GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 WEEK 1 LEC

CHAPTER 5.1 SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES (2) CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

- Greater translational, and rotational
- It is something that happens or occur without any motion lead to a more disorderly
external cause or control. It is something done on state.
the spur of the moment. - Increasing the temperature
increases the entropy of a system
Example: Impulsive buying, dissolving of sugar and vice versa.
into water, object thrown upward will fall
to the ground. (3) NUMBER OF PARTICLES
- The phrase “the more, the merrier” can certainly
CHAPTER 5.2 NONSPONTANEOUS PROCESSES
be applied to entropy. When a lot of people are
present, there will be more movement, more
- It cannot proceed unless there is a driving force
noise, more wastes, and greater disorder. This
or outside help that acts on the system.
means greater entropy.
- A big family has a higher entropy than a small
Example: A ball cannot be brought uphill unless family.
someone pushes it, Conversion of water to
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, Crystallization of
CONSIDER THE CHEMICAL EQUATION
salt, Reassembling the broken glass.
𝑨𝟐 𝑩 → 𝟐𝑨 + 𝑩
ENTROPY (S)
Reactant= 1 particles
Product= 3 particles
- The natural tendency for all matter and energy in
- Since there are more particles in the products
the universe, is to evolve toward a more
as compared to the reactants, there is
disorderly state.
corresponding increase in disorder. Generally,
- A measure of the randomness or disorder of a
increase in the number of particles, increases
system.
the entropy.
- The more random or disordered a system is,
the greater the entropy.
SAMPPLE PROBLEMS
- Formula: ∆𝑺 = 𝑺𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
- A positive ∆S (∆S > 0), indicates that the final
state is more random or disordered than the initial
state.
- A negative ∆S (∆S < 0), indicates that the final
state is more ordered than the initial state.
- ◦An increase in disorder or entropy is
thermodynamically favorable for a reaction to
proceed spontaneity.
- This simply implies that entropy change is one
factor that can account for the spontaneity of
endothermic processes.

FACTORS AFFECTING ENTROPY

1. Change in phase or physical state
2. Change in temperature
3. Change in concentration or number of particles

(1) CHANGE IN PHASE

- Gas has the highest

entropy, solid has the
lowest entropy.
- Conversion of gas to
liquid, and liquid to solid
result in a decrease in
entropy.

SUBMITTED BY GENESIS LYN HABANA / STEM 12 CHOMSKY 1

 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 WEEK 1 LEC

SAMPLE PROBLEM

ENTROPY CHANGE DETERMINATION

CALORIMETER – an instrument used in determining
enthalpy change.
For processes occurring at constant
- temperature and pressure, the change in
entropy can be calculated using this
equation:
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒗
∆S = 𝑻 ∆𝑆° = Σ𝑦𝑆 0 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ΣzS 0 reactants
Where:
∆S = is change in entropy in J/K (it is
negative if heat is released by the system
and positive if heat is absorbed by the
system.
STANDARD MOLAR ENTROPY, 𝑺°
- Defined as the entropy of one mole of a
substance at standard conditions, 250C and 1
atm pressure.
- The entropy of a substance can be obtained
directly from the tabulated values of standard
molar entropies, and entropy change can be
calculated using the equation,
- The 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 0 in the symbol S 0 indicates
standard conditions (25℃, and 1 atm pressure).
- Letters y and z, represent the number of moles.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

q = heat transferred at a particular

temperature, in J

T = temperature in Kelvin, K

- This equation applies only to processes that are

almost reversible.
- Any process that can be go back to its original
state due to a very slight change in conditions is
reversible.
- Example: melting and freezing

SUBMITTED BY GENESIS LYN HABANA / STEM 12 CHOMSKY 2

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 WEEK 1 LEC

energy change serves as basis for predicting

spontaneity.
- A more convenient method to assess spontaneity
is to use a single thermodynamic function that
serves the same purpose, a function that is
associated with the system only. Therefore, there
is no need to assess the surroundings. This state
function where both enthalpy and entropy factors
are taken into consideration, is called Gibbs free
energy, G, which is defined mathematically as
G = H – TS

T=temperature(K), H=enthalpy, S=entropy

CHAPTER 5.3 – THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
- It states that natural processes proceed in the
direction that maintains or increases the total
entropy of the universe, and in any spontaneous
change, there is a net increase in entropy.
- There are endothermic processes that occur
spontaneously.
- Since the universe consists of two parts, the
system and the surroundings, it makes sense that
entropy change of the universe is the sum of the
changes in entropy of the system and the
surroundings as expressed by the following
equation:
∆𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = 𝑺𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 + 𝑺𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
Under the standard conditions, the entropy
change for the universe, ∆𝑺𝟎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 is
∆𝑺𝟎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 = 𝑺𝟎𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 + _𝑺𝟎𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
∆𝑺𝟎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 > 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
- For a process occurring at constant temperature,
the change in free energy of the system is given
by the expression
∆G = ∆H – T∆S
∆G < 0, reaction is spontaneous in the forward
direction
∆G > 0, nonspontaneous in the forward direction,
work must be supplied to make it occur.
∆G = 0, reaction is at equilibrium
- If application is limited to standard conditions,
25℃ and 1 atmosphere pressure the new
equation will be in the form:
◦∆G° = ∆H° – T∆S°
- Standard state means that solid and liquid
substances are pure, gaseous substance is at 1
atm pressure, and for substances in solution,
concentration is normally 1M.

In cases where the values of 𝑺𝟎𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 and

𝑺𝟎𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 are not both positive, the positive
entropy of one compensates for the negative
entropy of the other.

SIGNIFICANCE OF SECOND LAW

- It enables us to understand why things work as
they do, why gasoline makes the engine run, why
hot pans cool down, or why our bodies stay warm
even when it is cold.
- In industry or engineering, the second law can
help determine which reaction will favor the
formation of desired products to obtain better
economic yield.

CHAPTER 5.4 – GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
- Named after William Gibbs.
- Denoted G, combines enthalpy and entropy into
a single value.
- For a reaction that takes place at a constant
temperature and pressure, the sign of the free

SUBMITTED BY GENESIS LYN HABANA / STEM 12 CHOMSKY 3

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 WEEK 1 LEC

SAMPLE PROBLEM

SUBMITTED BY GENESIS LYN HABANA / STEM 12 CHOMSKY 4