Typology of the Parts of Speech in the Contrasted Languages

Despite significant morphological and syntactical differences in the structure of

Contrasted languages, the composition/ structure (склад) of parts of their speech is largely
similar.
English Ukrainian

1. Noun 1. Іменник

2. Adjective 2. Прикметник

3. Numeral 3. Числівник

4. Pronoun 4.Займенник

5. Verb 5. Дієслово

6. Adverb 6. Прислівник

7. Preposition 7. Прийменник

8. Conjunction 8. Сполучник

9. Particles 9. Частка

10. Interjections 10. Вигук

11. Article

12. Linking verb

The difference primarily lies in the discrepancy as part of grammatical categories and
their means of expression in both languages.
A typologically more relevant classification has been suggested for English notionals
by C. T Hockett who distinguishes them in «class N (noun) words», «class V (verb) words»
and «class A (adjective) words». These «classes» are mainly singled out with regard to the
morphological properties of these notionals. At the same time, the grammarians singled out
classes, which can show double and triple nature. (e.g.: AVclass - the adjective and the verb
pattern: clean hands, to clean the room; the NAV class represents words, which can follow
the noun, the adjective and the verb pattern: the fat of meat, fat meat, to fat (up) fowls).
Thus, «classes of words» clearly reflect the amorphous grammatical nature of many English
nouns, verbs. As a result, their true lexico-grammatical nature cannot be discriminated when
taken out of a sentence. The word «export», for example, may be noun or verb (when
indicated by stress or determined by the particle «to»); «blue» may be noun (the blue of the
sky), adjective (the blue sky), or verb (to blue smth.).
In Ukrainian the lexical meaning and «formal» (morphological) characteristics of such
notional words as експорт, синь, синій, синіти, etc. are always explicitly (ясно) displayed
already when taken separately, out of context (as in dictionaries).
Therefore, many notionals in English, unlike their lexico-grammatical equivalents in
Ukrainian, are variable, i. e. they may change their nature depending on the contextual
environment without any morphological changes in their form. The variability is certainly
the main typological (allomorphic) difference pertaining to some English notional words.
Despite the existence of the kind of morphologically indistinct notional words in
present-day English like in Ukrainian there also exist a bulk of words whose lexico-
grammatical nature as a part of speech is quite evident and indisputable.
Easily enough, already at language level, are identified nouns, verbs, and adjectives,
pronouns (he, she, we, they, who), numerals (ten, the first, the tenth), conjunctions (and, or,
if, because) and many other words having the same lexico-grammatical nature in English,
Ukrainian.
This is observed, for example, in case of conjunctions (and, but, or, if, either - or,
neither - nor, etc.), prepositions (at, in, on, under), interjections (ah, oh, alas, humph), etc.
Most of these functionals, except for the articles, have absolute semantic and functional
equivalents in Ukrainian. For example: and - i, but - але, проте, or - чи, if - якщо/якби,
either-or, чи-чи, in - в/у, etc. As a result, these and a number of other functionals in English
and Ukrainian are typologically relevant, i. e. isomorphic, in other words common.
As to the functionals their number in the contrasted languages is not identical, because
present-day English has the article which is missing in Ukrainian. The rest of functionals are
all common: conjunctions: and - i, but - але; prepositions: on - на, under- під, modal words:
can - могти, must- повинен; and modal expressions, particles, exclamations, articles (in
English), сполучники, прийменники, модальні слова та вирази, частки, вигуки.