that aks 6-be fle, ‘Anethe nest lek tel about he checksum that takes 16-bit fc ‘In thiscagram the record ype 6s using inorder to exclude mode that means any messages from ‘he only source declares the source address that has been dscused in Exercise 9 report, ‘be per gen detale te bio sacar SL and 52 and 52 the mamserqrova hae the actress 2321728 ‘and Sociat £2 wants to ectve the massage only fram the address 120 26 for malicast messages ‘Ane this Sockt 1 nants to receive the messages rom the source that has the address 248126 and Socket St has the member group adresse 23214205 0 5 6 u (eee Ste z TN BLIS4 11. Show the group record sent by the host in Exercise 9 if socket $2 declares that it wants to leave the group 232.17.2.8. en eal nthe elegrn ey nscer sn rus ecard stage non eneedacering grenses sine ansramtnerecrstpe st uning aces asc nase mst reae ay teaser oe inv ony sce oes tore ace arhar been Seced neste eo 2eiazest ane sou st wars toecee he meso nf Mom esos 782 ust ‘sca ternesoge ony Fomine ase 802 40 or mana meses a Taker12 Show the group record sent by the hast in Exercise 9 if socket S1 declares that it wants to join the group 232.33.33.7 and accept any message from any source. sean - ‘spor provided deta the below isthe group record sont wth he lp of compute for cxerese 910 ‘hs seket i dees that want the gree Mat has the aderess 23235307 + the blow diagram, sty header and group record message has bean dscssed acoring to giendetaie 1 The eld 022 canbe used forgrous record whe another el he Reserved tha thes eld “leet ax rc ye 6 in aco ct min inh mh ‘he ony source deviaes the source adres ht hasbeen dscisaedm Errore 9 eoor ‘ie Socket I wants to receive he message rom the al source exceting the address 130246 imatcast message + ane ths Soke St warts toon te group hath the ares 25235387 and socket st Wars ‘eer the messoge om the adress 17852 for muleast esege. Danae Tro2a 13. In Figure 12.14, show the state for interface m1 if the router receives a report with the record telling a host wants to join the group 232.77.67.60 and accept the mes- sages from any source. step 3/3 a ‘As per given detalls there Is Interface mi Ifthe router gets the report with the jolning of group with ‘the 1P 232.77.67.60 and admitted tha massages from any sourcos. + In the diggram, there is the interface which name is mi within network with router, “This diagram has the interface rot that has the multicast group address which has the value 22276760. + This has the group time that is discussed above. ‘The below diagram has the Fier as well as Source adress thatis also ciscussed above,14, Show the value of MRT in second if the Max Response Code is: a 125 b. 220 + Theme the higher re that canbe dace before atari argo nrezonse to aH ‘Tema can be seroma bye 8-Bt MRC admin espace Code else gue. + Below iste dagram, wie hep ot RC clean canbe performed whch as alows ‘in rds to eat MRT Fallow the folowing condos which as olows: + suo thee isthe MC al es tan 18 that mess the moet eke wb 9, ‘Ten ata 7b lun cia and my win L200 get ae [tie Rope sepais 5 sin rect eaten allow the folowing condense i ef: + Sioote hee the lo aretrtnan a tht naneth lt moet we Be 1 Thentake 2s 2s Sxznent an tsa Maris ale cated in loatg ale hen mutoy Sah U10 hate ened nthe dagen sp spon] Citar] Tai) sepsis 5 sprgnn dt hon stevie 8 30 nb eee aowing Pty, come he 25 it the inary vabe 0, + Frome let de the it oat tie oth ane 1 lee tan 128 aes + enero Tots and cmertng te vai wil be 26 26 158 “Ten MRT value wl ben econ bythe folowing ay onc, the MRT rae+ oe comeart 4 220 te bay ae. inary Vat 0 230=( 1101100), ‘onset ot ane sete scons ara the te 3 nm et tressonent an ancner ‘Then Ma ave wilde seconds bye ftom Way: (stainjote << (exponen) +50 the catated vate Mant 12 and exons ss ‘men Mat yaue wi beineconds ny te toning naan paomig the biwise ORpetaton ‘Sree tsi ta conor ponte th maby 2h power sar ones {tania tne epenent3)) (rmec(sea)acuees) Ste") = 2686 steosis 5 Hence, he MAT vale is Bed 15, The contents ofan IGMP message in hexadecimal notation ae: {103 EE FF BS 0 15 08 Answer the following questions: ‘a What isthe type? 1, What isthe checksum? What is the groupid?spe 5 tre atayomegetyole guy noage beatae ithe tating heh Ron nSbatich nage sana at aon sence sme ntne oman eso som a sc icra eg TO ae haa spent spn a (:4stsiste tse taste) eater 20089 = 255) Theo ein deena canbe repent 288 ‘The torecan terete bray icine el: (i te mat 9, The ceclsani 0 1 1 pan i *Torthe above hoadecmal notation 18 8 FF ECE 506 the gown adress area flows Line en cde 0 EEFFESCE 8 tome tsi eae zoe tego eS ant can be sapatein ari getth group ers (eset wc canbe convene dein 3 flows ehonthe valu tna (HO1415C, [lsste rene on Usste esc ont tee <2 4218) spe caeute ae canbe preted ceca ite 282142 8h smegeitwiitezm 14218 16, The contents of an IGMP message in hexadecimal notation are: 22,00 F9 CO 00 00 00 02 Answer the following questions: a, What is the type? b. What is the checksum? c. What is the number of records?‘ThetcmPmessage which asthe horadcemalregresentton which sas flows + The above message types used for Membersho report Because ths has the vale 22th arn ‘whch gen nthe ave tow mesage and hat hasbeen dscused above nthe Type hat 22 [he ueedtortiemoe=nprenoe sep 070 ~ sep 90 x ‘The checlaun for 2200 9 €0 00090002 wll om thee te ocean tts which in The x55 FFcn be epi inthicm ? #Mh +The above va win ceca (sete seaie ae sore!) =(24009 19260) (249 192) The alte value cane represented inthe dacina ie i 9 18 (1211 11001110 0, sant checksum (211 IMO 100 0), ‘step 010 “ + Forte above netadecimal notation 2200 FP €0 00 00 0002 he grou adseses 2 flows ‘ine gven asses 2200 9 €000 00 0002 om haright bytes whichis each has 2byte ‘Te grous addesie OOM. an scan be soaratedin oder to el the group adress (09010008), wien cana convened in daca athe whine elon (00010060), “Tis can be cleustsin cia “seis bad ebe) C8008 808 023 0003) ‘The called value an be reoresente inthe decimal ©? Mo + The group's 000.2 andin tis 0002 ruber of records tlhe source ares Fam he ett asthe o mearsit i genealand specie group.18. In Figure 12.18, find the unicast routing tables for routers R2, R3, and R4. Show the shortest path trees. step 478 z Unleast outing table forthe router Ra means R23 reo, and rectly connate networks tothe rot sreprosened by the dashed). + Networks rect connected othe outer #2 (rt o,MIsrereserted by dashes, * Newark crecty connected tothe router R2 rots, fi reoesertd by dashed ‘ NewerkN i recy connected tothe router R25, fi represented by dashed + Rovtarz connect othe router Rand then router connected to the never NS + Router R2 connect othe outer i and than outer RA connected to the ater NS + Route R2 connect othe outer l,i connected ta Ra and then router RA connected the Setnore Ne ‘The shortest path re forthe unkas routing of router R2s as gen below step 5/8 a Desinsion _Newiup sonst =P — ~ x we |fEE = xs wn |i song —=+ [Ne Bl ster B Unicast routing able forthe router R3 means Rs oot, and esetlyeannacted networks to this rootis represented bythe dashed). ‘Router 3 connectedto the router RZ RZ connected tothe network ND, + Router R connected tothe router RZ, R2 connected to the network N2_ ‘Network N35 rectly connected othe router RS foot 9, ts represertad ky dashed, + Network N4 is crety connected othe router oot o, iis represented by dashed + Router R2 connectcto the router 2, RE connected ta Rand then router Rt connactesta the retwore ns + Router connected tothe router R2,R2 connected to Rs connected othe Ré ard then router iécomectedtothe network No “The shortest path te forth unicast reuting of eutr RI 36 given below: 5p 718 B Destination Nexetop Stones pa Txt n ~ — Ilke M i _ Ns wm ||* Stone pas —| V6 kostep ave “ ‘ntest routing table othe router RA means RA root, and det connected networks toh rests represented by theses} ‘Router sonatas othe iter and hen rover coonsctes tothe nab NL eworkn + outer 4 connects he router Ri connected to Rz and then outer R2conectedto she network Ne + Router connects othe route, connected oR 2s connected othe anche oer bh connaces tome nenootee * netorkns rect connected the cue (ot 5, representd by dashes + Network det connected tthe outer Root eo, #isrexresentd by Sashes ‘The shortest path We forthe nleast routing of outer Rs ag gen Belews Destin Nestiup oe — Se nlite wames[m | O 19. In Figure 12.19, find the multicast routing tables for routers R2, R3, and RA. sense a tna nghemat ang ish haem ing re. {etnies hon tn bint tee eee botstone ee enue a Resonate ones otonnenav sinh ebok wie ke asee = ‘meron tate rte Reto ne ne 249 Ne ook. Inara geupte arene lpesonaton este 20. A router using DVMRP receives a packet with source address 10.14.17.2 from interface 2. If the router forwards the packet, what are the contents of the entry related to this address in the unicast routing table? step 719 “ [As per given deals route Is using the VMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routng Pretocl gots the ‘acket with the starting adress 10.44.72 from Interface 2ihe contents of his adress have the fellowing information i the unicast routing table which fellows: ‘Tis uses the DUMR (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protect, ‘This stands for stance multicast Roving Prtoea + DUMP a typeof nario gateway protook + DUMP is developed of Multicast routing pretocal + Dum is based on source reunng prtocal + DUM can only oes the mutiast packets step 8/2 - For outer theres adtonal infomation segue forthe non-mticast outing protocol while BUMP can be extended far the non-mutiast outing protacel unset Routing), +The below diagram can be used for MBCNE Mitiast Backbone + The MBONE use te backbone with the help of mesh topology that i utized by the server inorder Toresstibute the mulicat adocess in he sa "apology +The below is the forma af MEONE on the hai of net Fryps0X 1) ale) Checksumstep 919 Blegram: + The below cagram canbe ue fr MEONE se walla unset rovtng tle ‘in his table, the DMAP isance vect Multicast Reuing Pataca nfm the packet in exderto fing neighbors to path forthe sender + DvMRP uizesthehop count withthe help of Metric ‘Tas agra has the tof satworks and matrices Type TH CosORT Checksum Reena Cpabiis [mina cron [Ngo ves Mask 1 (O33) MRO | Mak TOT Toe NT = Mae OST ETO NACTORD [Se NT Soha Htc } 21. Router A sends a unicast RIP update packet to router B that says 134.28.0.0/16 is T hops away. Network B sends an update packet to router A that says 13.23.0.0/16 is 4 hops away. If these two routers are connected to the same network, which one is the designated parent router? Step 4/4 In this router A sends the RIP packet to router B that has the address 134.23.0.0/16 and network B sends then updated packet te the router A which has the address 13230.0/16. + These above two addresses 134 23.0.0/16 and 1323.0.0/16 belongs to same network. ‘And inthis network router @ sends an updated packet to the router A + So, the router B should be designated to the parent router. 22. Does RPF actually create a shortest path tree? Explain.step 3/2 a PF: + This stands for Reverse Path Forwarsing + PF isthe modified concept of flooding, + REF ithe family of RP, TREE and eM algontam +n the RPF, in order't prevent he loops only one copy is sended ane other copy willbe discard + In RPF, router sends only that packet that has been traveled through the shortest path tree from the source to the router, ‘In order to find this packet, RPF uses the concept of unicast routing table. + Suppose that a unicast packet enters into the router interface firstly router wil receive the packet and extract the unicast address. + In order to send the packet to Is source address, determines from the unicast routing table + rth the help of routing table, can be identify the next hop in the network. ‘traveled the isusesthe + Suppose that a muiticast packet enters into router interface that means that packet shortest path from the router to the source accress in netvrork because shortest path concept of reciprocal in UDVR|Unicast Distance Vector Routing) protocol, + Reciprocal maans from 10 B can be lke B10.A. Suppose that a path is shortest path from & to B then the path must be shortest path from Bo A. + Ifthe packet has traveled from router to its source from the shortest path router sends that packet ‘otherwice will discarc that packet. ‘RDF avoids the loop because the in the RPF, always only one shortest path from ts router to the + Suppose thet a packet left out the router and come back again with the help of anther interface or identify router that means the packet has not traveled the shortest natn. Honea, RPF ereates always only ene shortest path from the reuter te Its sauree.23, Does RPB actually create a shortest path tree? Explain. What are the leaves of the tree? ‘stepi/2 a Shortest Path Tree: + Suppose that there is connected, undirected graph S, then a shortest path tree willbe rooted at vertex v will be spanning tee of S then the vertex v to any other vertex v1 In the spanning tree willbe shortest oath. + Spanning tree has n vertices and n-l edees in the shortest path. + There are many shortest path algorithms by which shortest path tree can be construct which name is 6 follows: + Dikstra’s algorithm + Bellman-Ford algorithm step 2/2, a «This stands for Reverse Path Broadcastino. ‘This has the many types of algorithm which balongs to the same family of algorithm which name ic follows: ‘s TRBP: This stands for Truncated Reverse Path Broadcesting's can be used ta overcome the limitation ‘of REP. RPI ic stands for Reverse Path Muttcasting. This i the extension of RPB and TREP. ‘1m order to avold the routing loops in multicasting group, RB algortthm can be use6. ‘The RPA algorthn makes the shortest spanning tree and packets can be forwarced optimally + RPS can be used forshortest path between sender and every receiver for multicast packets to deliver and it guarantees that multicast packets will he deliver as fact as possible. + In the APB, multicast packet reaches at every network and that network will receive the single copy of that pactets. So, It creates the spanning tee, Hence, RPB creates the shortest path tree and the network s the only leaves ofthe tree.24, Does RPM actually create a shortest path tree? Explain. What are the leaves of the tree? Step 2/3 a RPM: ‘This stands for Reverse path Mutticasting + This isthe extended implementation of RPB (Reverse Path Broadcasting) and TRBP (Truncated Reverse Path Brosccesting) * In RPE [Reverse Path Broadcasting), t broadcast the packets not multicast the packets. = The RPB was not efficent for broadcasting, tn order to increase the effiaency, the multicast packet must be arriving at thote networks who are the active member of particular group. This process & called the Reverse Path Multicasting This allons the source-based shortest path trae to he pruned in order that packets can be forwarded for only those branches which ic the active members of the particular group. + In order to convert the broadcast to multicast, protocol uses two methods in the RPM which is follows: * Pruning: In the pruning, the router sends the prune messages to the its above router in order that it an prune the equivalent interface, So, the above router can stop forwarding the multicast messages forthe particular group with the hel of that interface * Grafting: Suppose that there ica lact router in the network which ica leaf router hse forwarded the prune message but instantly noticed with the helo of |GMP that one of ts networks once more is. Interested for receiving the multicast packets In orcer to da above pracecs the graft message Ir, requires. * Grafting cen be used to forces the unstream router for resuming the send multicast messages. Step 3/3 zm From the above It Is clear that RPM does not create shortest path directly whieh adds the shortest, path tree by the following ways which Is as follows: * The RPM creates the shortest path tree with the help of Pruning and Grafting process in the REE which has been discussed above. Hence, RPM creates the shortest path tree and leaves of the tree are the sub-network