Art and Cartography - An Analysis of The Map "Brasilia Qua Parte Paret Belgis" by Georg Marcgraf PDF

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Arte e Cartografia: Uma Análise do Mapa "What Part of Brazil Borders Belgium"
Georg Marcgraf
Chapter · April 2020

DOI: 10.22533/at.ed.79920090410
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International Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Data (eDOC BRAZIL,
Belo Horizonte/MG)
E82 Theoretical-methodological studies in exact, technological and earth sciences

[electronic resource] / Organizer Luis Ricardo Fernandes da
Costa. – Ponta Grossa, PR: Atena, 2020.
Format: PDF
System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader Access
mode: World Wide Web Includes
bibliography ISBN
978-65-86002-79-9 DOI
10.22533/at.ed.799200904
1. Exact and earth sciences. 2. Engineering. 3. Technology.

I.Costa, Luis Ricardo Fernandes da.
CDD 507
Prepared by Maurício Amormino Júnior – CRB6/2422

Atena Editora
Ponta Grossa – Paraná - Brazil
www.atenaeditora.com.br
contato@atenaeditora.com.br
PRESENTATION
The collection “Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact Sciences, Technological

e da Terra” is a work whose line of discussion is theoretical and
methodologies in different areas of knowledge. The diversity of works is
positive point in the book, which ends up encompassing a diversity of readers from the most
diverse formations.
The opening of the book, with the chapter “Electronic games and their evolution”, brings a
record of the evolution of technologies and programming languages used in
electronic games. It also presents the diversity of platforms, such as PCs and
consoles, which streamlines their distribution.
Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 discuss important aspects of
teaching methodologies and their applications in the classroom. In chapter 2 “The school
silences the experimental world of science” is presented a discussion that has
with the aim of pointing out the obstacles in the practice of science in schools, with a focus on
difficulty in teaching and learning the disciplines of chemistry, physics
and biology.
In chapter 3 “The importance of games in the teaching-learning of geosciences:
the climate game and its approach to climatology” presents a solid study
that sought to understand from bibliographical surveys, how the
teaching the content of Geosciences, in particular Climatology, in the discipline of
Geography.
In chapter 4 “Didactic game as a pedagogical tool in teaching table
periodical” presents an important discussion about the importance of the table
periodicity and its properties, as well as the chemical elements, with the aim of
to awaken the importance of the subject from the contextualization of the content.
In chapter 5 “Olympiads of knowledge of mathematics as instruments
diagnostic evaluation” analyzes the importance of the role of content as a means
to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the main themes of mathematics
in students.
With an emphasis on environmental studies, chapters 6, 7 and 8 present themes

relevant information on environmental quality in natural monuments and soil genesis
under influence of chemical weathering respectively. Finally, in chapter 8,
the reader is presented with a pilot system that aims to support the screening phase of
proposals in the definition of the environmental studies required in the licensing with the
Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo.
In chapter 9 “Software looks at the bus: a collaborative alternative to
users of public transport” is presented a study that proposes a software of
urban mobility support for mobile devices. It also reviews the literature
and the market for mobile applications on the Android platform, in order to show the
relevance of the proposed application.
In terms of cartography, chapters 10 and 11 have excellent
contributions. The first proposes to carry out an analysis of the maps
maps produced by Marcgraf in the 17th century based on Dutch production
in Brazil, and the second presents a methodology to evaluate the accuracy standard
cartography in a digital orthomosaic obtained by means of a piloted aircraft
remotely.
In chapter 12 “Comparative case study of design methods

of piles of the excavated type" a study is presented that consists of the comparison
of the load capacity of piles of the excavated type, analyzed by different
calculation methods.
In chapter 13 “Application of the baldi method for risk analysis in dams”
analyzes the importance of risk analysis techniques as important tools
in a probabilistic approach. Evaluates even lower and higher odds
of a given anomaly, verified in the field.
Chapter 14 analyzes collisions with fixed objects on highways
federal states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro in the period 2007-2015. At the
Chapter 15 “Probability applied to the Mega-Sena” analyzes the various ways
the game can be presented, focusing on probability, but considering the
process history.
To close this work, we present to the reader an important contribution entitled
“Alcohol x traffic - transversality and interdisciplinarity:
strategies to educate young people in traffic” where he presents a work that sought to
sensitize and guide students in the 3rd year of high school on the consequences of
consumption of alcoholic beverages in traffic.
Thus, the collection of articles in this work opens up a range of possibilities for
analysis and encourages future contributions from authors who will be welcome in
theoretical and methodological discussions that this collection will encourage.
Luis Ricardo Fernandes da Costa

SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1 ................................................ .................................................................. ..............1
ELECTRONIC GAMES AND THEIR EVOLUTION

Anderson Cassio Francisco
Fernanda Maria de Souza
Alessandro Arraes Rodrigues
Hudson Sergio de Souza
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009041
CHAPTER 2 ................................................ .................................................................. .............7

SCHOOL SILENCES THE EXPERIMENTAL WORLD OF SCIENCES
Maria Janes de Oliveira Santos
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009042
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............19
THE IMPORTANCE OF GAMES IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOSCIENCES:

THE CLIMATE GAME AND ITS APPROACH TO CLIMATOLOGY
Larissa Vieira Zezzo
Jessica Patricia De Oliveira
Priscila Pereira Coltri
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009043
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............34
DIDACTIC GAME AS A PEDAGOGIC TOOL IN SCHEDULE TEACHING

PERIODIC
Isaque Gemaque de Medeiros
José de Arimathea Rodrigues do Rego
Renato Araujo da Costa
Jose Maria dos Santos Lobato Junior
José Francisco da SilvaCosta
Joao Henrique Vogado Abrahão
Jamille Gabriela Cunha da Silva
Alan Sena Pinheiro
Herley Machado Nahum
Joao Augusto Pereira da Rocha
Jorddy Neves da Cruz
Sebastian Gomes Silva
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009044
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............47

MATHEMATICS KNOWLEDGE OLYMPICS AS INSTRUMENTS FOR DIAGNOSTIC
ASSESSMENT
Henio Delfino Ferreira de Oliveira
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009045
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............62
STUDIES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF NATURAL MONUMENT THREE

DIE
Danilo de Oliveira
Lucas Cesar Frediani Sant'Ana
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009046
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............67
CHEMICAL WEATHERING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY

I ONLY DO
Raulene Wanzeler Maciel
Debora Ricardo Ferreira
Fernando Da Silva Carvalho Neto
Angelo Hartmann Pires
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009047
CHAPTER 8 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............72
FUZZY SYSTEMS TO ASSIST IN DECISION MAKING IN ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING FOR ROAD

ENTERPRISES
Lucirene Vitoria Goes France
Adriano Bressane
Thales Andres Carra
Sandra Regina Monteiro Masalskiene Roveda
José Arnaldo Frutuoso Roveda
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009048
CHAPTER 9 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............82
SOFTWARE OLHA O ÔNIBUS: A COLLABORATIVE ALTERNATIVE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS
Joiner dos Santos Sá

Leonardo Nunes Gonçalves
Laciene Alves Melo
Edinho do Nascimento da Silva
Alexandre Reis Fernandes
Fabricio de Souza Farias
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.7992009049
CHAPTER 10 ................................................................ .................................................................. ..........96
ART AND CARTOGRAPHY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAP “BRASILIA QUA PARTE PARET
BELGIUM” BY GEORG MARCGRAF
Ronaldo Andre Rodrigues da Silva
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090410
CHAPTER 11 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........ 115
METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE STANDARD OF CARTOGRAPHIC ACCURACY IN

ORTHOMOSAICS OBTAINED THROUGH RPA WITH THE E-FOTO APPLICATIONS
E GEOPEC
Sergio Roberto Horst Gamba
Edson Eyji Sano
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090411
CHAPTER 12 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........129
COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF SIZING METHODS

EXCAVED TYPE PILES
Geraldo Magela Gonçalves Filho
Matheus Henrique Morato de Moraes
Paola Mundim de Souza
Gabriel Mendes de Menezes
SUMMARY
Victor de Castro Mundim

Guilherme Henrique Mota Gonçalves
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090412
CHAPTER 13 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........138
APPLICATION OF THE BALDI METHOD FOR RISK ANALYSIS IN DAMS

FEAR RAFAELA BALDI FERNANDES
Rafaela Baldi Fernandes
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090413
CHAPTER 14 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........149
ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS OF THE COLLISION TYPE WITH FIXED OBJECTS ON HIGHWAYS

FEDERAL STATE OF MINAS GERAIS AND RIO DE JANEIRO IN THE PERIOD
FROM 2007-2015
Paula Stein at the party
Gabriela Pereira Faustino
Agmar Bento Teodoro
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090414
CHAPTER 15 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........161
PROBABILITY APPLIED TO MEGA-SENA

Rafael Thé Bonifácio de Andrade
Maira de Faria Barros Medeiros Andrade
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090415
CHAPTER 16 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........168
ALCOHOL X TRANSIT - TRANSVERSALITY AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY:

STRATEGIES TO EDUCATE YOUNG PEOPLE IN TRAFFIC
Maria das Graças Cirino Franca
Andréia Cirina Barbosa de Paiva
Rosely Fantoni
Vania Paula de Carvalho
DOI 10.22533/at.ed.79920090416
ABOUT THE ORGANIZER................................................................... ................................................175
REFERRAL INDEX ................................................................ ................................................176
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10
doi
ART AND CARTOGRAPHY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAP

"WHAT PART OF BRAZIL IS BELGIAN" DE GEORG
MARKGRAPH
Oil date: 03/26/2020

economic and political. Finally, the work proposes to
present a relationship between the arts and cartography,
which is described in the cartographic elements of this
Ronaldo André Rodrigues da Silva PUC example, in addition to verifying that they become important
Minas, TICCIH-Brasil, ICOMOS-Brasil.
instruments that transform the perception of art objects into
themselves.
“It is not a notion of hidden meanings that produces such works,
but rather the notion of a world that is understood in terms of a
collection of visually accessible meanings.” KEYWORDS: Dutch cartography, art and cartography,
(Svetlana Alpers)
17th century, Georg Marcgraf.
ABSTRACT: The present work seeks to present the

ABSTRACT: This work presents the relations between
existing relations between iconography and iconology from
iconography and iconology through the interpretation of
the interpretation of cartographic maps. Thus, from the
cartographic maps.
choice of a Dutch cartographic map of the seventeenth
Thus, from the choice of a 17th. century Dutch cartographic
century, we sought to describe its elements
map, we sought to describe its constitutive elements and
present a description that sought not only to consider the
constituent elements and present a description that sought
toponym and topography elements common to traditional
not only to consider the elements of toponymy and
cartography. For this, it was considered the Dutch
topography, common to traditional cartography. To this
cartography developed from the first half of the 18th.
end, Dutch cartography developed from the first half of the
century that determined the insertion of elements that
18th century onwards was considered, which determined
extrapolated such perception.
the insertion of elements that went beyond such perception.
In this way, it was decided to analyze the map “Brasilia
Thus, we chose to analyze the map “Brasilia Qua Parte
Qua Parte Paret Belgis” which presents a complex
Paret Belgis” which presents a complex description of the
description of the territory of northeastern Brazil under
northeast Brazilian territory under Dutch possession
Dutch possession between the 30s and 40s of the 1940s.
between the 30’s and 40’s of the 1600’s. The analysis of
the elements contained therein leads to the perception
and consideration of elements that are considered
1600. The analysis of the elements contained therein leads
to the perception and consideration of elements that are

from social, economic, and political relations.
considered from social relations,
Finally, the work has the proposal to present a
Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact, Technological and Earth Sciences Chapter 10 96

relationship between the arts and cartography which is described in the cartographic elements
of this copy, besides verifying that they become important instruments that transform the
perception of art objects into themselves.
KEYWORDS: Dutch cartography, art and cartography, 17th. century, Georg Marcgraf.
1 | INTRODUCTION
The study of cartography whose principle is the representation of regions on maps

or territorial areas that express their territorial characteristics was modified from the
Dutch models which sought to present more complete and complex aspects
than their predecessors. A significant variation in the elements presented was verified
from the 16th century with the introduction, mainly by the Dutch, of elements
decorations that brought implicit in themselves representations and representativeness not
only of georeferenced issues, but also cultural, social, political among
others.
In this way, cartographic art began to be equally recognized as a creation

pictorial, as a work of art. Its meticulously crafted elements defined
characteristics of the place, its society and its main elements
constituents. Cartography becomes not only a form of description and
graphic expression of the territory, but also a form of graphic representation. From
drawings and engravings, the territories are interpreted in different ways and bring
with it a broader designation for cartography. Thus, when relating the art of
drawing, from engraving and painting to the art of cartography, there is the construction of a new look
for maps that bring in their forms of representation a representativeness that
goes beyond simple geographic reference.
In this way, this work proposes to carry out an iconographic analysis
preliminary view of one of the cartographic maps produced by Marcgraf in the 17th century from the
Dutch production in Brazil. From the elements introduced by Dutch cartography
in the production of maps it is intended to make an analysis of the composition of symbols to it
inserted. The fact of developing the theme of cartography and iconology from the experience
Dutch in Brazil stems from the choice for analysis of the work “Brasilia Qua Parte Paret
Belgis”, by Marcgraf. From the identification of the main iconographic elements in it
arranged it is intended to verify which representations are contained therein.
2 | CARTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS
Cartography as a science related to geography and space finds

if defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Foundation as
“A set of scientific, technical and artistic studies and operations that, having

based on the results of direct observations or the analysis of existing documentation,

it aims at the elaboration of maps, charts and other forms of graphic expression or
representation of objects, elements, phenomena and physical and socioeconomic
environments, as well as their use” (IBGE, 1998, p.10).
It is observed in the official definition of the Brazilian body a concern in

cover not only technical and georeferencing issues, but
as well as those related to artistic and cultural issues that allow
an expression and interpretation of existing social elements in the portrayed region.
It can thus be defined that the current understanding of cartographic representation has
inspiration in the Dutch cartography of the 17th century, which it seeks to bring to maps
the inclusion of elements that go beyond the territorial interpretation.
Such positioning is inserted in the capacity to offer through
of maps and cartography a way of interpreting territories in their
more diverse manifestations. The possibility of uniting art and cartography, from the
Dutch interpretation, enables a fusion of interpretations, whether graphic by
through the quality of the maps, or the interpretation of reality in its likeness
how to look for art.
Thus, the search for a cartography related to the arts, according to Alpers
(1999), occurs in the works of Vermeer and Ochtervelt, in which the
planes below the detailed representation of cartographic maps. In addition to this
representation, there is also a representation of cities, such as metropolises,
emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries, in which there was a concern not only for
landscape, but also in a cartographic context.
Cartography from the Dutch interpretation has its expression in
trabalos realizado por Abraham Ortelius, Jodocus Hondius e Gerardus Mercator
in the first half of the seventeenth century in which it was portrayed from specific parts of the
terrestrial globe to the planisphere in general. In Brazil, Georg
Marcgraf, Cornelis Bastiaanszoon Golijath and Johannes Vingboons who portrayed in
his works the various Brazilian regions that were under Dutch possession
in the colonial period. Among the set of cartographic maps produced in the period
described above, the Atlas Vingboons stands out, which constituted a set of
maps that sought to portray in a documentary and strategic way the Empire
Dutch its territorial-geographic extension, but also its economic reach,
mainly not American continent, especially not Brazil.
The wealth of information and the accuracy and detail of the maps determined
a new way of interpreting cartography, in addition to adding features
of works of art. For Alpers (1999), the detailed description offered by cartography
from the beginning of the 17th century, especially the Dutch, provided

“the similarity between them [maps and paintings] as well as the mirroring presence
[...] the word graphic, encompassing both the meaning of “drawn with pencil or pen”
and that of “vividly descriptive or natural” (Alpers, 1999, p. . 299)
In this way, the representation inserted in the cartography provided the

identification of elements that differed from traditional cartographic production,
because they contained aspects and elements not considered in the production of the
cartography. The introduction of elements of adornments and written elements sought to
present an identity of maps to Dutch society.
Consequently, during the period of Dutch colonization in Brazil
during the seventeenth century, such influence also occurred in relation to the production of cartography
of the states in which it was consolidated, mainly in the Brazilian Northeast, in
which presents distinct characteristics between that represented by colonization
portuguese. While this was concerned, almost exclusively, with questions
topographical and geographic, the Dutch presented in its confection aspects
descriptors related to Dutch society or directly to facts related
to the areas depicted in the cartography.

With an iconography that translated elements beyond the stylistic of a
cartographic material, the Dutch geographic maps determined the inclusion of
elements that would describe not only the topographical and geographic relations
of the areas related to it, also present descriptive aspects through
text inscriptions.
Thus, there is a difference between Dutch cartography and large
part of world map production. The quest to present elements that
best describe the regions is, in this way, a differentiating factor
and the insertion of art in cartographic production that until then had been perceived in
an inverse relationship, in which the arts presented cartography as an element
figurative and decorative works of art.
3 | TO ICONOGRAPHY AND ICONOLOGY
The iconographic and iconological elements represent in art the themes or

messages contained in its elements, and the interpretation given to the elements from the
description and classification of existing images (Panofsky, 1976).
The object of interpretation of the works, as well as the cartography, especially the
Dutch one and its later ones, influenced by it, represent the artistic expression
of a group of images, stories and allegories that make up the “world of artistic motifs”. The
meaning attributed to them, whether intrinsic or content, constitute a set of symbolic values
whose iconographic analysis and interpretation

iconology allow us to understand its globality.
3.1 Icono-Geographic Analysis
The presentation of descriptor elements of Dutch maps aims to

examples of analysis are the cartographies produced by Marcgraf during the period of Dutch
colonization in the Brazilian Northeast. Among the descriptive analyzes according to the standards
of iconography and iconology, the analysis standards defined by Panofsky (1976) are used as a
reference, whose symbolic interpretation of the arts occurs from the theme or meaning, on the one
hand, and on the other, from the forms presented . Thus, the first interpretation, iconographic,
reveals itself from the theme or message of works of art in relation to form; and the second,
iconology comprises the method of interpretation that is related, in a specific way, to the synthetic
interpretation
as opposed to analytics.
Markgraf, according to Menezes (2011), represents one of the Dutch members
of the arts that made up the group of scholars to arrive in Brazilian lands.
The naturalist developed his cartography works in which he depicts the Brazilian northeast region.
The Dutch possession, which took place between 1635 and 1653, comprised lands that today
define from the State of Sergipe to the State of Ceará, with the
seat of government the captaincy of Pernambuco, current state of the same name.
Among the works carried out by Marcgraf, the focus is on the cartographic production called
“Brasilia Qua Parte Paret Belgis” which presents a description of the Dutch domains in Brazilian
lands, edited in 1643 by Johan Blaeu from the works of the cartographer Georg Marcgraf and
vignettes by Frans Post.
(Figure 1)

Figure 1: Map of Brazil on which side it faces Belgium (Marggraphius, 1647)

Source: http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/show/O3051_480/
The map contains a description of the Brazilian coasts, in addition to presenting

elements of communities and population also contains elements of fauna and
Brazilian flora that are described in detail in the work “Historia
Naturalis Brasiliae” (Marcgraf; Piso, 1648).
Thus, from the iconographic and textual elements contained in the maps of the
regions described by Marcgraf, we seek to present the meaning of their sets
or particularities that, in a certain way, comprise a specific way to the
Dutch art and cartography in making cartography. Such differences make up
a special way of perceiving the relationship between the Dutch possession and its
colonizers that constitute a set of elements that represent not
only geographical and cartographic relations, but also social relations
and economical.
As a first proposal for analysis, there is the work of Whitehead cited by

Pereira (2010) which identified 09 (nine) constant parts of the Atlas of Johan Blaeu
in which 04 (four) of them related to cartographic issues and
another 04 (four) destined to the toponymic and botanical-zoological description. Highlights
if still the last part composed by the central-inferior left lateral in which
has a cartographic description relating to the Dutch domain in Brazilian lands.
(Figure 2)

Figure 2: Division of the parts of the cartographic map “Brasilia Qua Parte Paret Belgis”.
Source: Whitehead cited by Pereira (p. 81, 2010).
However, it can be observed that for each of the parts there is a range
differentiated from iconographic and iconological elements whose interpretation is
from economic possession to elements of a social and descriptive nature
of society and territory. From each of them, we will seek to develop
such analysis in order to identify such elements and associate them with their
possible meanings and representations.
4 | AN ICONOGRAPHIC AND ICONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The wealth of elements contained in the cartography of “Brasilia Qua Parte Paret
Belgis” allows multiple interpretations that allow to carry out analyzes that come
to cover both territories and socio-economic, natural and cultural elements. Due to this diversity,
the iconographic and iconological analysis was divided into specific elements that could relate to
each other.
First, we sought to identify the primary element or, according to Panofsky
(1976), natural theme subdivided into factual or expressional. It represents, for
cartography the represented territory, which in its characteristics, can be geo
referenced from its geomorphological constitution or urban intervention
rural.
In the case studied, there is a description of the Brazilian northeastern coast, which
for a long time it was considered the most reliable in existence. In Pereira's studies

and Cintra (2013) there is a comparative analysis between Marcgraf's cartography and the
structure of the Brazilian coast presented by the Google Earth satellite tool,
as shown in Figure 3:
Figure 3: Marcgraf vs. Google Earth (partial reproduction)

Source: Pereira & Cintra (2013, p. 6)
A considerable similarity of the described coastline can be observed in Marcgraf's map, from
the state of Sergipe to Rio Grande do Norte, the composition being carried out from 04 (four) initial
descriptor elements1 :
• Map 01: Prefecture of Cirîiÿi or Seregipe del Rey with Itâpuáma.
• Map 02: Southern part of the Prefecture of Paranambuca.
• Map 03: The Boreal part of the Prefecture of Paranambuca, together with the Prefecture of
Itâmaracâ.
• Map 04: Prefecture of Paraiba and Rio Grande.
For each of the representations, as was convenient in cartography at the time, the heraldry
related to each one was contained in the content of the representativeness.
1
To detail the fragments of the maps of the provinces in better definitions, it is recommended to access the link of the National Library (BN),
in Rio de Janeiro, which has the digitized work of Caspari Barlaei, Rerum per octennium in Brasilia.., 1647. Link: http ://objdigital.bn.br/acervo_digital/
div_obrasraras/barleus/index. htm

from them.
Map 01, as shown in figure 4, describes the coastline of the current state
from Sergipe, in addition to presenting above a vignette with typical Brazilian fruits
above and below and in the center of it, specimens of the Brazilian fauna – the tapir, the jaguar and
the capybara (from left to right) described in the book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.
(Marcgraf & Floor, 1648, p. 230; 235).
Figure 4: Detail – Prefecture of Cirîiÿi or Seregipe del Rey with Itâpuáma

Source: Mapa Brasilia que parte Partet Belgis (Marggraphius, 1647)
http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/show/O3051_480/
As in other maps, to represent the Dutch naval presence, one of the most powerful in the 17th
century, there are two groups of ships, one
of them composed of three boats that could be interpreted as guards of the coast,
another two in a battle position and a small rowing boat below the center that would configure the
existence of the practice of fishing as a way of survival or

even for commercial purposes.

For map 02 shown in figure 5 below, it has in its upper part
a cartographic identification of the province of Pernambuco Meridional, whose state
current would be Alagoas. Below it is represented by a vignette that represents
a fishing scene in which the trawling or fishing technique is used
trawler, traditionally used to this day. Completely
fishing there is a surveillance post that would serve to alert fishermen of the
arrival of the shoals. Thus, fishermen would be better prepared for fishing.
Figure 5: Detail - Southern part of the Prefecture of Paranambuca.

As in the previous fragment, there are groups in the oceanic representation

of representative ships from both a military and a commercial point of view. There is a
possible interpretation for their positioning, whether at the mouth of rivers or
close to the boarding and disembarking points in the territory, that is, close
coastal cities and their respective ports. It can also be observed, in the
bottom, the representation of a whale and a small fishing boat, as well
as for the province of Sergipe.
Map 03 that represents the province of Pernambuco Boreal, currently
Alagoas and Pernambuco, has everyday scenes of the productive areas of the
Brazilian Northeast. It contains the heraldry with the coats of arms of the captaincies
Pernambuco and the Island of Itamaracá. A sugar cane mill in which
there is a representation of the black slave population and the plantation owners.
According to Whitehead cited by Pereira (2010), the representation of everyday life makes
if one of the references in Dutch cartographic works what has reverberation
in the works of Alpers (1999).
Figure 6: Detail - Paranambuca part of Boreal from Itâmaracâ.

It is observed in this fragment of the sugar mill that the blacks are
represented both by the work on the mill (upper and on the right), to the condition
servants of the lords (at the center of the fragment) or even in moments of
idleness as if they were playing music and dancing (upper left).
Another everyday scene is presented in the townhouse above the mill where there is
a possible representation of the gentleman (in a hat on the balcony of the upper floor)
who seems to converse with another below or even could represent his foreman,
mounted on horseback, receiving his orders.
With regard to oceanic iconography, three groups of sailing ships can be observed
who represent the power in the Dutch squadron. It also contains, in a way
representative, in the lower right corner, a vignette of the representative scene of the
first engagement of the naval battle of Oquendo versus Pater, dated 12 January
of 1640. (Pereira, 2013a).
This element of the geographic map composition can be considered
essential for its interpretation, as it also contains in the lower central part, a
group icons that form, according to Pereira (2013a) the Notularum explicatio, that is,

an explanatory note or legend box, which contains the conventions used
in the toponymy and topography of the map as a whole. Through a convention

pre-established, there is the representation of geographic elements whose symbols
are highlighted and described in Latin and Portuguese. (FIGURE 7)
Figure 7: Dtalhe - Notes Explanation

Map 4, representative of the province of Paraíba and Rio Grande, current states
homonyms, has representation similar to that of the province of Pernambuco Boreal.
Once again the heraldic representation of the two provinces is present, in the
center of the fragment. The representation elements seem to be more linked

to the social daily life of the groups, as symbols of religiosity are found, such as
cross, in the central part and above the buildings and a group marching towards a
battle which contains Brazilians, possibly indigenous people, due to the costumes and the
presence of weapons, bows and arrows and the colonial submission represented by the
Dutch flag and the European immigrant featured at the front of the group. (Figure
8)

Figure 8: Detail – Prefecture of Paraiba, and Rio Grande.

There is also a group of women, later than the first, with hampers of
production or provision for the men ahead. In the background is another group.
of women and children near the manioc mill. Complementing the oceanic representation
of the cartography of the province of Pernambuco Boreal, the groups of ships at war at
the bottom of the map signify naval battles
following (Monday to Wednesday) of Oquendo versus Pater, which took place on the
dates of January 13, 1640, January 14, 1640 and January 17, 1640. (Pereira, 2013a).
In addition to these, there is the descriptive aspect, also composed of 05 (five)
parts, one of which is the textual cartographic element (left side
middle and lower), in which there is a descriptive analysis about the possession of the
territory by the Dutch. (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Detail - Partial representation "Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis" (left side part)
This descriptive insert together with the cartographic maps and vignettes by Frans
Post inserts a formalization regarding the description and function of cartographic maps
in which there is a description of the occupied lands and in which all the
an agro-export economy based on the development of the West India Company in
Brazilian territory. It includes, as shown
figure 9, a representation of the monarchy through the figure of Maurício de
Nassau, governor of the Dutch lands in Brazil, especially in the years

from 1644 to 1646 (top). Below, in the same cartographic fragment, there is
a description of the possessions, provinces of Sergipe, Pernambuco Meridional and
Borealis, Paraíba and Rio Grande described from Georg Marcgraf's observations.
(PEREIRA, 2013b).
Also noteworthy are the information regarding cartography, localization
as latitudes and longitudes, the territorial limits and the existing distances between
the main points shown on the map. Also, markedly, it has
if the figure of the colonized (the indigenous representative) and the colonizer (the representative
Dutch).
Finally, and not least, figure 10, in turn, consists of the
naturalistic elements, expressed in the upper central area of the cartographic composition.
The iconography has as main elements, representative ornaments of the flora
and Brazilian fauna, everyday scenes of the Brazilian people and hunting and
disputes between indigenous tribes. (Figures 10 and 11).
Figure 10 contains in the upper area the title of the cartographic map “Brasilia qua
parte paret Belgis” ornamentado com instrumentos de guerra indígenas, heraldic e
animals of the Brazilian fauna, including the anteater (on the left) and the sloth
(on the right).
Figure 10: Detail - Partial representation "Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis" (top center)
At the bottom, figure 11, there are scenes of victory in battles of the time
(left), a barbecue scene (centre) and an ostrich hunt (right).
Pereira & Cintra, 2013, p. 3.

Figure 11: Detail - Partial representation "Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis" (top center)
Still to the right at the top there are other specimens of fauna and flora,
such as capybaras, wild horses and more among those of medium and large size. There is
also a representation of insects, on the middle sides and of amphibians (boa constrictor) along the
center left. The lower area, according to Whitehead cited by Levy (2010), has the
depiction of tribes considered 'wild' at war, possibly with immigrants
with whom they did not maintain a friendly relationship. (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Detail – Partial representation of “Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis” (top right)
Source: Mapa Brasilia que parte Partet Belgis (MARGGRAPHIUS, 1647)
The above-represented parts of the cartographic copy by MarcGraf and Frans

Post allows you to carry out a more than geographical and toponymic analysis of the Northeast
17th century Dutch. Territory descriptions insert content that is

beyond simple cartography and through vignettes, decorative frames and texts
information determines a complex view of the territory. The elements that define
the narrative of the cartographic map, from a fragmented reading, before
cropping your visualization, allow an understanding of the whole of the territory
and transform cartography, as configured by Alpers (1999), an art of
describe the territory and its relationships.
5 | FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
When analyzing the map “Brasilia Qua Parte Paret Belgis” by Marcgraf, it is noticed
that the evolution of world cartography, especially the Dutch one in the first half of the 17th
century, contributed to the complexity of cartographic representations being able to express
not only the aspects related to geography, but
but also those focused on social, economic and political issues. A
profusion of information and the need to fill spaces are beyond the questions of space and
territory make the observer of geographic maps
perceive from a territorial conformation to issues related to daily life, to
economy, social relations in a whole filled with multiple aspects of the
Brazilian daily life.
The ability to present small scenes of the day-to-day life of Brazilian colonial settlements
in the 17th century allows us to extract characteristics of the relationships
between the four groups of inhabitants - the colonizing Europeans
and landlords, the black slaves in fishing, in the sugar and cassava mills, the Brazilian
indigenous people whether in their characteristic considered 'wild' when confronted with
immigrants and also the 'civilized' and 'christianized'
who inhabited villages or towns equally to produce in the sugar mills. Merged to
social representations and as a development of the arts and naturalism, arise between
landscapes and cartography, representations of typical animals of the fauna
Brazilian culture, richly described in the work of Marcgraf and Piso, with expressive details
observed by Frans Post that present them with almost photograph-like characteristics.
In this way, it can be affirmed, as well as Alpers (1999) that the cartographic
representations contained a complex artistic aspect whose quality of details and information
allowed to go beyond the cartographic data of a map - latitudes
and longitudes, bearings and distances, relief and toponymy – to take the observer and
admirer of works of art to the observation, inference and interpretation of the work. The craft
of representation by cartographers, according to the conception of Alpers (1999),
competes with the complexity described in his works. Transposing art to cartography, the
Dutch allowed a rediscovery of its functions,

aim at the detailed description of the territory and also offer elements
surprising facts related to the societies in which they settled during the Dutch overseas empire
with the West India Company.
The connection achieved between cartography and the description of places, according to
a complexity of relations, between nature and society, from the inscriptions
of the texts, explanatory of the places and representative of the Dutch sovereignty over
their territories, the beauties and particularities of the flora, fauna and toponymy of each
geographic space.
The Dutch cartographic representation of the seventeenth century allowed to extrapolate
his interpretation and ensured the possibility of seeing beyond the lines and lines
territorial. The “implicit legends”, proposed by Alpers, in Art of Describing,
can be seen in Dutch cartography. The contents in texts
explanatory or descriptive, the contents that speak for themselves and represent at the same
beliefs and interpretations, faith and arts, social, political and economic relations
become mirrors of reality and societies that are influenced,
in a positive way for the arts, by artists (here represented by painters,
Dutch cartographers and naturalists.
REFERENCES
ALPERS, Svetlana. The art of describing: Dutch art in the seventeenth century. São Paulo:
EDUSP, 1999.
IBGE. Cartography Basics. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,
1998. Available at: <http://www.ibge.gov.br>. Accessed on: September 25, 2013.
MENEZES, Catarina Agudo. Marcgraf Alagoas. IN: 1st. Brazilian Symposium on Historical
Cartography. Paraty, 2011.
MARCGRAF, Georg; PISO, Willem The Natural History of Brazil... in which not only the plants
and animals, but also the diseases, characters and manners of the natives are described
and illustrated by over fifty icons. Lyon of the Dutch, at Franciscus Hackius, and at Amsterdam at
Lud. Elzevirium. [Organized by Joannes de Laet] 1648. Available at: <http://biblio.wdfiles. com/
local--files/marcgrave-1648-historia/marcgrave_1648_historia.pdf>. Accessed: September
25, 2013.
MARGGRAPHIUS, Georgius: [map] Brazil as part of the Belgian paret. Amstæled: Ex Officina
Ioannis Blaev, [cIor Year c XLVII], 1647. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
Available at: < http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/show/O3051_480/>. Accessed: 20 December
PANOFSKY, Erwin. Iconography and iconology: an introduction to the study of

Renaissance art. IN: Meaning in the Visual Arts. São Paulo: Perspectiva, p. 47-87, 1976.
PEREIRA, Levy. Stories from Dutch Brazil. Levy Pereira Collection. Brasília: UnB, 2013a.

Available at <http://lhs.unb.br/biblioatlas/Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Levy_Pereira>. Accessed on:

October 13, 2013.
PEREIRA, Levy: “The technical note of the map Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis – Transcription,
translation and comments”. In BiblioAtlas – Reference Library of the Digital Atlas of Lusa
America. Brasília: UnB, 2013b. Available at <http://lhs.unb.br/wiki_files/NotaTecnica. pdf>. Accessed
on: October 13, 2013.
PEREIRA, Levy. City Hall of Rio Grande – the indigenous presence in the geographic entities of
the map by George Marcgrave. Christmas: Câmara Cascudo Museum, 2010.
PEREIRA, Levy; CINTRA, Jorge Pimentel. The accuracy and longitude of origin of the map
“Brasilia qua parte Paret Belgis”, by Georg Marcgrave. IN: V Luso-Brazilian Symposium on
Historical Cartography. Petropolis, 2013.
Links: http://www.europeana.eu/portal/pt/record/9200365/
BibliographicResource_1000055677602.html

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Alcohol 168, 171, 173
Chemical analysis 69
Art 11, 12, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 112, 113, 171
Brasília 31, 47, 57, 66, 113, 114, 115, 159, 174
Multipurpose territorial registration 117
Cartography 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 126, 127
Sciences 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 46,
55, 67, 68, 127, 128, 159, 171
Scaling 129, 131, 132, 134, 136
DNIT 150, 151, 152, 153, 159
Safety drains 141
AND
High school 10, 11, 16, 21, 23, 25, 29, 35, 37, 38, 47, 49, 56, 57, 168, 170
School 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 31, 35, 37, 39, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57, 160, 168, 170, 171,
172, 173
Stake 131, 133, 134, 136, 137
Case study 62, 65, 82, 84, 85, 91, 129, 132, 133
Registration form 74, 75, 76, 81
Geotechnical inspection 140
Chemical weathering 67, 68
Games 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 161, 162, 166, 167
Young people 12, 21, 23, 30, 37, 38, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174
Environmental licensing 72, 73, 76, 81
Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact, Technological and Earth Sciences Index Chapter Index 176
Lottery 161, 162, 163, 167
Maricá 117
Baldi method 138 , 141 , 146
Minas Gerais 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 168, 171
Natural monument 62, 63, 64, 65
OBMEP 47, 48, 51, 53, 55, 56, 61
World Health Organization 168, 169, 170

Orthomosaics 115, 117, 122, 125, 128
Paraná 1, 18, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 160
PISA 47, 48, 50, 51, 61
Probability 47, 57, 59, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 161, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167
Environmental issues 20
Chemistry 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 67, 69, 70, 171
Didactic resources 15, 21, 36
São Paulo 18, 19, 31, 32, 55, 61, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 81, 83, 95, 113, 126, 137, 157, 160
Sistema fuzzy 72, 78

Software 3, 25, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 116, 123, 126, 127, 128, 155
Only 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137
Periodic table 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46
Technology 1, 2, 5, 7, 22, 45, 56, 72, 84, 95, 158, 159
Transit 84, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 160, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174
Public transport 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 94, 95

Transversality 18, 168
IN
International Mathematical Union 51
Conservation unit 62, 63, 64
2020
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Chapter · April 2020

Ronaldo Andre Rodrigues da Silva

Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais

Roundhouse Railway: Identification and Cataloging View project

Brazilian Industrial Heritage: A Brief Inventory View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

2020 by Atena Editora

Agricultural and Multidisciplinary

Biological and Health Sciences Prof.

Exact and Earth Sciences and Engineering Prof.

Scientific Technical Council Prof.

E82 Theoretical-methodological studies in exact, technological and earth sciences

1. Exact and earth sciences. 2. Engineering. 3. Technology.

Prepared by Maurício Amormino Júnior – CRB6/2422

The collection “Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact Sciences, Technological

With an emphasis on environmental studies, chapters 6, 7 and 8 present themes

In chapter 12 “Comparative case study of design methods

Luis Ricardo Fernandes da Costa

CHAPTER 1 ................................................ .................................................................. ..............1

ELECTRONIC GAMES AND THEIR EVOLUTION

CHAPTER 2 ................................................ .................................................................. .............7

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............19

THE IMPORTANCE OF GAMES IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOSCIENCES:

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............34

DIDACTIC GAME AS A PEDAGOGIC TOOL IN SCHEDULE TEACHING

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............47

CHAPTER 6 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............62

STUDIES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF NATURAL MONUMENT THREE

CHAPTER 7 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............67

CHEMICAL WEATHERING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER 8 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............72

FUZZY SYSTEMS TO ASSIST IN DECISION MAKING IN ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING FOR ROAD

CHAPTER 9 ............................................................. .................................................................. ............82

SOFTWARE OLHA O ÔNIBUS: A COLLABORATIVE ALTERNATIVE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS

Joiner dos Santos Sá

CHAPTER 10 ................................................................ .................................................................. ..........96

CHAPTER 11 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........ 115

METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE STANDARD OF CARTOGRAPHIC ACCURACY IN

CHAPTER 12 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........129

COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF SIZING METHODS

Victor de Castro Mundim

CHAPTER 13 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........138

APPLICATION OF THE BALDI METHOD FOR RISK ANALYSIS IN DAMS

CHAPTER 14 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........149

ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS OF THE COLLISION TYPE WITH FIXED OBJECTS ON HIGHWAYS

CHAPTER 15 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........161

PROBABILITY APPLIED TO MEGA-SENA

CHAPTER 16 ................................................................ .................................................................. ........168

ALCOHOL X TRANSIT - TRANSVERSALITY AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY:

ABOUT THE ORGANIZER................................................................... ................................................175

REFERRAL INDEX ................................................................ ................................................176

ART AND CARTOGRAPHY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAP

Oil date: 03/26/2020

ABSTRACT: The present work seeks to present the

to the perception and consideration of elements that are

Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact, Technological and Earth Sciences Chapter 10 96

The study of cartography whose principle is the representation of regions on maps

In this way, cartographic art began to be equally recognized as a creation

2 | CARTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS

Cartography as a science related to geography and space finds

Theoretical-Methodological Studies in Exact, Technological and Earth Sciences Chapter 10 97

based on the results of direct observations or the analysis of existing documentation,