Engineering Thermodynamics (MEEG 207)

Entropy
Bivek Baral, PhD
Professor
Mechanical Engineering
 ENTROPY
 In Chap. 6, we introduced the second law of thermodynamics and applied it
to cycles and cyclic devices. In this chapter, we apply the second law to
processes.
 The first law of thermodynamics deals with the property energy and the
conservation of it. The second law leads to the definition of a new property
called entropy.
 Entropy is a somewhat abstract property, and it is difficult to give a physical
description of it without considering the microscopic state of the system.
 Entropy is best understood and appreciated by studying its uses in
commonly encountered engineering processes, and this is what we intend
to do.
Objectives
 Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.

 Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second law effects.

 Establish the increase of entropy principle.

 Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for pure
substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.

 Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic processes,

and develop the property relations for these processes.

 Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations. Develop the isentropic

efficiencies for various steady-flow devices.
ENTROPY
 The second law of thermodynamics often leads to expressions that involve
inequalities. An irreversible (i.e., actual) heat engine, for example, is less efficient
than a reversible one operating between the same two thermal energy reservoirs.
 Likewise, an irreversible refrigerator or a heat pump has a lower coefficient of
performance (COP) than a reversible one operating between the same temperature
limits.
 Another important inequality that has major consequences in thermodynamics is
the Clausius inequality. It was first stated by the German physicist R. J. E. Clausius
(1822–1888), one of the founders of thermodynamics, and is expressed in 1865 as

That is, the cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less than or equal to zero. This inequality is
valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible. The symbol of cyclic integral is used to
indicate that the integration is to be performed over the entire cycle.
Any heat transfer to or from a system can be considered to consist of differential
amounts of heat transfer. Then the cyclic integral of dQ/T can be viewed as the sum of
all these differential amounts of heat transfer divided by the temperature at the
boundary.
A quantity whose cyclic
integral is zero (i.e., a
property like volume)
Entropy is an extensive
property of a system.
Some Remarks 1. Processes can occur in a certain
about Entropy direction only, not in any direction. A
process must proceed in the direction
that complies with the increase of
entropy principle, that is, Sgen ≥ 0. A
process that violates this principle is
impossible.
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property,
and there is no such thing as the
conservation of entropy principle.
Entropy is conserved during the
idealized reversible processes only
and increases during all actual
processes.
3. The performance of engineering
systems is degraded by the presence
of irreversibilities, and entropy
generation is a measure of the
magnitudes of the irreversibilities
during that process. It is also used to
establish criteria for the performance
of engineering devices. 20
 ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus
the value of entropy of a system
is fixed once the state of the
system is fixed.

Entropy change
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The increase of
entropy
principle
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ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called an
isentropic process.

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PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY

On a T-S diagram,
the area under
the process curve
represents the
heat transfer for
internally
reversible
processes.

Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram

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WHAT IS ENTROPY?
Boltzmann relation W the total number of
possible relevant
microstates of the system

Gibbs’ formulation

pi sum of all microstates’ uncertainties,

i.e., probabilities

Boltzmann constant

A pure crystalline substance

at absolute zero temperature
is in perfect order, and its
entropy is zero (the third law
of thermodynamics).
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Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)

Entropy change of an ideal gas on a unit–

mole basis

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• We mentioned repeatedly that irreversibilities inherently accompany all actual
processes and that their effect is always to downgrade the performance of devices.

• In engineering analysis, it would be very desirable to have some parameters that

would enable us to quantify the degree of degradation of energy in these devices.

Carnot Cycle: Idealized model cycle to which real cycles are compared.
Gives theoretical limits of performance for cyclic devices under specified
conditions and to examine how the performance of actual devices suffered as a
result of irreversibilities

For process (and devices like compressor, turbine and pumps:

What is the ideal that we can compare the real ones with?
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES

Isentropic Efficiency
of Turbines

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Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps

When kinetic and

potential energies
are negligible
For a
pump
Isothermal
efficiency

Compressors are
sometimes
intentionally Can you use isentropic efficiency for a non-
cooled to adiabatic compressor?
minimize the Can you use isothermal efficiency for an
work input. adiabatic compressor? 47
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Isentropic Efficiency of
Nozzles

If the inlet velocity of the

fluid is small relative to
the exit velocity, the
energy balance is

Then,

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