CHARACTERISATION OF FILTERS

AND POWER LINE FILTER

DESIGN
 filter
• Filtering is an important technique for suppressing undesired conducted
electromagnetic interference.
• Filters are designed to attenuate at certain frequencies.
• Filter performance characteristics are desired by a number of filter
parameters.
• Insertion loss, input and output impedence,attenuation in
passband,skitfalloff,stady state and transient voltage rating.
 Characterising of filter
• Insertion loss of frequency is the most fundamental characteristic of
filter. is defined by
• IL(Db)=20 log10 V1/VL
V1is the output voltage of the signal without the filter being converted in
the circuit
VLis the voltage of the signal source at the output terminal of the filter in
the circuit
Depending on the frequency range EMI filters can be classified
• Impedance mismatched filter
• Lumped element low –pass filter
• High-pass filter
• Band-pass filter
• Band-rejected filter
Impedance mismatched filter;
Operate between specified input and output impedances.
Impedance mismatch can result in an increase of interference level at the
filter output decreases.
 Low pass filter
• Reflective filters are combination of capacitance and inductance to set a
high series impedance or low shunt impedance for interfering currents.
• Capacitor filters;
It serves to bypass high-frequency energy and pass desired low-frequency
signal currents.
The insertion loss of shunt capacitor is
IL(Db)=10 log[1+(πfR0c)2]
Where f is the ferqency,R0 driving or termination resistance filter
capacitance.
Capacitor Filters
• Inductor filters:
Simple form of low pass filter an inductor connected in series with the
interference carrying conductor.

Where L is the filter inductance in henries

R0driving or termination resistance in ohms f is frequency in HZ.
• High pass filter: high pass filter applied in emi reduction.
• Ac power line freq from signal channels or rejects bands low freq signals.
• The source and load termination remain unchanged.
• Band pass filter: a band pass filter allows a particular band of
frequencies to pass through with out attenuate and reject signal outside
and this band.
• Band pass filter with frequency variable f is realized from a low pass
filters with frequency variable fʹ through a transformation.

Where band pass centre frequency f0 is related to the lower and upper
3db cut-off frequencies f1and f2.
• Band rejected filter : band pass filters are networks that are designed to
attenuate a specified band of frequencies.
• There are two commonly used configurations of s band rejections filter.
• LC band reject filter
• RCband rejected filters
LC band rejected filter :
Inter changing the series and parallel tuned arms of a band pass filters
In case of band pass filters the resonant. frequency of the series and shunt arms
equal to centre frequency.
RC Band reject filter:
for low frequencies applications below about 1MHZ a twin –T resistor
capacitor filter
Is useful a high Q band reject filter.Q factor order of 100 at lower frequencies.
 Power line filter design
• There are several basic differences between a power line filter and
communication filters.
• In communication filter the source and load impedances are define this
is not available for power line filter.
• The input impedance of a power line filter never achieves an impedance
match. because of load changing.
• The basic difference between power line filter and communication filter
• Power line filters strongly biased by the power line currents.
• The interference appearing in power line having two components
• Common mode
• Differential mode

common mode :
Cm filters design with a low source impedance and a high load
impedance by using an Lcfilters with capacitance on load side and
inductance on source side.
The capacitance cy common mode current to ground
• The capacitor Cx bypass the phase -to –neutral currents and reaching load.
• Source and load impedances are desired a T-section low pass filter
configuration used.
• Because a small phase-to –ground capacitance and large phase-to-neutral
capacitance are effective in CM interferences.
• Large phase to neutral capacitances high leakage current flow in the
ground. by creating a potential shock hazard. to avoid this phase neutral
capacitance must be less then 0.5µF.other wise the voltage less then 34v.
• Attenuation in CM produces inductor at lower frequency capacitance cy
higher frequency.
• Differential mode
a differential mode filter is designed with a capacitance on the load
side and inductance on the source side.

Inductor produces attenuation of differential mode interferences

The cap actor bypass the interferences and reaching the load.
Combined CM and DM Filters:
• The inductors L1and L2 effective against differential mode interference and
current flows the capacitor cx.
• CM interference components are bypass by the capacitor cy and inductances
La and Lb.
• The values of cx and cy determine maximum leakage currents.
• The leakage can be measured by short circuiting.
• La Lb are constructed they do not saturate normal operation. A ring core is
used two windings magnetic fields created the line current in the cores cancel
each other.
The induced common mode H-field add, while differential mode H-fields
oppose each other and cancel out.
This result in zero differential in H-field.
This winding done with minimum intertwining capacitance or with minimum
potential difference between windings.