Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 7
ENTROPY

Dr. Hiba Mudhafar Hashim

 ENTROPY

Entropy is one of thermodynamic

property of a system.

s
Entropy always designated as ,

is an extensive property
and has the unit kJ/kg · K.

2
 CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
The second law often leads inequalities.
An irreversible heat engine is less efficient than a reversible one operating between the same
two thermal energy reservoirs
Clasius inequality stated by the German
physicist R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888),

the cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less

than or equal to zero
Reversible Irreversible

dQ is heat transfer through the system Or Internally Reversible

boundary
T is the absolute temperature at the
boundary 3
 ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Clausius realized in 1865 that he had discovered a new thermodynamic
property, and he choose to name this property entropy. It is designated S and is
defined as

Engineers are usually concerned with the changes in entropy

Notice that we have actually defined the change in

entropy instead of entropy itself, just as we defined
the change in energy instead of the energy itself
when we developed the first-law relation
4
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
This equation can be expressed as the entropy
of a system during a process always increases
or,
in the limiting case of a reversible process,
remains constant. In other words, it never
decreases.

5
The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always greater
than the entropy transfer.
Some entropy is generated during an irreversible process, and this generation is due
entirely to the presence of irreversibilities

Called entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.

The entropy generation Sgen is

always a positive quantity or
zero.

6
WHAT IS
ENTROPY?
Boltzmann
relation

A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature

is in perfect order, and its entropy is zero (the third law of
thermodynamics).

The level of molecular

disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as it Disorganized energy does not create much
melts or evaporates. useful effect, no matter how large it is.

7
 The paddle-wheel work done on a gas increases the level of
disorder (entropy) of the gas, and thus energy is degraded
during this process.

In the absence of During a heat transfer

friction, raising a process, the net
weight by a rotating entropy increases.
shaft does not (The increase in the
create any disorder entropy of the cold
(entropy), and thus body more than offsets
energy is not degraded the decrease in the
during this entropy of
process. the hot body.)
8
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the value
of entropy of a system is fixed once the
state of the system is fixed.

Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.

The entropy of a pure substance is Entropy change

determined from the tables (like
other properties).
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10
 1.5 kg 150 kPa
20°C
4000 kJ

150 kPa 20°C 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

20°C 20°C 83.915 kJ/kg
150 kPa

4000 kJ 1.5 kg 83.915 kJ/kg

2750.6 kJ/kg

150 kPa 7.3674 kJ/kg.K

2750.6 kJ/kg

1.5 kg 7.3674 - 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

10.61 kJ/K

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12
13
14
THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES

From the first T ds relation

From the second T ds relation

15
16
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called an
isentropic process.

Many engineering systems or devices such as

pumps, turbines, nozzles, and diffusers are
perform best are essentially adiabatic in their
operation,and they perform when the
irreversibilities,
Therefore, an isentropic process can serve as an
appropriate model for actual processes

Also, isentropic processes enable us

to define efficiencies for processes to compare
the actual performance of
these devices to the performance under
idealized conditions.
17
18
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCIES OF
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES
The isentropic process involves no
irreversibilities and serves as the ideal
process for adiabatic devices.

Isentropic
Efficiency
of
Turbines

The h-s diagram for

the actual and
isentropic processes
of an adiabatic
turbine.
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20
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps

When kinetic and

potential energies
are negligible
For a
pump
Isothermal The h-s diagram
efficiency of the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic
compressor.
Compressors are
Can you use isentropic efficiency for a
sometimes
non-adiabatic compressor?
intentionally
cooled to Can you use isothermal efficiency for an
minimize the adiabatic compressor?
work input. 21
22
Isentropic Efficiency of
Nozzles

If the inlet velocity of the

fluid is small relative to
the exit velocity, the
The h-s diagram
energy balance is
of the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic nozzle.
Then,

A substance leaves
actual nozzles at a
higher temperature (thus
a lower velocity) as a
result of friction.
23