NOTES

5
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
5.1 Code requirements 5.2
5.1.1 General 5.2
5.12 Spans and effective lengths 5.2
5.1.3 Maximum width-thickness ratios 5.2
5.1.4 Moment resistance of a laterally supported member 5.5
—--

5.1.5 Moment resistance of laterally unsupported

.-p doubly symmetric beams 5.6
5.1.6 LateralLy unsupported monosymmetric beams 5.8

..:1 5.1.7 Biaxial bending 5.9

-‘1
5.1.8 Shear resistance 5.9
5.1.9 Web yielding and crippling 5.10

5.2 Plate girders 5.10

5.2.1 General 5.10
5.2.2 Proportions 5.11
5.2.3 Fabrication tolerances 5.12
5.2.4 Code requirements 5.12

5.3 Resistance tables 5.13

5.3.1 Moment resistance ii maximum moment occurs away 5.13
from an end
5.3.2 Moment resistance if maximum moment occurs at an end 5.13
5.3.3 Web resistances 5.14
5.3.4 Plate girder webs 5.16
.j

5.4 Examples 5.16

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4.58 5.1
 Table 5.1
5.1 Code requirements EFFECTIVE LENGTHS OF SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAMS
5.1.1 General Effective length KL
The requirements for the design of flexurat members, i.e. beams and girders, are
given in the following clauses of SANS 10162: Part 1: Restraint against lateral Loading condition
bending at supports
10 Design lengths of members
Destablllzing Normal
11 Width-thickness ratios: elements in compression
13.4 Shear
Unrestrained (I.e. free to rotate in plan at 1,OL
13.5 and 13.6 Bending (laterally supported or unsupported) 1,2L
supports)
13.8 Axial compression and bending
Partially restrained (I.e. positive connection by 0,85 L
13.9 Axial tension and bending L
flange cleats or end plates)
14 Beams and girders
Recommended deflection limits Practically axed (ie. not tree to rotate in plan 0,7 L
Annex D 0,85 L
at supports)

* The destabilizing loading condition applies when the load is applied to the compression flange
5.1.2 Spans and effective lengths
of the beam and both the load and the flange are free to move laterally.
The spans of flexural members are discussed in Clause 10.1 of the Code.
The effective lengths to be used in the design of simply-supported beams and Table 5.2
cantilevers are given in Clause 10.2 of the Code.
41
EFFECTIVE LENGTHS Of CANTILEVER BEAMS
Table 5.1 shows the effective length factors of simply-supported beams in Effective length KL
accordance with Clause 10.2 of the Code. The table is based on the assumption Restraint conditions
that there is no lateral restraint of the compression flange, or any other restraint Loading condition
against torsional rotation about the longitudinal axis along the span of the beam. Destabulizing* Normal
At support At tip
It is assumed, howevei that at its supports a beam is restrained against rotating
about its longitudinal axis (i.e. the top flange is not free to move laterally with Free 14L 0,8L
Built in laterally Lateral restraint only (at top flange) 1,4 C 0,7 L
respect to the bottom flange). If it is not so restrained, the values of KL from
Table 5.1 must be increased by 20%. Equally, if the load is ‘destabilising’, i.e. it
is applied at the top flange and is free to move with the top flange, so that it will
and torsionally Torsional restraint only
Lateral and torsional restraint
0,6 t
0,5 C
0,6 C
0,5 C
C
tend to enhance torsional deflection once it begins, K is increased. Free 2.5 L 1.0 L
Continuous, 2,5 C 0,9 L
Lateral restraint only (at top flange)
with lateral and C 0,8 L
Table 5.2 applies to cantilever beams. TorsIonal restraint only 1,5
torsional restraint 1,2 L 0,7 L
Lateral and lorsional restraint
5.1.3 Maximum width-thickness ratios Free 7.5 L 3,0 L
Continuous, with 7,5 L 2,7 L
lateral restraint Lateral restraint only (at top tlange)
Limiting width-thickness ratios for flexural compression elements of Class 1, 2 4,5 C 2,4 L
Only Torsional restraint only
and 3 sections in Grade S355JR steel, as derived from Table 4 (Clause 11.2) of the Lateral and torsional restraint 3,6 L 2,1 L
Code, are given in Table 5.3. Descriptions of the Class designations are given in The destabilizing toading condition applies when the load Is applied to the tension flange of the
beam and both the load and the flange are tree to move laterally.
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 into
All of the 1- and H-sections listed in Section 2, when used as beams, fall
Table 5.3 which fall into
MAXIMUM WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS: ELEMENTS iN FLEXURAL Class 1, with the exception of theflanges of the following sections,
COMPRESSION the classes noted if they are made of Grade S355JR steel:
Grade S355JR steel (except for holtow sections) 203x133x251: Class2
254 x 146 x 31 1: Class 2
Section classification
Description of element In 305x165x401: Class 2
compression Class 2
356 x171 x451:
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
406x140x391: Class 2
406x178x541: Class 2
Flange of I-sections or T-sectkxis 533x210x821: Class 2
Plates projecting from compression
elements bit s 7,75 bit 9,09 b, 10,7 152x152x23H: Class 4
8ack-to-back angles with an axis of
symmetry in the plane of loading 152x152x30H: Class 2
203x203x46H: Class 3
Stems of I-sections M 7,75 Wt 9,09 Wt 18,2 203x203x52H: Class2
254x254x73H: CIass2
Flanges of rectangular hollow sections bit 24,2 bit 30,3 M 38,7
(ç 300 MPa) 305x305x97H: Class 3
Flanges of box sections. 305x305x118H: Class 2
Flange cover plates and diaphragm
bit 28 1 bIt 28 1 bit 35 8
plates between lines ot fasteners or Clause 11.1.2 requires that Class 1 flexural sections, in addition to complying
welds
with the width-to-thickness limits given in the table, must have an axis of
h/%, 58,8 h/t 90,9 102 symmetry in the plane of loading, and when also subject to axial compression, :.
Webs (1 - 0,39 CJçbC,) (1 -0,61 LJcG) (1 - 0,65 L1]c”C,.)
must be doubly symmetric. Class 2 flexural sections must have an axis of
symmetry in the plane of loading unless the effects of symmetry of the section
Circular hollow sections
fç,=300MPa) dit 43,3 dit 60,0 dlt 220 are included in the analysis, according to Clause 11.1.3.

Note: For definitions of band I see Clause 11.3 of SANS 10162: Part 1. For hot-rolled 5.1.4 Moment resistance of a laterally supported member
sections, the symbots have the obvious meaning, except that in the case of H-,
1- and T-sections, as well as 1-shaped plate girders, b equals half the width of The factored moment resistance Mr of a beam or girder with continuous lateral
the flange. support is given in Clause 13.5 of the C4as Mr = for Cla5s 1 and 2

Clause 11.1.1 of the Code. If the width-to-thickness ratio of the beam does not sections, and Mr = c5Z4 for Class 3 sections, with çb = 0,90. Special provisions
meet the requirements for Class 3 sections in Table 5.3, the section is classified are given for Class 4 sections.
as Class 4. •1

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5.4
 For girders with thin webs, reference should be made to Clause 14.3.4 of the K ratio of thesmaller factored moment to the larger factored
Code, which provides for a reduced factored moment resistance. (See discussion moment at opposite ends of the unbraced length, positive
under 5.3.1.) for double curvature and negative for single curvature.

5.1.5 Moment resistance of laterally unsupported doubly Table 5.4

symmetric beams VALUES OF U’2 FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF K

According to Clause 13.6 of SANS 10162: Part 1, we can state that where
SIngle curvature Double curvature
continuous lateral support is not provided to the compression flange of any
portion of a beam subjected to uni-axial strong axis bending, the factored K U2 K U2
moment resistance Mr for doubly symmetric Class I or 2 sections, except closed 175
-0,00 1,75 0,00
square and circular sections, is calculated as follows: 1,75 0,05 1,80
-0,05
-0,10 1,65 0,10 1,86
1) when Mcr > 067Mp 1,91
-0,15 1,60 0,15
-0,20 1,55 0,20 1,97
= -
115cbM (i
o:Mp) but not greater than cbM
Mr -0,25 1,51 0,25 2,03
-0,30 1,46 0,30 2,09
ii) when Mcr 067M -0,35 1,42 0,35 2,15
-0,40 1,33 0,40 2,22
Mr = bMcr 1,34 0,45 2,28
-045
-0,50 1,30 0,50 2,35
where the critical elastic moment of the member is given by -0,55 1,26 0,55 2,42
-0,60 1,23 0,60 2,49
iyGj+ ()2.ic -0,65 1,19 0,61 2,50
Mcr= 1,16
-0,70
-075 1,13
where -0,80 liD
KL = effective length of the laterally unsupported portion of -0,85 1,07
-0,90 1,05
the beam, in millimetres
-0,95 1,02
1,75 + 1,05i + 0,3ic 2,5 for an unbraced length -1,00 1,00
subject to end moments (see Table 5.4), or
= 1,0 when the bending moment at any point within the

laterally unsupported length is larger than the moment

at any of its ends, or when the compression flange at
one of the ends of this length does not have proper
lateral support
warping torsional constant (see tables in Section 2)
J “St Venant torsional constant (see tables in Section 2)
Table 5.4 lists the values of cz.s2 for different values of K.
E
The value of the effective length KL of a beam or cantilever without lateral
supports to the compression flange, except at the ends, should be taken as
discussed under 5.1.2 (see Tables 5.1 and 5.2). If there are intermediate lateral
supports to the compression flange or other points where torsional rotation is
prevented, KL must be taken as the distance between such points, or between
such a point and the end support.

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 _____

Mr for doubly symmetric Class 3 or 4 sections, as well as thannels, can be obtained The factored resistance moment of an equal leg angle about its weakest axis is
by the same approach and formulae, provided that M is relaced by M. given by

Square and circular hollow sections are not subject to lateral torsional buckling cf%)fy
and can be treated as laterally supported members. where fZ) = section modulus about v-v

5.1.6 Laterally unsupported monosymmetric beams The resistance moment about the strongest axis (u-ti) can be determined as
described under 5.1.5, using the following simplified expression for Mcr:
According to the Structural Stability Research Council’s Guide to Stability
Mcr = 0,46 2 Ezv2t2/KL
Design Criteria for Metal Structures, the factored resistance moment of a beam
for which the top and bottom flanges are not of equal size can be determined as where w leg length
described in 5.1.5 above, except that the value of should be determined by
t = leg thickness.
the following equation:

(U, 1 El fix I A / t CI (KL) 5.1.7 Biaxial bending

-

2 (1(L)2 fl2 Clause 13.6 fe) requires that the following expression be satisfied for members
V fi2 [
subject to bending about both axes of symmetry (x and y):
Where all symbols have the same value as in 5.1.5 above, except for the
M
—
coefficient of monosymmetry fi which is given by +
Mrx M ry
l/I1py(x2+y2)dA2y0
fi
x, = coordinates of any point, taking the centre of gravity of the section
y where applied ultimate moments about x and y-axes
as origin
M,,, M factored resistance moment about x and y-axes.
y0 = distance between the shear centre and the centre of gravity of a
section 5.1.8 Shear resistance
For a Section with rectangular flanges, A can be approximated by the The factored shear resistance 14 of a beam is given in Clause 13.4 of SANS 10162:
following equation: Part 1 as
(2I, )[i(z)2]
where g5
Vr bAf5
0,9
C
= Jttw
where d’ = distance between the centres of the areas of the two flanges = 0,66f,, except that
f
= moment of inertia of the compression flange about the y-axis f5 = 0,55f, in any plastic hinge region of a sfrticture to which plastic
analysis is applied
The values of fi for compound beams consisting of an I-section and a channel
are given in Table 2.19. The above formulae apply to alt hot-rolled sections avaitable in South Africa. The
shear resistance of more slender webs, such as those of plate girders, is discussed
under 5.2.
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5.9
5.8
 5.1.9 Web yielding and crippling
Concentrated lateral compressive loads applied to the face of a flange of a
beam will cause a compressive stress in the web of the beam. As the stress is
increased, the web may yield or buckle locally. Clause 14.3.2 of SANS 10162:
Part 1 is intended to prevent such failure by limiting the load that may be
applied to a beam in this way to its factored resistance Br.
For concentrated loads applied to a beam further away than Ii from the end of
the member, where Ii is the member depth, Br is given by the smaller of
Br = bitWfy(N+10tI)
thin web serves the dual purpose of holding the flanges in position and
resisting the shear force, whilst the considerably thicker flanges provide most
of the resistance to bending moment. Transverse (and sometimes longitudinal)
stiffeners welded to the web serve to strengthen it against buckling as a result of
shear, compressive bending stresses and concentrated applied loading.
Automated fabrication of girders, involving the mechanized assembly of the
flanges and web and the submerged-arc machine welding of the flanges to
the web, is becoming more common and facilitates the rapid and efficient
production of girders. It is obvious that rationalization of plate widths and
thicknesses goes hand in hand with this method of production.

and = 1,45 bjt2w Note that plate girders intended to carry heavy cranes should be considered as
8r iiçi—
falling in a category of their own. Therefore, they are covered in Chapter 10.
If the load is nearer to the end, 8r is the smaller of

Br bi3etwfy(N44tr) 52.2 Proportions

and Br O,6c63ettv The following ratios of span, depth and web sizes are given as a guide to efficient
plate girder design, although appreciable deviations from the suggested values
where çb = 0,80
will stilt yield an acceptable level of economy.
= 0,75
Depth: for a uniformly loaded, simply supported girder, fully stressed, and
N = length of bearing or length over which load is applied f mm) with deflection limited to span/300, the minimum depth/span ratio is about
= thickness of web 1/17 for Grade S355JR steel. For a girder with a central point load the limit
is closer to 1/22. However, girders of somewhat greater depth than this are
= thickness of flange
usually more economical.
It is important to note that this constitutes a significant departure from the
Flange and web area: In general, in order to arrive at a minimum mass
provisions of the 1993 version of SANS 10162: Part 1. cross-section for a given section modulus, as much as possible of the material
Where the load applied to a beam exceeds the appropriate value of Br above, the should be located in the flanges and as little as possible (consistent with shear
web needs to be strengthened or another section with a stronger web must be requirements) in the web. However, there is usually an advantage in using a
used. The common way of strengthening a web is to install bearing stiffeners, somewhat thicker web than the theoretical minimum in order to reduce welding
These must be designed in accordance with Clause 14.4 of the Code. distortion and avoid the use of stiffeners or reduce their number. It can also be
shown that, for a given web depth-to-thickness ratio, the minimum mass cross
52 Plate girders section is that in which the area of the two flanges is approximately equal to
that of the web.
5.2.1 General Web slenderness: Clause 13.4.1.1 of SANS 10162: Part I gives web shear
Plate girders, comprised of three plates welded together to form an I shape, resistances in terms of Jt/ t ratios andEfiffener spacing. The Code (Clause
represent an efficient and economical form of flexural member. The relatively 14.3.1) limits the value of Ji1/ t to 83 000/fr, but the use of slender webs can

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5.10
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 cause distortion problems during welding and certain fabricators lay down
stricter h/t limits in order to control this problem.
5.2.3 fabrication tolerances
Tolerances on the dimensions of plate girders are given in Clause 4.6 of SANS
2001-CS1.
5.2.4 Code requirements
The requirements of SANS 10162: Part 1 for plate girders are essentially the same
as for beams consisting of hot-rolled sections with respect to bending, bearing
stiffeners, web crippling and web buckling, as well as the ultimate resistance to
shear. However, a characteristic of plate girders is that their webs can be much
thinner than those of hot-roLled sections. To prevent failure of slender webs in
shear, transverse (vertical) stiffeners can be welded to the web. Clause 13.4.1.1
provides procedures for determining the shear resistance of slender webs. As
the webs become very slender, diagonal tension fields associated with waves
tend to develop, but this pattern has substantial post-buckling strength.
Internal tension fields (i.e. on either side of an intermediate stiffener) pull against
each other, but a tension field at the end of a girder needs to be anchored to be
effective. This can be achieved by welding a strong element to the end of the
girder, spanning between the top and bottom flanges. A more common procedure
is to keep the bearing stiffener and penultimate stiffener so close together that
Another way in which the moment resistance of a plate girder can be jeopardized,
js when the maximum moment coincides with a high shear force. Clause 14.6 of
the Code provides guidance for this case.
Plate girder webs frequently need to be penetrated by holes, and in such cases
the requirements of Clause 14.3.3 of the Code need to be satisfied.
5.3 Resistance tables
5.3.1 Moment resistance if maximum moment occurs away
from an end
Tables 5.5 to 5.8 provide, for hot-rolled sections and plate girders, values of Mr,
the factored moment resistance of a beamiiiwhich the largest bending moment
occurs somewhere along the span, rather than at an end. for such beams,
according to Clause 13.6 of the Code, Cu2 = 1,0 and Mr can be evaluated. A
simply-supported beam without any lateral supports to its compression flange
except at its supports, constitutes the case these tables are aimed at. It would be
overly-conservative to use them for other cases.
In Table 5.8, the factored moment resistances of all plate girders with webs
exceeding the limit for Class 3 sections have been altered according to the
requirements of Clause 14.3.4, by limiting the value of Mr to M’, where
h 1900
— 0,0005
M’r = Mr [i
-

tension field action will not occur in the end panel, thus ensuring that the end (
panel will be strong and stable enough to anchor the next panel. Mr factored moment resistance according to Clauses 13.5 or 13.6 of
the Code, but not to exceed çbM>.
Clause 13.4.1.1 of SANS 10162: Part I contains the procedures for calculating the
= ]twtw
shear resistance of the plate girders. By lettingJ = 0 in subdause (c) and (d) of
this clause, the end panels of webs can be made stocky enough not to experience
tension field action, and to anchor the adjacent panels. M
A1 = area of a flange
actual moment in girder under ultimate load, but taken as cbZef,,,
E
for calculating the values in the table, which is conservative.
The requirements of Clause 14.4 of the Code apply to the design of bearing
stiffeners, and those of Clause 14.5 to intermediate stiffeners.
532 Moment resistance if maximum moment occurs at an end
A slender web will tend to buckle under compressive stresses resulting from
Tables 5.9 to 5.12 are aimed at the beams and girders not addressed by Tables
bending moment. This will affect the bending moment resistance of the girder. 5.5 to 5.8, namely those in which the maximum bending moment occurs at
Clause 14.3.4 of the Code provides procedure for adjusting the moment either or both ends rather than somewhere along the length. Such a condition
resistance to ailow1örthis phenomenon.
— vou1d typically be encountered in a continuous beam, or in a segment of any
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5.12 5.13
 Since the requirement that h.,.jt 440.Jk/f 54,4 (with k 5,34 and
beam between points of lateral support to prevent lateral torsional buckling.
The tables are based on Clause 13.6 of the Code. f = 350 MPa) is satisfied for all hot-rolled sections, the factored resistance Vr of
the web in shear is given by
The factored moment resistance Mr can be evaluated with the use of the tables,
as follows: V 0,66c5ht f

Let K M1 / M2, positive for double curvature and negative for single Should plastic design be used for the structure, however, then within any plastic
curvature hinge region the shear may not exceed
M1 smaller end moment V. =0,55htf,,
= larger end moment
No values of Vr are given in Table 5.16, as the shear resistance of plate girders
Read value of u2 from Table 5.4. with slender webs should be determined as described in 5.3.4 below.

Determine the effective length KL with the use of Table 5.1 or 5.2, or take The factored resistance of a web against yielding under an interior load (i.e.
K 1,0 for any segment of a beam between lateral restraints. a toad applied at least Ii (the depth of the member) away from the end of the
member) is given by B where
Obtain the values of M’cr, 067M M1,, 067M. M and (Mr)max from the
appropriate one among Tables 5.9 to 5.12. Br = NBr; + B2

Note that either the or the M values are listed for any section: M for Class where Bri b1wfy
I or 2, M for Class 3 or 4 sections. If the My values are listed, replace M1, with 3r2 = 1Ocbitwtffy
M in the following formulae: bi = 0,8

Let Mcr = LU2 M’. N length over which the load is applied (mm)

Then, if M > 0,67Mg The factored resistance against web crippling is given by Br3 where

- 0,2$MP) Br3 1,45

M 1,15 x 0,9 M (1
Similarly, for an end reaction or other toad near the end of a member the factored
if Mcr 067M resistance is, for yielding
M =O,9Mcr = NB +

However, in no case may the moment at any point in a beam or girder exceed where B4 = etwfy
(Mr)max from the tables, where (Mr)max has been calculated to take into account =
the slenderness of the web and flanges, and in particular the requirements of
Clause 14.3.4 of the Code.
N Length of bearing (mm)
5.3.3 Web resistances and for crippling

Tables 5.13 to 5.16 enable the determination of the factored resistances of the Br6 = 0,6 be2w
unstiffened webs of beams consisting of hot-rolled sections and plate girders.
The vaLues of Bi to B6 are listed in the tables.
These tables are in accordance with Clauses 13.4 and 14.3.2 of the Code.
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5.14
 5.3.4 Plate girder webs Example 5.2 l.ateralty unsupported beam with ü 1,0

Tables 5.17 and 5.18 are intended to assist with the design of plate girder webs, A simply-supported beam in Grade S355JR steel spans 10,0 m and is made from
and are based on Clause 13.4.1.1 in the Code. The tables yield values equal to a 533 x 210 x 122 I-section. It has its toplIañge laterally supported at its ends
cbf5 in Clause 13.4.1.1, and the factored shear resistance Vr of a plate girder can and at mid.span. The load is applied at midheight of the beam and can thus be
be obtained by simply multiplying this value by Table 5.18, which applies regarded as a ‘normal load’. find the maximum mid-span point load that the
to the end panels of plate girders, differs from Table 5.17 in that the termJ in beam will carry at the ultimate limit state.
Clause 13.4.1.1 c) and d), which applies to tension field action, was ignored. The bending diagram is as follows:
The values for Astitfener in the tables have to be multiplied by ht to obtain the
required minimum cross sectional area of intermediate stiufeners in accordance Lateral support
at A,B&C
with Clause 14.5.3 of the Code. The listed values apply where the stiffener
consists of two fiat plates, one welded edge on to each side of the web. lithe
stiffener consists of a single flat plate, the area must be muttiplied by 2,4; or by
1,8 if it consists of a single angle.
IC
Bearing stiffeners, i.e. those resisting a transverse (vertical) load or reaction acting
on a girder, must be designed in accordance with Clause 14.4 of the Code.

5.4 Examples
In the examples that follow, references to clauses of SANS 10162: Part I are given
in square brackets. The section is Class 2, so Clause 13.6 (a) applies.

The beam is divided into two equal segments, AB and BC. for each segment
Example 5.7 Laterally unsupported beam with w2 = 7,0
the moment is zero at one end and a maximum at the other, therefore K = 0 and
A simply-supported beam in Grade S355JR steel spans 10,0 m and is made from w1,75. (Table 5.4)
a 533 x 210 x 122 I-section. It is laterally supported at its ends only find the
From Table 5.9, Mp = 1 100 kN.m; 0167Mg = 740 kN.m and
maximum mid-span point load that the beam will carry at the ultimate limit
state. The load is applied to the top flange of the beam (i.e. it is destabilizing), (Mr )max 994 kN.m
but the ends of the girder’s top flange are partially restrained by flange cleats.
The effective length factor K is equal to 1,0 for a beam segment 110,2,1].
from Table 5.1 K = 1,0 and the effective tength KL 10 m.
From Table 5.9 with KL = 5 m, M’cr = 929 kN.m (for (Lh 1,0)
The moment within the span of the beam is larger than at the ends, so o2 1,0 =
For W2 = 1,75, Mcr = 1,75 x 929 =1 625 kN,m (>067M 740 kN.m)
(according to Clause 13.6 (a)). from Table 5.5, the factored moment resistance
Mr of the section, with an effective length of 10,0 m, is 317 kN.m. From Clause 13.6 (a) (i) for Mcr > 0,67Mg:

Therefore, the maximum ultimate central point load that the beam can carry is = 1,15 M (1 0,28 Mp / Mcr)
4Mr/ L 4x317/ 10,0 1,15 x 0,90 x 1 100 (1. 0,28 x 1 100 / 1 625)
= 929 kN.m = 994 kN.m)
= 127 kN. f< (M,.

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5.16 5.17
 The maximum ultimate central point load that the beam will carry is 1,75 + 1,05K + 0,3i [13.6 (a)]
= -
1,75 1,05 x 1,0 + 0,3 x l,O = 1,0 (see also Table 5.4)
4Mr/L=4X929/10,0
= 372 kN. Therefore, the beam falls into the ‘laterally unsupported, w2 = 1,0’ category, with
K 1,0 for the central beam segment, and Table 5.5 can be used. The factored
FI
Example 5.3 SImply-supported beam moment resistance Mr for the 533 x 210 x 82 1, with an effective length of 4,0 m
A simply-supported beam spans 12,0 m and carries two ultimate point loads is 534 kN.m. This exceeds the actual moment M of 400 kN.m, so the moment
of 100 kN each at the third points of the span. The top flange is restrained resistance of the section is adequate.
against lateral movement at each end of the span and at each load point. Select
a suitable section in Grade S355JR steel, check for bending and shear resistance Shear resistance of web
and deflection, and indicate what forces the lateral restraints should be capable from Table 5.13:
of resisting in order to ensure stability of the top flange.
—

The factored loading, reactions and bending moment diagram are as shown
I factored shear resistance = 1 050 kN (>100 OK)

below. The selfweight of the beam has been ignored. The loading is not Web yielding and crippling
destabilizing because the load points are laterally restrained.
Assume a stiff bearing length N of 60 mm at each end, with no web stilfeners.
lOOkN lOOkN Refer to Table 5.13:

factored yielding resistance B = NB4Br5 = 60 X 2,52 + 133 = 284 kN

+ I factored crippling resistance Br = 8r6 = 4’ kN
100kN1_ 4,0 4,0 4,0 IOOkN (Both>W0-OK)
12,0
DeflecHon

Assuming that the load factor that was applied to get the ultimate loads was 1,6,
400 kNm 400 kNm
the point loads at serviceability loading are 100 / 1,6 62,5 kN each.

Hence 4 = (3 -4 c) with a = 4/12 (from Table 5.19)

24E
= 62,5 x 12,02 x 4,0
Bending moment diagram -
(3 4 (4,0/12,0)2) x iO
24 x 200 x 475,2
40,3 mm (e/300-OK)
Trial section: 533 x 210 x $2 I.

Bending resistance Lateral restraints

Required lateral restraint at each load and support point = 0,02 x maximum
The middle segment of the beam is obviously the critical one.
flange force between points of restraint. [9.2.6]
K = fMmin/Mmax) = 1,0
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5.18 5.19
 Max. flange force = M/(It —
t1), approximately Since both the applied bending moment at ultimate limit state and the deflection
—
at serviceability limit state are within acceptable limits, the 305 x 165 x 41 1 trial
= 400 x iO / (528,3 13,2) = 776 kN
section is satisfactory.
Required lateral restraint = 0,02 x 776 = 15,5 kN, i.e. the top flange restraint at
each of the two load points and at the beam ends must be capable of resisting a Example 5.5 Beam with end moments
horizontal force transverse to the beam, acting in either direction, of 15,5 kN.
Design a continuous beam in Grade S355JR steel having two spans of 8,0 m and
Example 5.4 Cantilever loaded with an ultimate uniformly distributed load of 550 kM on the right-hand
span only. Lateral restraint is provided to both top and bottom flanges at the
A cantilever beam 2,5 m tong is built in at the fixed end and free at the tip. It supports and over the full top flange length of the right-hand span.
carries an ultimate point load of 50 kN at the tip, applied at the top flange level.
Select a suitable I-beam section in Grade S355JR steel. from the bending moment diagram and the formulae in Table 5.20:

Trial section: 305 x 165 x 41 I

W = 550 kN
Bending
Bending moment M = 50 x 2,5 125 kN.m A
The tip of the cantilever is unrestrained and as the load is applied at top flange
level it is a destabilizing load.

Hence effective length 1,4 x actual length (from Table 5.2 of this handbook)
= 1,4 x 2,5 = 3,5 m

Because of the absence of effective lateral support for the compression flange at 1.
one end, ía, 1,0 (see Code Clause 13.6 (a)), and the beam falls into the ‘lateraLly
unsupported, u, 1,0’ category. Bending moment diagram
Refer to the beam resistance Table 5.5. The factored moment resistance Mr
for the 305 x 165 x 41 I, with an effective length of 3,5 m is, by interpolation, -0,063 x 550 x 8,0 = -277 kN.m
160 kN.m. This exceeds the actual moment M of 125 kN.m, so the moment =
Mmax in the right-hand span = 0,096 x 550 x 8,0 422 kN.m
resistance of the section is adequate.

Deflection Trial section: 457 x 191 x 75 1 (a Class 1 section)

Assuming a load factor of 1,6, the applied toad at serviceability limit state
50 / 1,6 = 31,2 kN each. SpanAB

= ? = 31,2 x 2,5 As this span is subject to an end moment and the moment within the span is less
Hence x iO (from Table 5.19)
3E1 3 x 200 x 85,5 than that at the end, the span is in the ‘laterally unsupported, ía, 1,0’ category,
therefore Tables 5.5 to 5.8 do not apply.
= 9,50mm f= £/277- OK as it meets criterion £/250)
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5.20
5.21
 K Load at ultimate limit state.
and w2 =1,75 Trial section: 1 430 x 300 (lOW, 30F)
from Tabte 5.9, M, 581 kN.m, 0,67Mw = 389 kN.m, (M )max = 523 kN.m
Section properties (from TabLe 2.20)
From the table, for the trial section, M’ = 184 kN.m
Hence, for U2 = 1,75, Mer = 1,75 x 184 = 322 kN.m (< O67M) [13.6 (a)] A =31,7x103mm2
= Af = 300 x 30 = 9,0 x ;o mm
Thus Mr Mcr
0,9 x 322 A =1370x10=13,7xlO3mm2
= 290 kN.m (< (Mr)max OK) -
tx = ii 000 x 106 mm4
Ze =15 300x103 mm3
Mr exceeds the ultimate applied moment M3 of 277 kN.m, so the section is
1z/iw (web) = 1 370 / 10 = 137— Class 4 (Table 5.3)
adequate for span AB.
b/ tf (flange) =(300/2)/30 =5-Classi (Table 5.3)
Span BC
The loading, bending moment and shear force diagrams are as shown below.
This span has its compression flange laterally supported over its entire
280kN 2BOkN 280kN
length, so it is in the laterally supported’ class. Mr can be obtained from
Table 5.5 for L = 0 or from Table 5.9 as 019M. Beam seliweight = 6OkN
Floor setfweight = 420kN
Hence M = 523 kN.m, which exceeds the ultimate span BC moment of
422 kN.m, so the section is adequate for this span too.

Example 5.6 SImply-supported plate girder

Design a simply-supported welded plate girder spanning 20,0 m, loaded at the Ultimate loading
ultimate limit state with the following factored loads:

1) Self weight 50 x 1,2* = 60 kN

ii) Uniformly distributed load 350 x 1,2* = 420 kN
(floor dead load)
iii) Three point loads 175 x 1,6* = 280 kN each
(superimposed loads) Bending moment
*
Load factors at ultimate limit state.

The loads are applied to the top flange and the top flange is laterally supported
over its full length. Use Grade S355JR steel and limit the superimposing loading
deflection at serviceability to span/500. for reasons of headroom, the overall
depth of the girder must not exceed 1,45 m. The web is to project 20 mm
from the end bearing stiffeners, and the stiff bearing section under the web is 540 660
150 mm long. Shear

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5.22 5.23
 _____________

Bending resistance = 180 000 x 5,34 (137)2

/
Clause 14.3.4 of the Code gives the reduced moment resistance of girders with 51,2 MPa
thin webs.
V. =

1900/ ‘JM/çZ 1 900 /J 000x103/0,9x15 300 =111 0,9x1 370x10x51,2x10’

= 1 370/10 = 137> 111 = 631 kN < -
660 not OK
Thus must use reduced moment resistance M’r
Thus end stiffener and adjacent intermediate end panel stiffener required to
To find M’1, first evaluate Mr prevent buckling.

Mr Zefy (for laterally supported members) [13.5 fb)J b) Crippling and yielding resistance of unstiffened web [14.3]
0,9 x 15 300 x 350 x 10’ = 4 820 kN.m [14.3.2 (b)(i))
B. = (N + 4t1)f
A h çbi,,” 0,75
M’1 M 4L,o010005 l900RJMuize
___ ]) N = 150 (stiff bearing length)
Hence B1 0,75 x 10 [250 + (4 x 30)] x 350 x 10’
4 820 (1,0 — 0,0005 (13,7/9,0)[137
= 709 kN > 660
— 1 900/\I4 000 x 10 0,9 x 25 300]) [14,3.4]
/ or B 06biie1v\j [14.3.2 (b)(ii)]
4730kN.m>4000-OK =0,6x0,75x102xJ350x200000x10’
= 377 kN < -
660 not OK
(The value in Table 5.8 is less than this value as it assumes M
Thus end bearing stiffeners required.
Web resistance at ends
End panel shear resistance (Table 5.14)
The web needs to be checked for shear resistance, yielding and crippling at the
reaction points, where vu 660 kN. Note: The end panel stretches from the reaction bearing stiffener to the adjacent
I stiffener.
a) Shear resistance of unstiffened web (buckling) [13.4.1.1]
137 < 150, hence s maximum = 3 hi.,, [14.5.21
Without web stiffeners k = 5,34
By interpolation from Table 5.17 the value of c6f for s/h = 3,0 is 86 MPa.
= 137 therefore Clause 13.4.1.1 (d) is applicable
I
Hence V 86 x A,.
f fft 86x1370x10x10’
In the end panel the tension field component must be disregarded, i.e. =ll7SkN>660-OK

Hence maximum distance s to first intermediate stiffener

ft 0
s =3x1370
fs fcre+0
= 4 110 mm
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5.24 5.25
 Provide end panel intermediate stiffener at 4,0 m from end.

Web yielding and crippling resistances where concentrated loads occur

I Use 2 — 100 x 12 stiffeners.
[14.3]
Maximum outstand = 200 / = 10,7
= 280 kN
J)
Actual b/t100/12
a) for yielding 8,33<10,7—OK
Br = %jtw (N + lOtf)fy [14.3.2 (a)(i)] + 75 mm projection at end
Consider stiffeners + length of web equal to12t
bi 0,80 [14.4.2]
N = 0 (worst possible case)
A 2x100x12+f12x10)xIO+75x1O =4,35x103mm2
Hence Br = 0,80 X 10 (0 + 10 X 30) X 350 X 10
I about C.L. web = (12 x 210 / 12) ÷ (195 x io / 12)
=840kN>280-OK 6 3
= 9,27 x 10 mm
b) For crippling r about C.L. web = )9,27 x 10 / 4,35 = 46,2 mm
1,45it2wji [14.3.2 (b)(ii)] KL/r = 0,75 x 1 370 / 46,2 = 22,3 [14.4.2]
Br
=1,45x0,8x102 J350x200000x10 Unfactored ultimate compression stress Cr! çbA = 341 MPa (Table 4.3)
= 971 kN> 280 — OK C =0,9x341x4,35=1335kN>660—OK
Hence load bearing stiffeners are not required at interior toad points.
Top and bottom ends of stiffeners to bear on flanges. Assume 12 mm corner of
(See generaL comments below.)
stiffener cut off to clear welding.
Web shear resistance between end panels Br = 1,50çAf [13.10 (a)]
= -
1,50 x 0,9 x [2 x (100 12) x 12] 350 x 10
Shear at 4,0 m from end:
998 kN > 660 - OK
V = 660 - [4(420 + 60) / 20]
= 564 kN Welding to web (assume E7OXX electrodes):

Shear resistance of unstiufened web = 631 kN (see previous calculation) Use 7 pairs of 5 mm fillet weld, 60 mm lcng, per stiffener

Hence no additional intermediate stiffeners required. Vr2x2x7X60X0,76=1276kN>660OK (Table7.6)

Bearing stiffeners at reaction points End panel intennedlate stiffeners at 4,0 in from each end
It has already been determined that bearing stiffeners are required at the
Use2_6OxlOstiffeners
support points. In addition:
H b1/t =60/10=6<10,7—OK (Table 4.1)
137>1100 /J= 58,8
Required moment of inertia = (1 370/50) = 0,563 x 10 mm4 [14.5.3]
Hence stiffeners required according to Clause 14.4.1 of the Code.

Drilling, ut to I.ngth, tfOPPft’2. F., your l*4l tub.

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5.26 5.27
 ________

= 0,895 xl 370 = 1 230 kN

Actual moment of inertia = 10 x 130/l2 = 1,83 x 106 mm1 — OK , Shear transfer on full depth

Required area of stiffeners is Assume E7OXX electrodes

st I sA1, 7 Use 7 pairs of 5 mm fillet weld, 60 mm long, per stiffener

A = —Il- CYD
2 J1+(v7z)2j Vr2X2x7X60X0,76 (Table7.6)
= 1276kN>1230-OK
where s/lz 4 000/1 370 2,92

4 Check centres of intermittent welds

kV =5,34+ =5,81 [13.4.1.1]
(2,92)2 Maximum permissible = (16 x 10) + 60 = 220mm [14.5.4]
9
actual =f1370—40(2xsnipe)-60)/6=212<220—OK
— 31000Ok
C 1
- f (1r/t)2 Welding of web to flange

Maximum factored shear = V = 660 kN

310 000 x 5,81
i.e. C = 1 - = 0,726 0,10 Shear flow = VA(y/I per mm length of flange
350x 137
660x9000x700/f11000x106)
Y = 1,0
= 0,38 kN/mm
D =1,0
Recommended minimum fillet weld size for 30 mm thick plate is 8 mm
4000x10 Hence use 8 mm continuous fillet welds
Hence A = -
rII 2,92 1lx 0,726
2 = 2 x 1,22 2,44 kN/mm > 0,38 — OK
[ /l+2,922 J Vr/IThfl length of top flange
= 782 mm2
Deflection under service loading (i.e. 3 equally-spaced point loads)
Actualarea = 2x60x10=1200mm2-QK
From separate calculation
Note: A conservative approach would have been to use Table 5.17 to select 4=32 mm
a value for A5. Since s/h = 2,92 and h/t = 137, use the value A5 given
= t/633 (< t/500 specified — OK)
for s/h1., = 2,5 and h/t 140. The value A5 obtained would then be
A5 = 0,0652 xl 370 x 10 = 893 mm2.
General comments
I
Welding to web:
Since the girder length is greater than the standard stock lengths of plate it
Required shear transfer / mm of web depth [14.5.4] may be economical to introduce flange and web splices. Full penetration
groove welds are used for this purpose. Flange splices should preferably not
= 1 x T0
be located at points of maximum bending moment and flange and web splices
= 1 x 10 x 1 370 x 350” should be staggered. Where splices are introduced the flange sizes may be
0,895 kN/mm reduced as appropriate.

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5.28 5.29
 It should be noted that the conventional load bearing end stiffeners consisting Table 5.5
of either plates or angles do not constitute adequate anchorage for web ., FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mr OF I-SECTIONS AS BEAMS XJL
tension field components. Only in the event of suitable anchorage being
) 2 1 (maximum moment not at end)
provided at the girder ends can the benefit of tension field action be
Grade 5355JR steel See Table 2.9 and 2.11 for section prooerfles
considered in the end panels.
M1.,(kN.m) —

Effective lengTh KL of compression flange (m) Mry

Layout of girder I DesignaBon
0 1 2 3 ‘ 8 9 kN.m

IPE-sadilons
5000 5000 5000 5000 IPEM 100 10,0 9,37 5,93 2,28
IPE 700 12,4 17,8 8,36 5,34 2,88

1
I WEM 120 15,0 14,5 9.47 5,75 3,28
L II IPE 120 19,1 78,8 13,6 8,69 4,28

IPEM 140 21,3 21,3 14,7 8,64 6,11 4,57

- - -
4000 6000 6000 4000 Jj5 6,05
IPE 140 27,8 27,8 21,0 13,6 9,80
tBearing Bearing
20 t)t)0 6,21
IPEM 160 30,0 30,0 22,6 13,7 9,55
lP 160 39,1 39,1 31,3 21,1 15,0 8,22
t )PEM18O 41,0 41,0 33,0 20,9 14,3 -+09 8,41
IPE 180 52,3 52,3 44,0 31,0 21,6 16,7 10,9

MEM200 55,4 55,4 47,2 32,2 21,7 76,4 11,0

IPE 200 69,6 69,6 61,0 45,7 31,6 24,2 19,7 14,0
I-sections (taper flange) (‘Rolled steel joists’)
203x152x52 167 167 167] 163 152 140 128 117 104 92,1 543
I-SeCUOfl5_(parallel flange) (‘UnIversal beams’)
J J
203 x 133 x 25 81,6 81,6 80,0 66,6 51,0 37,5 29,6 22,4
30 98,6 98,6 97,8 83,5 68,2 51,7 41,2 27,7

254 x 148 x 31 124 124 124 105 81,8 58,6 45,5 37,2 29,7
37 153 153 153 133 109 82,6 64,9 53,5 37,5
43 179 179 179 159 135 108 85,4 70,9 44,4
305 x 102 x 25 706 105 81,3 44,8 28,8 21,0 11,9
28 129 129 104 62,3 40,5 29,9 23,7 15,5
33 152 152 127 81,3 53,8 40,1 32,0 78,9
Notes: 1. When maximum moment occurs at end(s) of unbraced length of
compression flange, use Table 5.9.
2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or
equal to 300.
3. For t>l6 mm,f = 345 M?a; for t 16 mm,f 350 MPa.
4. M M for x-a5ds, M M for y-axis.
5. Taper flange sections marked * are not readily available.
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5.30 5.31
 Table 5.5 (continued) xJ 9
FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mt OF I-SECTIONS AS BEAMS
w = 1 (maximum moment not at end) Table 5.6
Grade 5355JR steel See Table 2.9 for section propertIes FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mt OF H-SECTIONS AS BEAMS
Mr.x (kN.nl) w 2 = 1 (maximum moment not at end)
y
Effective length KL of compression flange (m) Mry Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.10 for section properTies
Designation
0 214151617 819 Iwl 11 M(kN.m)
M
Universal beams Designation Effective length KL of compression flange (m)
305 x 165 x 40 197 197 147 110 83,6 67,3 56,3 48,4 447 0 1 2 3 6 7 8
I 1 4+—5 I 1 I
46 227 227 175 137 105 85,5 72,0 62,3 52,3 Universal columns
54 266 266 212 175 136 112 94,6 82,2 61,4
152 x 152 x 23 49,9 49,9 49,9 45,7 395 16,6
53,8 46,9 46,0 30 78,1 78,1 78,1 73,8 66,0 35,3
356 x 171 x 45 243 243 176 127 95,4 76,0 63,0
282 212 159 121 97,2 811 69,6 60,9 54,8 37 97,3 97,3 97,3 94,3 86,3 44,1
51 282
57 318 318 246 192 147 119 99,8 86,0 75.6 62,4
138 119 106 76,5 203x203x46 141 141 141 741 135 124 114 72,5
67 381 381 307 256 199 163
52 179 179 179 179 169 156 142 82,8
36,6 28,6 60 206 206 206 206 198 185 171 95,4
406 x 140 x 39 226 216 106 73,4 55,3 44,1
46,2 37,5 71 249 249 249 249 245 232 218 116
46 280 272 148 704 79,4 64,0 53,6
86 304 304 304 304 304 291 278 141
406 x 178 x 54 331 331 245 178 134 106 87,4 74,4 64,7 57,3 56,1
109 93,5 81,6 72,5 65,8 254x254x73 312 372 312 312 311 292 272 251 146
60 378 378 289 219 165 132
133 114 100 89,4 74,7 89 382 382 382 382 382 367 346 326 178
67 425 425 332 260 198 159
163 140 123 110 83,2 107 460 460 460 460 460 451 430 410 389 216
74 469 469 378 311 239 193
132 578 578 578 578 578 578 558 537 516 270
74,7 167 751 751 751 751 757 751 749 727 706 351
457x191x67 463 463 364 280 209 165 136 115 99,7 88,1
74 523 523 420 335 252 200 766 141 123 109 86,0
168 747 130 95,8 305x305x97 454 454 454 454 454 452 428 404 379 354 150
82 568 568 468 386 295 236 196
199 156 107 118 605 605 605 605 605 603 574 544 514 483 277
89 627 627 525 441 345 277 232 175
239 187 119 137 711 711 711 711 711 711 686 655 624 593 326
98 692 692 590 505 407 329 277 210
158 829 829 829 829 829 829 813 782 751 719 382
533 x210x82 649 649 534 432 318 246 202 170 146 128 94,5
92 747 747 629 522 395 311 255 215 187 164 112 Notes: 1. When maximum moment occursifid(s) of unbraced length of
257 197 124 compression flange, use Table 5.10.
101 814 814 700 592 453 367 302 223
2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or
109 879 879 763 652 521 414 343 292 255 226 135 equal to 300.
122 994 994 878 763 534 507 423 362 317 282 155 3. For t> 16 mrn,f 345 MPa; for t 16 mm,f 350 MPa.
4. M = Mr for x-axis, M = Mr for y-axis.
Notes: 1. When maximum moment occurs at end(s) of unbraced length of
compression flange, use Table 5.9.
2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or
equal to 300.
3. For t1>16 mmf 345 MPa; for ii 16 rnm,f = 350 MPa.
4. M = Mr fqr x-axis, M = Mr for y-axis.
REDEFINING STEEL CONSTRUCTION,,

5.32
 . Table 5.8 x x
I FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mt OF PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS
Table 5.?
xtx 2 1 (maximum moment not at end)
FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mr OF CHANNELS AS BEAMS
Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.20 for section properties
2 = 1 (maximum moment not at end) y Mt.x (kN.m)
Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.12 for section propertIes Effective length KL of compression flange (m)
Designation
M (kN.m)
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Designation Effective length KL of compression flange (m)
704x200(8W,129 816 748 608 427 306 233 185 152 128 111
f0 1 2 3 5 6 kM.m 784 590 427 328 263 218 186 161
712 x 200(8W, 769 992 934
720 x200(BW,209 1160 1110 953 769 163 437 355 297 255 223
Channels (taper flange)
704 x 250 (8W,12F) 532 832 777 681 568 431 338 275 229 195
C76 x 38 6,14 6,14 5,17 1,29
2,65 712 x 250 (SW, 169 1170 1170 1080 947 788 599 474 389 327 280
C100x50 72,9 12,9 71,5 9,73
19,1 19,1 17,2 14,5 3,50 720 x 250(8W, 209 1370 1370 1300 1150 989 788 630 520 441 382
0120 x 55
I:
C127x 64 23,9 23,9 22,7 19,0 4,79 712x300f8W,769 1220 1220 7220 1740 3040 920 782 635 529 450
0140 x 60 27,2 27,2 24,6 20,7 16,6 4,63 720 x 300(8W, 20F) 1590 1590 1590 1490 1350 1200 1030 839 705 505
0152 x 76 35,3 35,3 33 28,2 23,5 6,62
812 x 200 (8W,16F) 1030 990 845 660 474 362 288 237 201 173
0160 x 65 36,5 36,5 33,2 27,9 22,3 5,76 839 619 477 384 319 272 237
820x200f8W,209 1210 1180 7020
0178 x 54 30,5 30,5 23,5 15,7 11,4 3,65
Cl 80 x 70 47,3 47,3 43,4 36,6 29,5 23,2 7,06
8,47 812x250(8W,169 1230 1230 1760 1020 864 668 526 426 358 306
C200 x 75 60,2 60,2 55,8 47,2 38.2 30,0 24.7
820 x250(8W,209 1450 1450 1390 1240 1080 870 691 567 478 417
830 x250(8W,25F) 1750 1750 1700 1540 1360 1150 927 768 653 567
Channels (parallel flange)

PC 100 x 50 12,9 12,9 11,5 9,79 3,08 812x300(8W,169 1430 1430 1430 1330 1200 1050 873 705 585 496
PC 180 x 70 47,3 47,3 44,0 37,2 30,1 23,6 8,25 820x300{8W,209 1700 1700 1700 1610 1470 1310 1140 924 772 659
PC 200 x 75 60,2 60,2 56,8 48,1 39,4 30,7 25,2 10,0 830 x 300(8W, 259 2060 2060 2060 1970 1820 1650 1460 1240 1040 897

PC 230 x 90 96,4 96,4 95,5 84,0 72,6 60,4 49,3 17,3 376 283 223 181 352 129
904 x 200 (8W,129 971 903 743 530
PC 260 x 90 115 115 113 97,5 82,1 65,3 53,0 17,7 255 215 184
912x200(8w,169 1190 1130 955 725 518 393 312
PC300x100 169 169 169 152 131 111 89,8 25,4
920x200(BW,20F) 3390 1340 1160 932 673 515 411 340 288 249
Notes: 1. When maximum moment occurs at end(s) of unbraced length of
compression flange, use Table 5.11. 904x250(8W,129 1140 1140 7040 898 714 533 416 335 277 236
2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or 912x250(SW16f) 1470 1410 1320 1160 .966 733 574 466 387 329
equal to 300. 920x250f8W,2oF) 1660 1660 1580 1410 1210 951 751 613 514 440
3. For tf> 16 mm.f 345 MPa; for tf 16 mm,f = 350 MPa. 93 x250 (8W, 259 2000 2000 1930 1740 1510 1250 994 819 693 598
4. Mp, Mr for xaxis, Mry Mr for y-axis.
Notes: 1. When maximum moment occurs at end(s) of unbraced length of
compression flange, use Table 5.9.
2. All tabulated moment resistance values are for slenderness ratto5 less
than300.
3. for tf> 16 mm,f 345 MFa; for t 16 nmI,f = 350 M?a.
4. For girders whos’e flanges meet the requirements of Class 3 and whose
webs exceed the limits for Class 3; Clause 14.3.4 of SANS 10162: Part I
For your total tub.
has been observed and the lesser of Mr and M’ is presented in the above
TUBE & and pip. ,1..d table
wwwmacataLC0’
MACSTEEL 5.35
5.34
 Table 5.8 (continued) Table 5.6 (continued) x x I
I x RESISTANC E OF PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS
FACTORED MOMENT RESISTANCE Mr OF PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS L FACTORED MOMENT Mr
(Ii 2 = 1 (maximum moment not at end) y
(1)2 = 7 (maximum moment not at end)
Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.20 for section pronertles Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.20 for section properties
M(kN.m) Mt(kN.m)
Effective length KL of compression flange (m) Designation Effecve length KC & compression flange (m)
Designation
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1300 1300 1290 1180 7050 892 699 560 460 366 1220x400(8W,20F) 3380 3380 3380 3380 3300 3100 2860 2600 2310 1950
904x300(HW,129
912 x 300 (8W, 16E) 1630 1630 1630 1510 1360 1180 962 774 640 540 1230x400(BW259 4130 4130 4130 4130 4070 3830 3560 3260 2930 2540
920 x3O0(8W20F) 1940 1940 1940 1820 1660 1470 1240 1010 837 711 1240x400f8W30f) 4850 4850 4850 4850 4800 4540 4240 3970 3560 3170
930 x 300 (8W, 25F) 2350 2350 2350 2240 2050 1840 1610 1330 1120 957
1402x250(1cM169 2530 2530 2240 1870 1400 1040 808 649 535 450
1280 1280 1170 995 775 577 449 361 297 251 141Ox250(1&if209 2920 2920 2660 2280 1790 7330 1040 837 692 584
1004x250(8W12F)
1590 1590 1480 1290 1060 792 618 499 414 351 1420x250(1259 3460 3460 3210 2790 2290 1720 1350 7090 907 770
1012x250(8W,169
1020x250f8W,20F) 1870 1870 1770 1560 1320 1020 804 654 546 465
2250 2250 2150 1930 1660 1340 1060 870 732 629 1402x300(1OW169 2880 2880 2810 2530 2200 1780 1380 1100 902 755
1030 x 250(8W, 259
1410x300(1tYW,20f) 3370 3370 3340 3040 2680 2270 1760 1410 1160 975
1840 1640 1840 1690 1510 1310 1040 838 690 5B1 7420x300(1GN,259 4000 4000 4000 3680 3290 2840 2280 1830 1510 1280
1012x300(8W,169
2180 2180 2180 2040 1840 1620 1350 1090 899 761 1430x300(1UW,309 4630 4630 4630 4310 3890 3400 2810 2270 7890 1600
1020x300(8W,209
7030x300(8W25F) 2630 2630 2630 2500 2280 2030 1760 1430 1190 1020
1040x300(8W30f) 3080 3080 3060 2950 2710 2440 2160 1810 1520 1300 1410 x400(1LW20F) 4220 4220 4220 4220 -4060 3780 3460 3100 2670 2230
142ax4a0(1(M9 5060 5060 5060 5060 4920 4610 4250 3860 3420 2680
2790 2790 2790 2790 2740 2580 2390 2190 1970 1700 1430x400(1309 5900 5900 5900 5900 5790 5440 5050 4620 4150 3570
7020 x 400 (8W,209
1030x400(8W,25F) 3390 3390 3390 3390 3360 3170 2970 2740 2490 2220 4 1440x400(1CW35l) 6780 6780 6780 6780 6680 6300 5870 5400 4890 4300
1040x400(8Ve’30f) 4010 4010 4010 4010 3990 3790 3560 3310 3040 2760
Notes: 1. When maximum moment ocurs at end(s) of unbraced length of
1204x250(8W12F) 1570 1570 7400 1170 879 653 506 405 332 279 compression flange, use Table 5.9.
1212x250(8W16P) 7950 1950 1780 1530 1210 902 701 563 464 391 2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or
1220x250(8W20f) 2290 2290 2140 1870 1550 1170 910 735 609 516 equal to 300.
2750 2750 2600 2300 1950 1520 1190 970 810 690 3. For 4> 16 mm, f 345 MPa; for t1 16 mm, f 350 MPa.
1230x250(8W259
4. For girders whose flanges meet the requirements of Ctass 3 and whose
webs exceed the limits for Class 3; Clause 14.3.4 of SANS 10162 : Part 1 has
1212 x 300 (6W,169 2250 2250 2230 2040 1810 1530 1200 958 786 659
been observed and the lesser of Mr and M’r is presented in the above table.
1220x300(8W,209 2660 2660 2660 2460 2200 1910 1540 1240 1020 858
1230x300(8W,259 3200 3200 3200 3000 2720 2390 2000 1620 1340 1130
1240x300(BW,30F) 3760 3760 3760 3560 3250 2890 2490 2020 1690 1440

Notes: 1. When maximum moment occurs at end(s) of unbraced length of

compression flange, use Table 5.9.
2. Moment resistance values are tabulated for slenderness ratios less than or
equal to 300.
3. Fort1> 16 mm,f 345 MPa; for % 16 mm,f =350 MPa.
4. For girders whose flanges meet the requirements of Class 3 and whose webs
exceed the limits for Class 3; Clause 14.3.4 of SANS 10162 : Part 2 has been
observed and the lesser of M and M’r is presented in the above table.

Odiling, Cut t length, croppln, REDEFINING SIEEL CONSTRUCTION

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MACStEEL
5.36
5.37
 Table 5,9 XIX

Mcr FOR ISECTIONS AS BEAMS

tt) 2 1,0 (maximum moment at end)
See Table 2.9 and 2.71 tot section pcopertles
M’ (kN.m) for 2= 7,0 M’cr (kN.m) tot °2 1,0 Brade S355JR steel
Designation Effective length XL of compression flange (m) Effective length XL of compression flange fm)
0,67M M1, fM)
1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6
IPE-sedilons IPE-seclions
IPEM 100 16,6 12,0 9,42 7,75 6,59 5,74 5,09 4,57 4,15 3,81 3,51 3,05 2,69 2,41 2,19 2,00 7,48 11,2 10,0
IPE 100 22,6 16,6 13,2 10,9 9,32 8,14 7,24 6,52 5,93 5,45 5,03 4,37 3,87 3,47 3,15 2,88 9,24 13,8 12,4
IPEM 120 29,2 20,5 15,6 12,6 10,5 9,04 7,93 7,07 6,38 5,82 5,35 4,61 4,06 3,62 3,27 2,99 11,2 16,7 15.0
IPE 120 41,2 29,4 22,7 18,5 15,6 13,5 11,9 10,7 9,66 8,83 8,14 7,04 6,21 5,55 5,03 4,59 14,2 21,2 19,1
—
IPEu 140 50,4 34,4 25,6 20,2 16,6 14,0 12,2 10,7 9,6 869 7,95 6,79 5,93 5,27 4,74 4,31 15,9 23,? 21,3
IPE 140 71,8 500 37,9 30,3 25,2 21,6 18,9 16,8 15,1 13,8 12,7 10,9 9,56 8,53 7,70 7,02 20,7 30,9 27,8
lPEu 160 85,7 57,8 42,5 33,1 27,0 22,7 19,5 17,1 15,2 13,7 12,5 10,6 9,22 8,17 7,33 6,66 22,3 33,3 30,0
IPE 160 120 82,1 61,3 48,5 40,0 34,0 29,5 26,1 23,4 21,2 19,4 16,6 14,5 12,9 11,7 10,6 29,1 43,4 39,1
IPEM 180 142 94,6 68,7 52,9 42,6 35,4 30,2 26,3 23,3 20,8 18,9 15,9 13,7 12,1 10,8 9,77 30,5 45,5 41,0
IPE 180 192 129 95,3 74,4 60,7 51,0 44 38,6 34,4 31,0 28,3 24,0 20,9 18,5 16,6 15,1 38,9 58,1 52,3
IPEM 200 225 149 108 82,8 66,3 55,0 46,7 40,5 35,7 31,9 28,8 24,2 20,8 18,3 16,3 14,7 41.3 61,6 55,4
PE 200 296 198 145 113 91,2 76,3 65,4 57,2 50,8 45,7 41,5 35,1 30,4 26,9 24,1 21,8 51,8 77,4 69,6
I-sections_(taper flange (‘Rolled steel Joists’) I-sections (taper flange) (‘Rolled steel Joists’)
203x152x52 1740 1200 897 711 587 499 434 384 344 313 286 245 214 191 172 157 125 186 167
] ] [
I-sections (pars lel flange) (‘Universal beams’) i-sections (parallel flange) (‘Universal_beams’)

203x133x25 620 405 288 218 172 740 117 100 87,3 77,1 68,9 56,7 48 41,7 36,8 32,9 60,7 90,7 81,6
30 786 517 370 281 223 183 155 133 116 103 92,9 77,1 65,8 57,4 51,0 45,8 73,4 110 98,6

KL 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 $ 9 10 0,67M M tMr)m

254 x 146 x 31 1100 504 295 198 145 112 90,9 76,0 65,2 57 50,6 45,5 41,3 34,9 30,3 26,8 92,6 138 124
37 1430 661 391 265 196 154 126 106 91,8 80,8 72,2 65,2 59,5 50,7 44,2 39,2 114 170 753
43 1720 805 482 331 247 196 162 138 120 106 94,9 86,1 78,8 67,5 59,1 52,6 133 199 179

305 x 102 x 25 363 168 99,2 67,3 49,8 39,1 32,0 27,0 23,3 20,5 18,3 16,6 15,1 12,9 11,2 9,96 78,8 118 706
28 487 227 135 92,8 69,2 54,7 45,0 38,2 33,2 29,3 26,3 23,8 21,8 78,6 16,3 14,5 95,7 143 129
33 609 287 173 120 90,3 72,0 59,8 51,0 44,6 39,5 35,6 32,3 29,7 25,5 22,3 19,9 113 168 152

Notes: 1. For t >16 = 345 MPa; for t1 16 mm,f 350 MPa. Notes: 1. For t>l6 mm,f — 345 MPa; for t1 l6mm,f 350 MPa.
2. Mcr = üM’a; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr. 2. M W2M’cr; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating M.
3. fM,)p is equal to 0.9Mg or 0.9M. whichever is applicable. 3. is equal to 0,9Mg orO9My1 whichever is applicable.

Cadex www.cadexsa.com distributors of

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sA Structures
5.38 5.39
 Table 5.9 (contInued) xix
Mcr FOR ISECTIONS AS BEAMS
‘ 2 7,0 (maximum moment at end)
See Table 2.9 and 2.11 for section DroDerfies
M’,.r (kN.m) for = 1,0 M1 (kN.m) for W2 = 1,0 Grade S355JR steel

Designation Effective length 1(1. of compression flange fm) EffecUve length KL of compression flange (m)
0,67Mg M tMr)max
1 1,5 2 2,25 3 4,5 6 6,5 7 8 9 10
J I I I-sections (parallet flange) (‘Universal beams’)
I-sections (pwaN& flan niversal beams’
305x165x40 2260 1020 593 392 283 217 173 143 122 105 92,8 82,9 74,8 62,6 53,8 47,2 147 219 197
46 2670 1220 708 472 343 265 213 178 152 132 117 105 95,0 80,0 69,2 61,0 169 253 227
54 3200 1470 862 580 426 331 269 226 194 170 151 136 124 105 91,3 80,8 198 295 266

356 x 171 x 45 2770 1250 719 472 338 257 204 167 141 121 106 94,1 84,5 70,0 59,8 52,1 181 271 243
51 3340 1510 874 577 415 317 253 209 177 153 134 120 108 90,1 77,3 67,7 210 313 282
57 3850 1750 1020 675 489 376 302 250 213 185 163 146 132 111 95,6 84,0 237 354 318
153 133— — 117 284 424 381
67 4800 2200 1290 863 632 490 397 332 285 249 221 199 181

406x140x39 1590 720 414 272 195 148 718 96,8 81,6 70,2 61,5 54,6 49,0 40,7 34,8 30,3 168 251 226
46 2120 965 559 370 267 205 764 136 115 100 88,2 78,8 71,2 59,6 57,3 45,0 208 311 280

406x178x54 3990 1800 1030 675 482 365 289 236 198 170 148 131 118 97,1 82.6 71,9 245 368 331
60 4730 2140 1230 808 579 441 350 288 243 209 183 163 146 122 104 90,7 281 420 378
67 5400 2450 1420 936 675 516 413 341 289 250 220 196 177 148 127 112 377 473 425
74 6190 2820 1640 1090 789 607 488 406 346 300 265 238 215 181 156 137 354 529 476
7 8 9 10 11 12 0,67M M (M)
KL 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 5,5
183 151 128 111 97,8 87,6 345 515 463
457x 191 x67 1640 1070 765 577 456 372 311 266 232 205
223 184 157 137 121 109 389 581 523
74 1920 1260 899 682 540 443 373 320 280 248
262 218 186 163 145 131 423 631 568
82 2170 1430 1030 781 622 512 433 373 327 297
308 258 221 194 173 156 467 697 627
89 2450 1620 1770 896 717 592 503 435 383 342
366 307 265 233 208 188 515 769 692
98 2800 1660 1350 1048 833 692 589 572 452 405
649
533x21Dx82
92
101
2620 1710
3160 2060
3610 2360
1210
1470
1680
906
1110
1270
711
870
1010
576
708
822
479
592
690
408
506
591
353
439
515
310
387
455
275
345
407
224
283
336
189
239
285
162
207
248
143
183
219
127
163
196
463
556
606
721
830
904
747
814
C
460 381 325 283 251 225 654 976 879
109 3960 2600 1860 1410 1120 916 770 662 579 573
564 470 402 352 313 282 740 1100 994
122 4640 3060 2200 1670 1330 1100 929 802 704 625

Notes: 1, For tf> 16 mm,f = 345 MPa; for t 16 mm,f = 350 MPa. Notes: 1. For tf> 16 mrn,f = 345 MPa; for tf 16 mm,f = 350 MPa.
2. Mcr aM’cr; see SANS 10162: Part I Clause 13.6 for calculating M. 2. Mcr = zM’cr; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr.
3. ( Mx is equal to 09M or 0,9M. whichever is applicab]e. 3. (M,)rpx is equal to 09M or 09MTwhichever is applicable.

world .worid (011) 452 1150

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5.40 5.41
 y

Table 5.70
Mcr FOR HSECTIONS AS BEAMS
Ci) 2 10 (maximum moment at end) y
See Table 2.10 for section properties
M (kN.m) for tu. = 1,0 Grade S355]R steel
M (kN.m) for a = 1,0
Designation Effective length KL of compression flange (m) Effec Ivelengi KL of c9mpcesslçn tlange1{m)
0,67Mg M 0,67M1 Ac (Mr)
125 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 j 2,5 2,75 3,25 3,5 4 I 4.5 5 6
J............... 1
Universal columns U Universal columns
152x152x23 604 396 282 214 169 139 116 99,8 87,1 77,1 69,1 57,0 48,5 42,2 37,4 33,5 38,7 57,8 52,0
30 873 577 416 318 255 210 178 154 136 721 109 91,4 78,6 68,9 61,4 55,4 58,2 86,8 78,1
37 1140 765 557 431 348 221 249 217 192 173 157 132 115 101 90,5 82,0 72,5 108 97,3

203x203x46 3010 1960 1380 1040 815 667 550 468 405 355 316 257 216 186 163 146 105 157 141
52 3510 2290 1630 1230 965 786 657 561 487 430 383 314 266 230 203 181 133 198 179
60 4130 2710 1930 1460 1760 949 797 684 597 529 474 392 333 290 257 230 153 229 206
71 5260 3470 2500 1910 1520 1260 1060 919 808 719 648 541 464 406 361 326 185 276 249
86 6710 4470 3240 2500 2010 1680 1430 1240 1100 985 892 751 648 571 511 462 226 337 304

254x254x73 9380 6070 4270 3180 2480 1990 1650 7390 1190 1040 917 737 612 521 453 400 232 347 312
89 11900 7740 5470 4100 3210 2600 2160 7830 1580 1390 1230 1000 839 721 632 562 284 424 382
107 14900 969D 6890 5190 4090 3330 2780 2380 2070 1820 1630 1330 1130 977 861 770 342 511 460
132 19500 12800 9150 6950 5510 4530 3810 3280 2870 2550 2290 1890 1620 7410 1250 1120 430 642 578
167 26700 17700 12800 9830 7890 6540 5560 4820 4260 3800 3440 2880 2480 2180 1950 1760 559 835 751

305x305x97 21200 13700 9550 7080 5480 4370 3590 3000 2560 2270 1940 1530 1250 1050 903 788 338 504 454
118 26700 17200 12100 9000 6980 5600 4610 3880 3320 2880 2530 2020 1670 7410 1220 1070 451 673 605
137 32000 20700 74600 10900 8460 6870 5620 4750 4080 3560 3140 2520 2100 1790 7550 1370 529 790 711
158 38200 24800 17500 13100 10200 8270 6860 5820 5020 4390 3890 3150 2640 2260 1980 1760 617 921 829

Notes: 1. Fort1 >16 mm.f 345 MPa; for i 16 mmf = 350 MPa. Notes: 1. For t>16 mm,f 345 MPa; for t 16 mm,f 350 M?a.
2. Mcr wM’a; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr. 2. M = W2M’cr; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating M.
3. (M is equal to 019Mg or 09M. whichever is applicable. 3. is equal to 09M or 019M. whichever is applicable.

DrlIUn, cut to I.ngth, CtePPfl’ For iour iotI tub.

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MACSTEEL
5.42 5.43
 Table 5.11
Mcr FOR CHANNELS AS BEAMS
2 1,0 (maximum moment at end)
rnnnrH*
— s__.a.I IS• IJIi1
— — — —
—
Thbl 212 for
——

(kN.m) for w2 = 1,0 M (kN.m) for w = 1,0 Grade S355JR steel

Designation EffeUve length KL of compression flange (m) Effective length KL of compression flange (m)
067M M (Mr)
1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 ( 225 2,5 J 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6
Channels (taper flangel Channels (taper flange)
C76 x 38 15,2 11,8 9,68 8,22 7,14 6,32 5,67 5,14 4,70 4,34 3,51 3,12 2,80 2,55_ — 2,33 4,57 5,83 6,14
4,02
C100x50 40,0 30,5 24,7 20,7 17,9 15,8 14,1 12,8 11,7 10,8 9,96 8,69 7,70 6,92 6,29 5,76 9,59 14,3 12,9
C120 x 55 63,1 47,3 37,8 31,6 27,1 23,8 21,3 19,2 17,5 16,1 14,9 13,0 11,5 10,3 9,35 8,56 14,2 27,2 19,1

C127x64 93,4 68,4 54,0 44,6 38,1 33,2 29,5 26,6 24,2 22,2 20,5 17,8 15,7 14,1 12,8 11,7 17,8 26,6 23,9
C140 x 60 95,9 70,5 55,7 46,1 39,4 34,4 30,6 27,5 25,1 23,0 21,3 18,5 15,3 14,6 13,3 12,2 20,3 30,2 27,2
C152 x 76 161 114 86,9 70,2 58,9 50,7 44,6 39,8 36,0 32,8 30,2 26,1 22,9 20,5 18,5 16,9 26,3 39,2 35,3
I
C160 x 65 738 99,5 77,6 63,6 54,0 46,9 41,5 37,3 33,8 31,0 28,6 24,8 21,9 19,6 17,8 16,2 27,2 406 36,5
Cue x 54 80,1 56,2 42,8 34,5 28,8 24,8 21,7 19,4 17,5 16,0 14,7 12,6 11,1 9,93 8,97 8,19 22,7 33,9 30,5
Cl 80 x 70 196 139 107 86,9 73,2 63,2 55,7 49,6 45,1 41,2 37,9 32,8 28,9 25,8 23,4 21,3 35,2 52,5 47,3
C200x75 270 189 144 115 97,1 83,4 73,1 65,2 58,8 53,6 1’ 49,3 42,4 37,3 33,3 30,1 27,5 44,8 66,9 60,2

Channels_(parallel flange) Channels (parallel flange)

PC100x5O 42,3 31,7 25,4 21,2 18,2 16,0 14,3 12,9 118 10,6 10,0 8,71 7,72 6,93 6,29 5,76 9,64 14,4 12,9
PCi 80 x 70 219 153 116 92,9 77,4 66,3 58,0 51,6 46,5 42,3 38,9 33,5 29,4 26,2 23,7 21,6 35,2 525 47,3
PC200 x 75 309 212 159 126 104 88,9 77,4 68,5 61,5 55,6 51,1 43,8 38,4 34,2 30,8 28,0 44,8 66,9 60,2

PC230x90 679 460 340 266 217 183 158 139 124 112 102 86,8 75,7 67,1 60,3 54,8 71,8 107 96,4
PC260x90 795 534 390 303 246 205 176 154 137 123 112 94,6 82,1 72,5 65,0 58,9 85,4 127 115
PC300x100 1450 965 700 540 435 362 309 268 237 213 193 162 140 123 110 99,8 126 188 170

Notes: 1. For tf>16 mm,f = 345 MPa; for t 16 mm,f = 350 MPa. Notes: 1. For t1>16 mm,f — 345 MPa; for t1 16 mm,f 350 MPa.
2. M = w2M’; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr. 2. M,,. ca-M’a; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr.
3. (Mr)p,x is equal to 019M or 09M whichever is applicable. 3. (M is equal to 09M or 0,9M, whichever is applicable.

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5.44 5,45
 Table 5.12
Mt FOR PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS x*x
w 2 7,0 (maximum moment at end)

M(kN.m)forw1,O See Table 2.20 tar section nrouerlles

DesIgnation Effective length KL of compression flange (ml M’ (kN.m) Grade S355]R steel
Effective length KL of compression flange fm)
2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 0.67% M 0,67M M (i’4),
7 8 9 10 11 12
704 x 200 (8W, 12F) 1790 1250 931 721 577 474 398 340 295
712x200 (8W, 169 2420 1700 1270 987 794 656 553 474 413 816
1270 1030 854 724 625 546 259 206 169 143 123 108 607 907
720x200(8W,20F) 3070 2770 1630 1100 992
365 293 243 206 179 758 739
749 548 486 394 330 283 248 220 860 1280 1160
704 x 250 (8W, 129 3460 2420 1790 1360 1100 898 636
712x250(8W,16F) 4670 3270 2420 1880 1500 1230 1030 878 760
1330 1140 994 479 376 305 254 217 188 619 924 832
720 x 250 (8W, 209 5910 4750 3090 2400 1930 1590 1170
666 527 432 363 312 272 870 7300
1270 875 700 576 490 424 373 1020 1520 1370
712 x 300 (8W, 169 8070 5600 4140 3190 2540 2080 7730 1470
720 x 300 (8W, 209 10100 7080 5250 4060 3250 2660 2230 1900 1640 1220
1110 869 705 588 500 433 905 1350
457 1440 1140 933 784 673 587 1180 1770 1590
812 x 200 (8W, 169 2750 1930 1430 1110 891 733 616 527
820 x 200 (8W, 20F) 3480 2450 1830 1420 1150 948 801 688 600 1030
402 320 264 223 193 169 769 1150
850 530 427 355 302 263 233 899 1340 1210
812 x 250 (8W, 169 5320 3720 2750 2120 1690 1390 1160 985
820 x250 (8W, 209 6720 4710 3490 2700 2160 1780 1490 1270 1100
1670 1460 742 584 476 398 340 295 915 1370 1230
630 x 250 (8W, 259 8540 6010 4470 3480 2800 2310 1950 1450
967 767 630 531 457 400 1079 1610
1660 1430 1280 1030 854 726 630 556 1300 1950 1750
812x300(8W,169 9140 6370 4710 3620 2880 2350 1960
820 x 300(8W 209 11500 8060 5960 4600 3670 3000 2510 2130 1840
2400 1240 970 784 650 551 475 1060 1590 1430
830 x 300 (8W, 259 14600 10200 7600 5890 4710 3670 3250 2770
1600 1260 1030 858 732 636 1260 1880 1700
423 365 2110 1670 1370 1160 997 872 1530 2280 2060
904 x200 (8W, 129 2290 1600 7780 913 728 596 498
912 x 200 (8W, 169 3080 2160 1600 1240 991 613 681 581 503
752 654 319 251 204 171 146 126 732 1090 971
920 x 200(8W, 209 3890 2730 2030 1580 1270 1040 879 1330 1190
441 349 286 241 207 181 893
689 576 460 380 322 279 245 1040 1560 1390
904 x 250(8W, 129 4440 3100 2290 1760 1400 1140 947 802
912x250 (8W, 169 5970 4770 3080 2370 1890 1540 1290 1090 941
1410 1210 599 466 376 311 263 226 856 1280 1140
920x250(8W,20F) 7540 5280 3910 3020 2410 1970 1650 1580 1410
1820 1580 820 643 521 433 368 319 1060
930 250(8W, 259 9510 6670 4960 3850 3080 2540 2130

904x300 (8W, 129 7630 5310 3920 3010 2390 1940 1610 1360 1160
f 1060
1390
839
1110
685
914
574
773
491
667
428
586 —
1250
1500
1860
2240
1660
2000
972 x 300 (8W, 169 10300 7170 5290 4070 3230 2630 2190 1850 1590
2360 2030 1010 783 627 515 433 370 978 1460 1300
920 x 300 (8W, 209 12900 9020 6670 5140 4090 3340 2780 1830 1630
4290 3590 3050 2640 7380 1080 885 775 603 516 1220
930 x 300(8W, 259 16400 17400 8480 6550 5230 1450 2160 1940
1770 1390 1120 934 793 686
760 2310 1820 1490 1250 1070 930 1750 2620 2350
1004 x 250(8W, 129 4940 3440 2540 1950 1550 7260 1050 686
1012x250(8W,16f) 6610 4610 3400 2620 2080 1700 1420 1200 1030
1320 660 513 412 340 286 245 983 7470 1280
7020x250(8W,20f) 8330 5820 4300 3320 2650 2160 7810 1540 1590
2330 1980 7720 897 701 566 469 398 343 1210 1810
1030 x 250(8W, 259 10500 7370 5460 4230 j 3380 2780 1420 2110 1870
1160 908 738 616 525 456
4? 1190 979 824 708 679 1700 2540 2250
Notes: 1. For t> 16 mmf = 345 MPa; for ç 16mm,f 350 MPa.
2. Ma = w2M’; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr Notes: 1. For t1> 16 mm,f = 345 MPa; for tf 16 mm’f = 350 MPa.
3. is the lesser of 0.9M or 0.9M (whichever is applicable) and M r 2. Ma = CM’a; see SANS 10162: Pare 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr.
from Claup 14.3.4. 3. is the lesser of 0.9Mg or 0.9M (whichever is applicable) and M’r
from Clause 14.3.4.
5.47
5.46
 Table 5.f 2 (contInued)
x4x
Mcr FOR PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS
w2 1,0 (maximum moment at end)
See Table 220 for section properties
M’r(kN.m) for u2= 1,0 IWcr(kN.m) Grade $355JR steel
Designation Effective length KL of compression flange (m Effective length KL of compression flange
r 1012x300(8W,16F)
2,5

11400 7950
3 3,5

5860
4

4500
4,5

3570
5

2910
5,5

2420
6

2040
6,5

1750
7

1520
8

1180
910

947 780
11

656
L......
12

562
o,67M M, o,67A4

1400 2080
(M)

1840
1020 x 300(8W, 20F) 14300 10000 7380 5680 4520 3680 3070 2600 2230
1940 1510 1220 1010 856 737 1640 2450 2180
1030 x 300 (8W, 25F) 18100 12700 9370 7230 5760 4710 3930 3340 2880 1980
7040 4120 2510 1980 1610 1340 1140 991 2960 2630
1040 x 300 (SW, 30F) 21900 15300 11400 8800 5770 4830 3570 2310 3450 3080
3120 2470 2020 1700 1460 1280
1020 x 400(8W, 20F) 33800 23500 17300 13300 10600 8590 7120 6010 5150 2100
4460 3460 2770 2270 1900 1630 3130 2790
1030 x 400(8W, 259 42700 29700 21900 76900 13400 10900 9060 7670 6580 2540 3800 3390
1040 x 400(8W, 309 51600 36000 26600 20500 16300 13300 11100 9390 8070 5710 4450 3570 2950 2490 2140
7030 5500 4450 3690 3130 2700 3000 4490 4010
1204x250(8W,129 5920 4120 3030 2330 1850 7500 1250 1050 902 7260 1880 1570
782 606 485 398 334 285
1212 x 250 (8W, 169 7930 5520 4070 3130 2490 2020 1680 1420 1220 459 1530 2290 1g50
9980 5140 3960 2560 2140 1810 1550 1060 823 661 545 394
7220 x 250(8W, 209 6960 3140 1350 1060 598 1780 2660 2290
12600 8790 5020 4000 3270 2730 2320 2000 853 707 516
1230 x 250(8W, 259 6500 1750 1370 794 689 2720 3160 2750
1120 931
1212 x 300(6W, 169 13700 9520 7010 5390 4270 3470 2880 2430 2080
3070 2630 1800 1390 1110 914 766 653 1750 2610 2250
1220 x 300(8W, 209 17200 72000 8820 6780 5380 4380 3640
3370 2290 1780 1430 1170 988 846 2050 3060 2660
1230 x 300 (SW, 259 21700 15100 11200 8590 6830 5570 4640 3830 2940 2450 3660 3200
8290 6780 4800 4140 2290 1850 1530 1300 1120
1240 x 300 (8W, 309 26100 18200 13500 10400 5660 3610 1640 2870 4280 3760
2840 2300 1920 1420
1220x400(8W,209 40500 28200 20800 15900 12600 10200 8490 7160 6120 5300 3380
4090 3260 2670 2230 1890 2590 3860
1230x400(8W,259 51000 35500 26200 20100 75900 13000 10800 9080 7780 6740 3140 4130
17100 9480 5220 4180 3430 2880 2460 4690
1240x400(8W,309 61600 42900 31600 24300 19300 15700 13100 8240 3680 5490 4850
6410 5150 4250 3580 3070
1402 x 250 (lOW, 7619 9220 6420 4730 3640 2890 2350 1950 1650 1420 1230 532 2000 2990 2530
2960 2460 2080 1790 955 767 632 456
1410 x 250(10W, 20F) 17 SOD 8050 5940 4570 3630 1560 1210 682 2290 3410 2920
5770 4590 3750 3130 2650 2280 976 807 586
1420 x 250(10W. 259 14500 10100 7490 1990 1560 1050 890 769 2680 4000 3460
1260
1402x300(1OW,1SF) 15800 11ODO 8120 6230 4940 4010 3330 2810 2400
3030 2080 1610 1290 7050 883 752 2260 3370 2880
7410 x 300 (lOW, 209 79900 13800 10200 7830 6210 5050 4200 3540 2630 3370
4500 3860 2040 1630 1340 1130 964 2610 3900
7420 x 300(10W, 259 25000 17400 12900 9900 7860 6400 5320 3360 2670 1260 3070 4590 4000
30200 21000 9520 5480 4720 2100 1730 1460
1430 x 300(10W, 309 15500 1 2000 7770 6470 4110 3270 2150 1820 1570 3540 5280 4630
2590
1410 x 400 (70W, 209 46900 32600 24000 18400 74600 11800 9610 8260 7060
8950 6710 4710 3750 3060 2550 2770 3240 4830 4220
1420 x400 (10W, 259 59100 41100 30300 23200 18400 15000 12400 10500 7750 3860 5760 5060
12700 10900 5990 4780 3920 3280 2790
1430 x 400 (10W, 309 71200 49600 36500 28100 22300 18100 15000 9430 7370 4480 6690 5900
17700 15000 12800 5860 4810 4040 3460
1440 x 400(10W, 3SF) 83400 58100 42800 32900 26200 21300 11200 8680 6980 4170 5130 7660 6780
5760 4860
1602x300(12W,169 18200 12600 9310 7150 5660 4600 3820 3220 2760
3470 2390 7850 1480 1270 1010 864 2910 4340 3680
7610x300(12W,20F) 22800 15800 11700 8970 7110 5780 4800 4050 3010
5120 4390 2330 1860 1530 1280 1100 3260 4900 4210
1620 x 300(12W, 259 28600 19900 14700 11300 8960 7290 6060 3810 2960 3840 5730 4970
24000 10800 6210 5330 2380 1960 1650 1410
1630x300(12W,309 34400 17700 13600 8820 7340 4640 3610 2910 2030 4370 6520 5690
2410 1750

Notes: 1. For t>I6 mmf = 345 MPa; for t1 16 mm,f = 350 MPa, Notes: 1. for I> 16 mrnf = 345 MPa; for t1 16 mm,f = 350 MPa.
2. M = aA4 see SANS 10162: Part I Clause 13.6 for calculating M. 2. M = M’; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr.
3. (MjgI5 the lesser of 0.9Mg or O.9M (whichever is applicable) and M’r 3. fMt),,a, is the lesser of 0.9M or0.9M (whichever is applicable) and M’
from Clause 14.3.4. from Cause 14.3.4.
5.48 5.49
 table 5.12 (contInued)
xj.x
Mcr FOR PLATE GIRDERS AS BEAMS
<) 2 10 (maximum moment at end)
See Table 2.20 for section properties
M’cr (kN.m) for ca = 10 M’cr fkN.m) Grade S355JR steel
Designation Effective length KL of compression flange (ml Effective length KL of compression flange (m)
O,G7Mp M 0,6764 M (Mjma
2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 8 9 10 11 12
1610 x400(12W,20F) 53800 37400 27500 21100 16700 13600 11200 9460 8090
17100 14100 11900 10200 5990 5390 4290 3500 2920 2470 4020 6000 5220
1620x400(12W,259 67500 47000 34600 26500 21000
8820 6810 5430 4440 3710 3150 4740 7070 6190
1630x400(12W,30F) 81300 56600 41600 32000 25300 20600 17100 14400 12300
10708 8270 6610 5420 4540 3870 5460 6140 7160
1640x400(12W,3519 95400 66400 48900 37600 29800 24300 20200 17000 14600
12700 9810 7870 6470 5448 4650 6170 9210 8130
1620x500(12W,25F) 131000 91400 67200 51500 40800 33100 27400 23100 19700
17000 13100 10400 8480 7060 5980 5648 8420 7410
1630 x 500 (12W, 3019 158000 110000 81000 62700 49200 39900 33700 27900 23800
46900 38900 32800 28000 20600 15900 12600 10380 8610 7300 6540 9760 8630
1640 x 500 (12W, 35F) 186000 129000 95000 72900 57800
24300 18700 15000 12200 10200 8700 7440 11100 9840
1820 x 300 (12W, 2Sf) 32200 22400 16500 12700 10000 8170 6780 5730 4900
5950 4250 3290 2640 2770 1820 1550 4480 6690 5640
1830 x 308(12W, 30F) 38800 27000 19900 15300 12100 9880 8210 6940
5170 4010 3220 2660 2248 1920 5090 7590 6470
1810 x 400(12W, 20F) 60600 42100 31000 23700 18600 15200 12600 10600 9070
15900 11400 7840 6030 4790 3910 3250 2750 4690 7000 5920
1820 x 400(12W, 25F) 75900 52800 38800 29800 23600 19100 13400
16100 13800 9870 7600 6050 4940 4120 3500 5500 8210 7040
1530 x 400(12W, 30F) 91300 63500 46700 35900 28400 23100 19100
16300 11900 9210 7350 6010 5030 4270 6310 9420 8140
1840 x 400(12W, 3519 107000 74500 54800 42100 33480 27100 22500 19000
14100 70900 8710 7150 5990 5110 7120 10600 9240
1520 x 500(12W, 2519 148000 103000 75600 58000 45900 37200 30800 25900 22100
37100 37300 26708 19100 14700 11700 9490 7890 6670 6520 9730 8420
1830 x 500(12W, 30F) 178000 124000 91000 69800 55200 44600
31400 23100 17600 74100 11500 9580 8120 7540 11200 9800
1840 x 500(12W, 359 208000 145000 107000 81800 64800 52600 43600 36700
42300 36200 27100 20900 16700 13600 11400 9630 8550 12800 11200
1850 x 500 (12W, 409 239000 166000 123000 94000 74500 60500 50200
31300 24200 19300 15800 13200 11200 9570 14300 12500
2120x300(14W,259 37600 26100 19300 14800 11700 9530 7900 6670 5710
6880 4950 3830 3060 2510 2100 1800 5850 8730 7160
2130x300(14W,30F) 45100 31480 23100 77800 14100 11500 9510 8030
6130 5970 4630 3710 3050 2560 2190 6560 9800 8170
2140x300(14W,359 52900 36800 27200 20900 16600 13500 11200 9480
7050 5480 4400 3630 3060 2620 7260 10800 9140
2710 x 400 (14W, 209 70700 49100 36100 27700 21900 17600 14700 12400 10600
15600 13300 9140 7030 5590 4550 3790 32t0 6100 9110 7520
2120 x 400 (14W, 2519 88600 67600 45300 34700 27500 22300 18500
16000 11500 8840 7030 5740 4780 4050 7050 10500 8840
2130 x 400(14W, 30f) 106000 74000 54500 41800 33100 26900 22300 18800
22000 18900 13900 10700 8510 6950 5800 4920 8000 11900 10200
2140 x 400(14W, 359 125000 86800 63900 49000 38800 31500 26100
16300 12600 10100 8230 6880 5850 8950 13400 11400
2720 x 500(14W, 259 173000 120000 88200 67600 53500 43400 35900 30200 25800
36400 31100 22200 17700 13600 17000 9160 7740 8230 12300 10500
2730 x 500 (14W, 309 208000 144000 106000 81400 64480 52200 43200
36500 26800 20600 16400 13300 11100 9390 9430 14100 12100
2140 x 500(14W, 359 243000 169000 124000 95300 75400 61200 50700 42700
41900 31500 24300 19300 15700 13100 11100 10600 15800 13700
2150 x 500(14W, 409 279000 194000 143000 109000 85600 70300 58200 49100
36300 27900 22200 18200 75200 12900 11800 17600 15300

Notes: 1. For tf> 16 mrn,f = 345 MPa; for t 16 mm1f = 350 MPa. Notes: 1. forte>16 mm,f = 345 MPa; for t1 16 mrnf = 350 MPa.
2. Mr = see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating Mr 2. M = aM’; see SANS 10162: Part 1 Clause 13.6 for calculating M.
3. is file lesser of 0.9Mg or 0.9M (whichever is applicable) and M r 3. (M)1 is the lesser of 0.9Mg or 0.9M (whichever is applicable) and M’r
from Clause 14.3.4. from Clause 14.3.4.
5.50 5.51
labieb.1
x x
FACTORED SHEAR AND WEB RESISTANCE OF
Table 5.13 (continued)
I-SECTIONS
FACTORED SHEAR AND WEB RESISTANCE OF x1E
Grade 5355JR steel See Table 2.9 and 2.11 for section properties
I-SECTIONS
For Interior loads For end reactlgflL.......
Web Web Web shear t Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.9 for section properties
Web yielding rippIing Web yielding
Designation For Interior loads For end reactii]L......
I
B B,. 8,2 B B, Elastic Plastic
. Web Web 1 Web shear Vr
II
mm kN/mm kN kN kWmm kN kN kN kN I Web yleldrng Web yielding
Designation
WE-sections 8 B, B, Elastic Plastic
IPEM 100 3,6 1,01 45,4 126 0,945 17,0 48,8 73,0 60,9 mm kN/mm kN kN kNlmm kN kN kN kN
IPE 100 4,1 1,15 65,4 163 1,08 24,5 63,3 85,2 71,0 t-sedfione (parallel flan ej(jyersal_beams’)
IPEM 120 3,8 1,06 51,1 140 0,998 19,2 54,4 92,4 77,0
IPE 720 4,4 1,23 77,6 188 1,16 29,1 72,9 110 91,5 356 x 171 x 45 6,9 1,93 187 462 1,81 70,3 179 505
IPEM 740 3,8 1,06 55,3 140 0,998 20,7 54,4 108 89,9 51 7,3 2,04 235 517 1,92 88,1 201 540 450
WE 140 4,7 1,32 90,8 214 1,23 34,1 53,2 137 114 57 8,0 2,24 291 621 2,10 109 241 596 497
IPEM 160 4,0 1,12 62,7 155 1,05 23,5 60,2 730 108 67 9,1 2,55 400 804 2,39 150 312 689 574
IPE 160 5,0 1,40 104 243 1,31 38,9 94,1 166 139
IPEu 180 4,3 1,20 74,6 179 1,13 28,0 69,6 158 131 406 x 140 x 39 6,3 1,76 152 385 1,65 56,9 149 520
IPE 180 5,3 1,48 119 273 1,39 44,5 106 198 165 46 6,9 1,93 215 462 1,81 81,1 179 577 481
1PEM 200 4,5 1,26 84,4 197 1,18 31,7 76,2 184 153
IPE 200 5,6 1,57 133 304 1,47 50,0 118 233 194 406 x 178 x 54 7,6 2,13 232 561 2,00 87,0 217 636
60 7,8 2,18 280 590 2,05 105 229 659 549
I-sections (taper flange) (‘Roiled steel joists’) 67 8,8 2,45 352 752 2,31 132 292 749 624
203 x 152 x 52] 8,9 2,49 411 769 [2,34 154 298 376 313 I 74 9,7 2,72 435 913 2,55 163 354 832 694
I-sactlon5 (parallel flange)_(‘Universal beams’) 457 x 191 x 67 8,5 2,38 302 701 2,23 113 272 802 668
203 x 133 x 25 5,8 1,62 127 326 1,52 47,5 127 245 74 9,1 2,55 369 804 2,39 139 312 865 721
30 6,3 1,76 169 385 1,65 63,5 149 271 226 82 9,9 2,77 444 951 2,5 166 369 947 789
89 10,6 2,97 525 1090 2,78 197 423 1020 851
254 x 146 x 31 6,1 1,71 147 361 7,60 55,1 140 319 98 11,4 3,19 626 1260 2,99 235 489 1110 924
37 6,4 1,79 195 398 1,68 73,2 154 341 284
43 7,3 2,04 260 517 1,92 97,3 201 394 328 533 x 210 x 82 9,6 2,69 355 894 2,52 133 347 1050
92 10,2 2,86 445 1010 2,68 167 392 1130 942
305 x 102 x 25 5,8 1,62 110 326 1,52 41,4 127 358 306 101 10,9 3,05 531 1150 2,86 199 447 1220 1010
28 6,7 1,71 152 361 1,60 57,0 140 392 326 709 71,6 3,25 611 1310 3,05 229 507 1300 1080
33 6,6 1,85 200 423 1,73 74,8 164 429 358 122 12,8 3,58 763 1590 3,36 286 617 1450 1210

305 x 165 x 40 6,1 1,71 174 361 1,60 65,3 140 385 321
46 6,7 1,88 221 436 1,76 83,0 169 428 356 Notes: 1. N stiff bearing length (mm).
415 2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of 8r NB1 4
54 7,7 2,16 295 575 2,02 111 223 498
and 8r 8r3
3. Factored web resistance for end reactions is the lesser of Br = r4 + Bt5
Notes: 1. N stiff bearing length (mm). and Br = B.
2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of 3r 1”18r1
and Br = 3r3
+
3. Factored web resistance for end reactions is the lesser of Br = NB4
and Br B.

DrIlling,
cut to tongth, ctø’p1’1’ For rour total tubo
TRADING punching & cellular TUBE&PIPE alp.nv.iis
www.m_cste*l,0* M t’L www.masute.l.co.za
MACSTEEL Si” E E j,,,,,, 5.53
 ____
Table 5.15
Table 5.14
FACTORED SHEAR AND WEB RESISTANCE
FACTORED SHEAR AND WEB RESISTANCE
OF CHANNELS
OF H-SECTIONS
Grade S355JR steel See Table 2.12 for section properties
Grade S355JR steel
For Interior loads
See Table 2.70 for section properties
For end reactions
I For Interior] ads......
Web
II For end repcflon.........
Web Web shear V
Web Web WebsllearVr Web yielding Web yielding
ycidhig DesIgnation !ifQii!L
Oes4gnation B,2 B,4 8 Elastic Plastic
BT .j
BQ B B, Elastic Plastic kN
mm kN/mm kN kN kN!mm kN kN kN
mm kNfmm kN kN kN/mm kN kN kN kN I Channels (taper
Univemal columns
C76 x 38 5,1 1,43 97,1 252 1,34 36,4 97,9 80,8 67,3
152 x 152 x 23 6,1 1,71 116 361 1,60 43,6 140 193 Cl DO x 50 6,0 1,68 143 349 1,58 53,6 136 125 104
30 6,6 1,85 174 423 1,73 65,1 164 216 C120x55 7,0 1,96 176 476 1,84 66,2 184 175 146
37 8,1 2,27 261 637 2,13 97,8 247 272 227 I
C127x 64 6,4 1,79 165 398 1,68 67,8 154 169 141
203 x 203 x 46 7,3 2,04 225 517 1,92 84,3 201 308 C140 x 60 7,0 1,96 196 476 1,84 73,5 184 204 170
52 8,0 2,24 280 621 2,10 105 241 343 Cl 52 x 76 6,4 1,79 161 398 1,68 60,5 154 203 169
60 9,3 2,60 370 839 2,44 139 326 405 338
71 10,3 2,88 499 1030 2,70 187 399 462 385 C160x65 7,5 2,10 221 546 1,97 82,7 212 249 208
86 13,0 364 746 1640 3,41 280 636 601 501 [ C178 x 54 5,8 1,62 135 326 1,52 50,5 127 214 179
C180x70 8,0 2,24 246 621 2,10 92,4 241 299 249
254 x 254 x 73 8,6 2,41 342 718 2,26 128 276 454 C200 x 75 8,5 2,38 274 701 2,23 103 272 353 295
89 10,5 2,94 509 1070 2,76 191 415 568 474
107 13,0 3,64 746 1640 3,41 280 636 721 601 Channels (parallel flange)______
132 15,6 4,37 1100 2362 410 411 916 896 747 I
167 19,2 5,38 1704 3578 5,04 639 1388 1150 962 PC100x5O 5,0 1,40 118 243 1,31 44,1 94,1 104 86,6
PCi 80 x 70 7,0 1,96 214 476 1,84 80,1 184 262 218
305 x 305 x 97 9,9 2,77 427 951 2,60 160 369 634 PC200 x 75 7,5 2,70 239 546 1,97 89,8 212 312 260
118 11,9 3,33 623 1374 3,12 234 533 778
137 13,8 3,86 838 1848 3,62 314 717 920 766 PC230 x 90 7,5 2,10 294 546 1,97 110 212 359 299
158 15,7 4,40 1100 2392 4,12 412 928 1070 890 I PC26Ox9O 8,0 2,24 314 621 2,10 118 241 432 360
PG300 x 100 9,0 2,52 416 786 2,36 156 305 551 468
Notes: 1. N — stiff bearing length (mm).
2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of Br NB1 +
Notes: 1. N = stiff bearing length (mm).
and 8r
3. factored web resistance for end reactions is the lesser of Br NB + 2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of Br = NBr1 + 8r2

and Br and 8T 8r3

3. factored web resistance for end reactions is the lesser of Br = NB
and Br=B

rnflung, ut to I.ntti, .topPw’c. Foy.ut tetI tub.

punthIn & c&uI*r bIt11 TUBE & PIPE o,dpIpeno.d
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MACSTEEL 5.55
 y

Table 5.16 Thble 5.16 (continued)

X x FACTORED WEB RESISTANCES OF PLATE GIRDERS xix
FACTORED WEB RESISTANCES OF PLATE GIRDERS
I Grade S355JR steel
Grade S355JR steel
y See Table 2.20 for section prerties
See Table 2.20 for section properties
For Interior loads For end re”tlons
For Interior loads For end rertions
Web Web Web
Web Web yielding Web yielding
Web yielding Web yielding crippling crippiing
Designation crippling
BIBQ Bri Bç4
Bri 5r4 kN kN kN
kN/mm kN kN kNlmm I kN kN/mm
kNlmm kN kN
1072 x 300(8W, 169 2,24 358 621 2,10 134 241
1020 x 300(8W, 209 2,24 448 621 210 168 241
704 x200 (8W, 129 2,24 269 621 2,10 101 241 241
241 1030 x 300(8W, 259 2,24 560 621 2,10 210
717 x 200 (8W, 169 2,24 358 621 210 134 241
7040 x 300(8W, 30F) 2,24 672 621 2,10 252
720 x 200 (8W, 209 2,24 448 621 2,10 168 241
241 7020 x 400(8W, 20F) 2,24 448 621 2,10 188 241
704 x250 (8W,f2F) 2,24 269 621 2,10 101 621 2,10 210 241
2,10 241 1030 x 400(8W, 259 2,24 560
712 x 250 (8W, 169 2,24 358 621 134 2,10 252 241
621 168 241 1040x400(8W,30f) 2,24 672 621
720 x 250 (8W, 209 2,24 448 2,70
241 1204 x 250(8W, 129 2,24 269 621 2,10 101 241
812 200 (8W, 169 2,24 358 621 2,10 734 134 241
158 241
7272 x 250(8W, 169 2,24 358 621 2,10
820 x200 (8W, 209 2,24 448 621 2,10 621 2,10 168 241
1220 x 250(8W, 209 2,24 448
241
1230 x 250(8W, 259 2,24 560 621 2,10 210 241
812x250 (6W,169 2,24 358 621 2,10 134
820 x 250 (8W, 209 2,24 448 621 2,10 168 241
241
1212 x 300(8W, 169 2,24 358 621 2,10 134 241
830x250 fBW,25F) 2,24 560 621 2,10 210 1220 x 300(8W, 168 241
209 2,24 448 621 2,10
1230 x 300(8W, 259 2,24 560 621 2,10 270 241
812 x 300 (8W, 169 224 358 621 2,10 134 241 241
241
1240 x 300(8W, 309 2,24 672 621 2,10 252
820 x 300 (8W, 209 224 448 621 210 168
830 x 300 (8W, 259 2,24 560 621 2,10 270 241 1220 x 400 (8W, 209 2,24 448 621 2,10 168 241
241
1230 x 480(8W, 259 2,24 560 62r 2,10 210 241
904 x 200 (8W, 129 2,24 358 621 2,10 134 241
168 241
1240 400(8W, 309 2,24 572 621 2,10 252
912x200 (8W, 769 2,24 448 621 2,10
920 x 200 (8W, 209 2,24 560 621 2,10 210 241 1402 x 250(10W, 169 2,80 445 971 2,63 158 376
1410 x 250(70W, 209 2,80 560 971 2,63 210 376
904 x 250 (8W, 129 2,24 269 62i 2,10 101 241 1420 X 250(10W, 259 2,80 700 971 2,63 263 376
-
912 x 250 (8W, 169 2,24 358 621 2,10 134 241
920 x 250 (BW209 2,24 448 621 2,10 168 241 1402 x 300(10W, 169
241 2,80 448 971 2,63 168 376
930 x 250’(SW, 259 2,24 560 621 2,10 210 1410 x 300(10W, 209 376
2,80 560 971 2,63 210
241
1420 X 300(10W, 259 2,80 700 971 2,63 263 376
1004 x 250(8W, 129 2,24 269 621 2,10 101 1430 x 300(1 OW, 30F) 376
247 2,80 840 971 2,63 315
1012x 250(8W, 769 2,24 358 621 2,10 134
1020 x 250(8W, 209 2,24 448 621 2,10 168 241 1470 x 480(10W, 769
241 2,80 560 971 2,63 210 376
1030x250(BW,25F) 2,24 560 621 2,10 210 1420 x 400(10W, 20F) 2,63 263 376
2,80 700 971
1430 x 400(10W, 259 2,80 840 971 2,63 375 375
Notes: 1. N stiff bearing length. 1440 x 400(10W, 309 2,80 980 971 263 368 376
2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of
1602 x 300(12W, 169 3,36 538 1398 3,15 202 542
Br = NBr1 + Br2 and B = Br3 1610 x 300(12W, 209
3. factored web resistance for end reactions is the lesser of 3,36 672 1398 3,15 252 542
1620 X 300(12W, 259 3,36 840 1398 3,15 315 542
Br = NB- B and B = 1630 x 300(72W 309 3,36 1010 1398 3,15 375 542

5.56 337
 Table 5.17 I
Table 5.16 (continued) UNIT FACTORED SHEAR RESISTANCE qf5 OPPLATE GIRDERS x±.x
Xj x
FACTORED WEB RESISTANCES OF PLATE GIRDERS For internal panels ot girder webs y
Grade S355JR steel Grade S3551R steel
y
See Table 2.20 for section properties —
Web a fiqjstffenecs eb) —

For Interior I ads For end rep”tions 0,5 0.6 0,7 08 1,0 1,3 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0 aD*
.v
. Web
Web yielding
Web t c’4 208 208 208 208 208 206 208 208 208 208 208
-
Designation Web yielding crIIing CtiN DM138 DM146 0N49 50 DM146 DM135 DM122 06 DM089 0,5077
8r B 80 80 óI 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 205 199 196 188
80 -
kN/mm kN kN kN/mm kN kN 38 0,5146 049 0,51500,5146 DM135 0,5122 006 9,50890,5077
208 206 208 208 208 194 183 178 174 172 161
IF c6tg
1610 x 400(12W, 209 3,36 672 1398 3,15 252 542 B DM649 DM650 DM146 0,51350,51220,5106 DM089 0,5077
1620x400(12W,25F) 3,36 840 1398 3,15 315 542 208 187 176 170 165 160 156 135
çil 208 208 208
1630x4DD (12W, 309 3,36 1010 1398 3,15 378 542 0,5122 W29 0,51540,5154 -
j1 038 0,5146 (W149 DM650 B
7640x400(12W,35F) 3,36 7160 7396 3,75 441 542 107
qf3 208 208 208 191 176 167 158 148 140 134
840 1398 3,15 315 542 0,51380,51460,5149 Dm50 0,51400,5212 DM298 DM324 DM309 DM283
162Dx500 (12W, 259 3,36
336 1010 1398 3,15 378 542 $i 208 208 188 179 769 155 144 133 124 118 86,5
1630x500(12W,309 W0 DM638 DM146 DM149 DM150 0,52530,5428 DM473 0,5463 DM421 -
1 640 x 500 (12W, 359 3,36 1180 1398 3,15 441 542
cbls 208 193 779 173 160 145 133 122 113 106 71,5
110 -
1820 x 300(12W, 259 3,36 840 1398 3,15 315 542 DM138 D146 DM149 DM150 0,54630,55880,56020,55660,55030,5444
1830x300(72W,30F) 3,36 1010 1398 3,15 378 542 205 181 175 166 152 137 125 114 104 97,1 60,1
-
DM138 DM146 0,51490,5361 DM623 0,57090,5700 DM644 0,55650,5496
1810 x 400(12W, 209 3,36 672 1398 3,15 252 542 161 146 131 119 108 97,4 90,1 512
e6f 189 177 171
1820 x 400(12W, 259 3,36 840 1398 3,75 315 542
DM138 DM146 DM327 DM530 DM748 0,5803 DM776 0,57054 -

1830 x400(12W,3DF} 3,36 1010 7398 3,15 378 542

IL 84,5 44,1
çff8 180 174 165 156 141 126 114 103 92,0
1840x400(12W,359 3,36 1180 1398 3,75 441 542 ° -
038 0,52170,5488 DM664 DM848 0,58780,58370,5753 DM652 0,5589
f398 315 542 cbI 178 170 760 752 137 122 710 98,4 87,7 60,0 38,4
1620x500f12W,259 3,36 840 3,15
1830x500(12W,30F) 3,36 1010 1398 3,15 378 542 0,51380,53770,56170,57729,5926 DM939 0,5886 DM792 0,5684 DM594
7840x500(12W359 336 1780 1398 3,15 441 542 ç 176 166 156 148 134 119 107 95,0 84,2 33,8
— -
1850 x 500(12W, 40F) 3,36 1340 1398 3,15 504 542 0,51690,55070,57230,5860 DM991 DM989 0,5926 DM824 DM709
Øf3 173 162 153 145 132 116 104 92,2 29,9
2120 x 300 (1 4W, 259 3,92 980 1902 3,68 368 738 170 03D8 0,5616 DM811 0,5933 Di04 D03 DM959 DM8 — -

2130 x 300(14W, 309 3,92 1180 1902 3,68 441 738 169 159 151 143 129 114 102 89,9 26,7
2140 x 300(14W, 359 3,92 1370 1902 3,68 515 736 180 %
00424 0,0707 0,0885 00995 0,109 0,106 DM987 0.0873
ii!!!9cr
167 157 148 141 128 112 100 24,0
2110 x 400(14W, 20F) 3,92 784 1902 3,68 294 738 190
980 1902 3,68 368 738 00522 0,0783 0,5947 0,104 0,112 0,109 0,101
2720 x 400 (14W, 259 3,92
1780 7902 3,68 441 738 cS( 164 155 147 139 126 111 98,6 21,6
2130 x 400(14W, 309 3,92
2140 x 400 (14W, 359 3,92 1370 1902 3,68 515 738 0,0606 0,0849 0,100 0,109 0,116 0,112 0,103
160 151 144 136 123 108 17,9
—
368 738 220 0,0741 0,0955 0,108 0,116 0,121 0,115 — -
—

2120 x 500 (14W, 259 3,92 980 1902 3,68

2130 x 500(14W, 309 3,92 1176 1902 3,68 447 738 134 122 — 15,0
Øf 157 149 141
2140 x 500 (74W, 359 3,92 1372 1902 3,68 515 738 240
3,68 588 738
L__
2150 x 500(14W, 409 3,92 1568 1902 155 147 139 133 120 12,8
‘t
Astiitener 0,0923 0,109 0,120 0,125 0,128

Notes: 1. N stiff bearing length.

2. Factored web resistance for interior loads is the lesser of Notes: 1. For stiffeners on one side of the web only, multiply the required area by
2,4; or 1,8 for an angle stiffener.
= NBr; + 8r2 and Br 8r3 2. The maximum spacing of stiffeners is taken as 3h for a ratio of 1z/ t up
3. Factored wpb resistance for end reactions is the lesser of
Br NBr4 + B and 8r = to 150, and as 67 5OO1t/fh/t)2 for values exceeding 150.
3. V. c6fshwtw,
4. A Asliffeneihwtw.
5.59
5.58
 __
____

Table 5.18 I BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE

UNIT FACTORED SHEAR RESISTANCE b1 OF PLATE GIRDERS xL Cantilevers = = bIt 6=
7 = cIt
For end panels at girder webs
y Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections
Grade S3551R steel Pt3
p =p M=-Pt A
Web Panel Aspect Ratio 5% (Stiffener SpaclngtWeb Depth)
A B’
‘ 0,8 T -i iT 2,5
I £ M-Px (2-3ö+63)
çó 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 =
0,0138 0,0146 0,0149 0,0150 0,0146 0,0135 0,0122 0,0106 0,0089 0,0077
208 208 208 208 208 208 208 205 199 196 188 MB—-Pb A ETf3e-b)
0089 D077
5=?
38 0146 0149 0150 0146 0)135 0122 (0106 ,
208 208 208 208 208 194 783 776 171 168 161 AC M5=-P(x-n)
70 D146 0149 050 0146 0135 0122 0089 0077 -
c=
0M138 a Ii 2
forx>n
ç6f 208 206 208 208 187 169 760 154 149 746 135 = —(3t-3x-b)forx<a
0,0138 0,0146 0,0149 0,0150 0,0146 0,0135 0,0122 0,0129 0,0154 0,0154
208 208 208 191 166 151 136 127 120 116 107 = X
0,0309 0,0283 —
(3bt+x)
0,0138 0,0146 0,0149 0,0150 0,0146 0,0212 0,0298 0,0324 x 6E1 for x> a
c6f 208 208 188 172 149 125 112 103 96,9 93,7 6,5
100 T Ifi TAM3
0,0138 0,0146 0,0149 0,0150 0,0253 0,0428 0,0473 0,0463 0,0421 0,0375 W 13=W Mm—
B A SEI
4% 208 193 171 156 125 103 92,4 84,9 80,1 77,4 1,5 U± lilt ‘it i 2
110 0,0138 0,0146 0,0149 0,0150 0,0463 0,0588 0,0602 0,0566 0,0503 0,0444 —
A
60,1
W=we M=- =
cI 205 177 157 139 105 86,7 77,7 71,3 67,3 65,1
0138 0146 W49 0361 0623 0709 0700 0644 0565 0496
qI 189 163 143 118 89,5 73,9 66,2 60,8 57,3 55,4 51,2
I0738 0,0146 0327 0,0530 D74S f0803 0,0776 0,0705 0,0614 0,0536 —
B=w M= W( A [4t(d.c.
‘“‘ ) 24bEI
ç6f 176 151 123 102 77,2 63,7 57,1 52,4 49,4 47,8 44,1 A x r’ (d4-c4)]
038 10217 0488 0664 0846 0878 0837 0753 0652 0569 - Wtvb
a b c
164 136 107 88,8 67,2 55,5 49,7 45,6 43,1 41,6 38,4
0684 0,0594 - ..4_=J forx>(n+b)
0138 0377 0M617 0772 0926 0939 0886 0M792
154 179 94,3 78,1 59,1 48,8 43,7 40,1 37,8 33,8
160 0,0169 0,0507 0,0723 0,0860 0,0991 0,0989 0,0926 0,0824 0,0709 —

W — Wb 4ii
—
VVb3t 1+
83,5 52,4 43,2 38,7 35,5 29,9 B - W
çf3 142 106 69,2 MB= A
- 2 8E1
0,0616 0,0811 0,0933 0,104 0,103 0,0959 0,0851 —
. 1)cr 0,0308 A C Bt 2
727 94,2 74,5 61,7 46,7 38,5 34,5 31,7 26,7 Wwb W(x-a)
—
180 0,0424 0,0707 0,0885 0,0995 0,109 0,106 0,0987 0,0873 a
q5f 84 56 49 34 30 — — 24
55A
0522 0783 D947 0j04 02 0j09 01010 — -

103 76,3 60,3 50,0 37,8 31,2 28,0 21,6 B=W M6=- w(÷b) A
° Ø,
0606 0849 0100 0109 06 02 0103 — — - A%g
q 84,9 63,0 49,9 41,3 31,3 25,8 17,9
00741 0955 0108 06 0121
‘7 53,0 41 26,3 15,0
240 0125
A0843 0103
12,8 =
Øf 60,8 45,1 35,7 29,6 22,4 B W M5 -
260 0,0923 0,110 0,120 0,126 0,728
Notes: 1. For stifIeners on one side of the web only, multiply the required area by L__i__._ w=j M=- =(4-5o+o)
2,4; or 1,8 for an angle stiffener.
2. The maximum spacing of stiffeners is taken as 3h for a ratio of h/ w up —____
to 150, and,as 67 500h/ (h/ i)2 for values exceeding 150. w = load per metre
3. V = c6hIi,..,,tw.
4. A5 = ASliff,h,WtW.
5.61
5.60
 Table 5.f 9 (continued)
Table 5.19 (continued) BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE Simply supported beams = a/t f = b/t 7 = c/t 5=

Cantilevers (conhnued) a/t 6 Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections

[= b/ 7= c/€ Vt
Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections A=B=f M=1
A B
£ llWt LxE M Pt3
B=W A
3 60E1 T £/2
£ - forx<% forx<%
W M=-f3-6) =ffl-15+56’-6)
AB’ Pa?;
A-T McT
Pa— — J’t•b611 ,2
B=14’ M11=--’f-- A 1? 62
A %fj D_T
A C lB
— Wt torx<a
i_ ?L,t L.
t - 12 =
VI = T
e/2 a — 1’ 4/! Ôi(j_t;2_
F— forr1<b &61x1/t
a) Wt(2010+4)
B=W M5= -w(t- is at y a] +
AC
51
wa 2Wn Pta(342)
a 1’ Wy Mc ABP McPa max
A
Ic c8
c =
B=W M=-W(t- =
AtC
‘ )
wa Wa P P A=- Mck(ac) forMcmara4*
2
a 1’ A t
-
w= T
D1B
B M13=1frc) MCmaJi(2..2)2
w I ; !b]
Wt4 (ii - 20a+
B = W M= - -- (tb)
A x 1Oo.u4) W A=B=M max =Y
—
tA 2 2 8 384 El
‘ I’V= A
2 M=-—
c .

W wt +4)
F.!.__.. M (6-2
1 A
M
‘N
c
B=O M11=-M
— A4&2
= Q i) =

X 1B2 M,1sa,= q(t-#) max(2tet;Hc)

Mhfb’
1 A B
ab El’2 WWb
JELL McWJ!
to load per metre
2
(2c+h) M =A.d- C=
AticIB 384tiEj (f[h;2÷

L s=w. Mmax=Y’LtX2fl2
1’ t 2
LL.L.J t2i+t
\ 2t I aix’a÷4
Drflkn cut to i.ngth, cropping, L
L—_L___J
punching & csiiUit b*afl° ‘—--— W—wh
TRADING www.msCti.C0
MACSTEEL .1
5.62 5.63
 Table 5.19 (continued)
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE

n= Simply supported beams (continued) = n/I t h/I 7 c/I 6 x/t

Simply supported beams (continued) alt fl= b/t 7= c/t 6

Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections
W Wa I’Va2
+tj)
A— 1vIn1ax c j (1 .).
•

— A= - M--(1-a -x= 3€
(3-a) + 2nJi) (20€- 13a)
-
tf2 I— t
W (2-a) atx=a (i) forx<a
I 8=! atxnaJ
A$ xC B —

-
tB
i I Wa E —

—
24aE1 \ t5W€ (ci 2 (3_u)
wa M
(4+a2)t2) W—
L I W”wa forx>a W — 2Wa
A=T. M=Ji5
w w Wa Wa€2 (3-2 2
AfE’B
A=B=W M = =
)
—r a BT atx=a]i-
}
AH Wwa M =
a a (a.) Mx(32n)
-
w=’
forx< a
M W W A=B=W Mmazrn.E
A— 2€ M2w forA<W11at x=W
14’1 (W1(2t-a)+ AjjB
w1 w=--t M=(3-6t5+4c5 =
W2c) 2

B= I. forx<f £
[lB for x <
Ana c 21

W1a) W1 w1a W2w2c (5t2.2t2)

A=B=W Mmx=Mc max’
w w
W W = Wtd 13 4d2 p2) Mz(3a3x÷2)
‘ II
A8=W MmnMcW(a%) A B w=!°
A CCIdtB
for x a
Wwb
=

M =
A
“ 60E1
A=B 2 6
A=
A B
= !(26.3o2÷o3)÷ W123
“
2÷
MZ 6 (36-4 (1•) =
(2u1+w2) W= = - 5 2
w.1;:___1w2
8= -
L2.J forx
(
(u1 + 2w2) forxe/2

We w W (8?+7at2
A=B% - (e---)
= -- 0,013 Mmax
W A= =

at; = 0,519e 4n2t.. 4a

—
at; = 0,5771 TA!
A B =
2
Wr JLf7lOó2+34)
f1 M Tt1 180E W
2 load per metre

5.64 5.65
 Table 5.19 (continued)
Table 5.19 (continued)
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE

Simply supported beams (continued) rxa/t Propped cantilevers a=a/t fl=l 7c/t 6i7
7= c/t 6=
Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections Loading Reactions Bending moments Deliections

W P A MA= -
51,2) maxlOZEt
ABW Mmx Wa (76,12 +2Oab +
h 3
16
m3”ÔOEI A C B 15P 5Pt atx0,553t
16 Mc=.T 7pfi
£{ 2
Ab’
We4
A—B— M 24(a + 1,)
max = 1 920 (a + b) El Pb (el2)3
—
A=P-B MA— -
Pith (1;
€)
A B — max
(3-4’) (25402÷161) = 3! (3 e2 -b
W= iv
B= for MAmax. ii = 0,577t for a < O,414t
(a + 1;)
1P atx=e
(b+2e) (2-3fl+(3) 3e212
Parabola 61 Wt3 A x C B
w A=B= M ma p2j, I
32 3840E1 3i ii
- 1’ for +M , b 0,366t max 6E1
M=(r3-2t5+
J
fora>O,414e
(3 )
‘
atxt]
M1 M, A=-B= £ 3,
2e
/-
M=M1ó1+M2ó
M,-M1 ( (3e+b)
AB 61=x1/t M2(c5-t53)) 72E1t
= 5W 9Wt
A +/VIma= max
W atx 5t atx = LJ,579t
Mtx B=’ 8
M A=B= M’--Mäforxa 2 B MA=- WeX-(356+,52)
M forxa 48Et
t4’= we M=!(l 55 +462)
A 4R T MxiM6iforxa
I = (o2+26p+3fl2) w A=A0-
LhI £ 6El [f-i MA MA— ifd2c2).
forxn 8
T+ (2 C2- c2- (l)
a 1, c B B0
M M=M0x+ MA
IV = load per metre
JT
A0, B0, M0 are values for simply supported beam
— W=wtj
A” MA*J? (2t1)2
8 C
w 48E1
AFE1 (-t.
B (4-tx
2
4 - B= Mx=Mux+MA(1f)
(4u)8

-
W wa
For your totM tub M,. is value for simply supported beam
TUBE& PIPE and pip. n.•dl
MACS’rEEL www.mactiL0
5.66 5.67
 Table 5.19 (continued)

Table 5.19 (continued)

BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
Propped cantilevers (continued) a/g 6
fl= b/, 7 = c’e
Propped cantilevers (continued) =a/t h/C 7= c/C 6
Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections fi
Loading Reactions Bending moments Deflections
A= MA =
-.! (2-fl2) T4ftjC2 (ifl2 6)
48E1 A=W-B
t3t26)6 W M— , (10 e- 3 i )
(6.fl)
for x <a
A A B - i(x - af
B= M =+!i (6fl-[?3.4) e4(1it-i5n) M= Ax + MA
a u1fl

((?-6fl+8) ME=M. +MA(;.)

4BbEt \ - a4(5t-n))
e (fl-6fl+8)+ó1fl2.
—

W ub f3r?zs+ 6)) 2
M0 is value for simply supported beam for x A=
4W 2WC TA 5t3 1St
= atx0,553?
A = -- MA - (5C1-b2)
w 210E1 k
B
w ÷M_We M1=Bx1!Y4 +Mm is at xi.]g+tn
AjB jB
= 60E1
atxO,553C - (b3+5at2)
w we
M Wxi(1 -

=
w=
9W M—-
A
we
13W ma
A= WF.’ a x = 0,598t 20
MA=--g- max A = 20 148,3EJ
= at x = 0,573C
nw +M= W 11,26
• B 820 Wtx2915+263)
atxO,67t x
9;i3a+
w=3 M=
A} 3 20 + 10t )
276+7)
-RA= R= MA = 6 +3:2); MA = 0 for a = 0,423 e
21W swt we3 - 4 (2-
A = -y MA= M
w Z4OEt MM
McA=--
2
11W atx0,57C C
-- +M,=+-- ACB
-
A x B 8= 1055 = (2 342)
Mcn
/2 at x O,585t
HI-Th
w=
U load per metre
A= W-B (32_i5at+2OCZ)
MA=-
ia2
BOe3
‘‘a f5t-a)
W(xb)3
8x3 -
forx1?b
- w=f-
A=W-B ‘ 3c 2”
Wa1
Al C
B= MA=-Wac-T÷T)
tB
a bj (15C4a)
J wa
T D,1IIIn, cut ft ,th, cropping,
TRADING punching & lJuIsr boami
MACSTEEL www.niaciteI.co.za

5.68 5.69
 sweag
‘—4
!

w
a
a
Ui

I..

LU -J
w
U

H C,
E

I
(1)

“j1

LU

U)

suEo
 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE Table 5.19 (continued)
fixedendedbeams fl=b/e 7c/t ó=x/t BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE
Loading Reactions Bending moments Dellections Fixed ended beams (continued) u=n/ (1= i.’e y= ‘e am we
AB% MAMT = Reactions Bending moments
J Deflections
Ip C
Loading
p 192E!
AxC B A”A0+ MAm_%_. Ifac:
£/2
w MA- MB ye b
M=.i(l4á)
A CD B (3f4e- 3e) - C3
max e’ 2ea+
- forx< lorx< 4ea28a3)
a 1’ C B=B0+ (4e3c))
- U MB-MA atmidspan
A = 4. MA= Pal?2 MB
=

(tie.iI).a3.
f3at3ax-hr) (4e-3a))
fC2-a1+at;)
C B BPë M5=-Pba2 forx<a A0, B, ares mple support reactions
t -we we we3
—
r— (e2-b-+h) 2Pa Am MA
2 _—‘ io -j- M6
max =
3E1(3n + b)
at x=0,525t
M = 2Pbn2ll when n > Ii, at x B Mmax
h
- at x 0,548t = Wtx2(2 3?+)
Am? x 60E1
IP p MA=MB=-(t •‘ — Pt313cz2 3 M -!fiao-9o+2)
2 30
A C D B max64U
a B=P Mc=Mu=Py — 5Wt 7Wt3
A —B 2
M A —M :c
at midspan 48 920E1
. 254O+l6)
w we Ai B Me
A=B=-- MA=MH=j_ max7
/ (5-24ó+326) whenx<

C ‘B W=wt MC= when x <

A .3((22C5+ó4)
Iabola W A=B=-MA”MB” 13w€3
2 10 -C
-
3840E1
B Wtv’
W Wa 2we
Am --• MA=-j_ If a’t/2: w=
(a_ 2a2+ 2 (3u2_ 8u 4- 6)
w we3
f4-3i) ‘cT Am-B (3a-C) Mefl2(.(l2.)
B= Mnè M =
AL C B
•• b (2-cx) B Mnc = (3b- e)
M max
12 \ 2
max 33E1 MCA=- M(l-c)(1-
W wa 6o- 62- 6es+I5a- s) at 0,445 e 3cx+ 6ex2)
atx -
(ti- 2t+ 2)
w mload per metre
tv load per metre

5.72 5,73
 IDUII

EQUAL SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS EQUAL SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Loading pattern on loaded spans Loading pattern on loaded spans

Reactions, Reactions,
moments, W Vi7 Loaded spans moments, W
Loaded spans
=
dellections I A = A A = defiections A = = = A
[ = A

A 0,393 0,339 0,714

A & - A A 0,375 0,313 0,667
1 B 7,143 1,214 2,36;
B 1,250 1,375 2,667
‘
C 0,929 0,892 1,810
t — e P4 0,070 at 0,375 from A 0,156 0,222 A A A i M1
0,077 at 0,393 front A 0,170 0,238
M -0,125 -0,188 -0,333 P12 0,036 at 0,536 from B 0,116 0,111
A B c t £ £ e
J 0,0054 at 0,421 from A — — -0,107 -0,161 -0,286
%
A B C D E Al2 -0,071 -0,107 -0,190
A 0,438 0,406 0,833
] 0,0065 at 0,44 from A
B 0,625 0,688 1,337
A A 0,446 0,420 0,857
c -0,063 -0,094 -0,167
A B c B 0,572 0,607
M1 0,096 at 0,438 trom A 0,203 0,276 1,190
Al3 -0,063 -0,094 -0,167 C 0,464 0,446 0,905
0,0092 at 0,472 from A V 0,572 0,607 1,190
1 E -0,080
-0,054 -0,143
A 0,733 A j& fA A M1 0,098 at O,44Glrom A 0,210 0,286
A I A A 0,400 0,350
B 1,100 1,150 2,267 A B C I) E Al3 0,081 at 0,482 from C 0,183 0,222
‘, ,
--- At1 0,080at0,400fromA 0,175 0,244 M -0054 -0,080 -0,143
tf -0,100 -0,150 -0,267 Al3 -0,036 -0,054 -0,096
A B C D At) -0,054 -0,080 -0,143
J 0,0069 at 0,446 from A
Ii 0,097 at 0,477 from A
A 0,450 0,425 0,867 0,380 0,319 0,680
A
C7 B 0,550 0,575 1,133 7,223 1,335 2,595
B 8
A C D M1 0,701 at 0,450 from A 0,213 0,289 C 0,357 0.286 0,618
M8 -0,050 -0,075 -0,133 V 0,598 0,647 1,262
] 0,0099 at 0,479 from A E 0,442 0,413 0,846
I I A 2 1 M1 0,072 at 0,38 from A 0,160 0,226
A A 2 1 A A -0,050 -0,075 -0,133 A B 0,061 at 0,603 frornU 0,146
C D E M2 0,194
A B C D B 0,550 0,575 1,733 M4 0,098 at 0,558 from 0 0,207 0,282
M2 0,075 at 0.5 from B 0,175 0,200 M3 •0,121 -0.181 -0,321
M -0,050 -0,075 -0,133 Mc 0,018 0,027 .0,048
2 0,0068 at 0,45 from 8 At) -0058 -0,087 •0,155
A 0,383 14 0,0094 at 0,525 from 0
0,325 0,690
B 1,200 1,300 2,533 A -0,036 0,054 0,096
Lj A2A A C 0,450 0,866 2 B 0,464 0,446 0,906
0,425 1 1
ABC D V -0,033 -0,090 A B C 7743 1,214 2,381
-0,050 C D £
M1 0,073 at 0,383 from A 0,163 0,230 *12 0,056 at 0,429 from B 0,143 0,174
0,054 at 0,583 from B 0,138 0,170 At) -0,036 -0,054 -0,095
-0,117 -0,175 -0,311 Fvf -0,107 0,161 -0,286
Mc -0,033 -0,050 -0,089 A 0,433 0,400 0,822
11 0,0059 at 0,43 from A B 0,652 0,728 1,404
1ii C -0,107 -0,161 -0,286
A 0,433 0,400 0,822 A
A A A B 0,02? 0,040 0,072
B 0,650 0,725 1,400 c D E E -0,007 -0,012
A B C D -0,005
c -0,100 -0,150 -0,266 M 0,094 at 0,433Wdm A 0,200 0,274
0 0,017 0,025 0,044 *4 -0,067 -0,100 -0,178
M1 0,094 at 0,433 from A 0,200 0,274 *4 0,018 0,027 0,048
. *4 -0,067 -0,100 -0,178 Mr -0,005 -0,007 -0.012
*4 0.017 0,025 0,044
I 0,0089 at 0,471 kern A

5-74 5.75