Siminar Saja

Secure Quantum Communications
Prepared by
Saja Talib Ahmed
Superviser
Dr. Prof. Ziad Tariq
Outline
 Quantum physics and information technology.
 the difference between Traditional Computer and Quantum

Computer.
 Characteristics of Quantum Computers.
 The principles of quantum cryptography.
 The limits of quantum cryptography.
 Future applications.
www.idquantique.com 2
Introduction
 Today, sensitive data is typically encrypted and

then sent across fiber-optic cables and other
channels together with the digital “keys” needed
to decode the information. The data and the keys
are sent as classical bits, a stream of electrical
or optical pulses representing 1s and 0s. And
that makes them vulnerable. Smart hackers can
read and copy bits in transit without leaving a
trace.
Introduction
 Quantum communication takes advantage of the

laws of quantum physics to protect data. These
laws allow particles—typically photons of light for
transmitting data along optical cables—to take
on a state of superposition, which means they
can represent multiple combinations
of 1 and 0 simultaneously. The particles are
known as quantum bits, or qubits.
Introduction
 The beauty of qubits from a cybersecurity

perspective is that if a hacker tries to observe
them in transit, their super-fragile quantum state
“collapses” to either 1 or 0. This means a hacker
can’t tamper with the qubits without leaving
behind a telltale sign of the activity.
Introduction
 Some companies have taken advantage of this

property to create networks for transmitting
highly sensitive data based on a process called
quantum key distribution, or QKD. In theory, at
least, these networks are ultra-secure.
Quantum physics and information technology
What is Quantum
Computer?
Characteristics of Quantum Computers.
Characteristics of Quantum Computers.
The principles of quantum cryptography.
The principles of quantum cryptography.
Physical implementation of a data channel
Classical communication Quantum communication
"0"
"1"
"1" Fragile !
Security guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics
Polarization of Photons
 Direction of oscillation of the electric field associated to a lightwave


E
 Polarization states 
 What can we do with it ?
50 %
50 %
Irreversibility of Measurements
Incoming photon polarized at 90
Incoming photon polarized at 45
50 % 50 %
Rotation of polarizer
Quantum communications
 Transmitting information with a single-photon Liner States
 Use a quantum property to carry information
= "0" = |0>
= "1" = |1>
Eavesdropping
 Communication interception
Alice Bob
|0> ? |0>
Eve
 Use quantum physics to force spy to introduce errors in the

communication
Quantum Cryptography Protocole
 BB84 Bob
H/V Basis
Polarizers Alice
45 Basis
Horizontal - Vertical
Diagonal (-45, +45)
Alice's Bit Sequence

Bob's Bases
Bob's Results 0 1 0 0- 0 1 1 1 1 -0 1 0
Key - 1 - 0- 0 1 - - 1 0- 1 0
 A better name: Quantum Key Distribution
Eavesdropping
Alice
50% 50%
Eve
50% 50%
Bob
50% 50% 50% 50%
Error Ok
Ok Error Ok
The limits of classical cryptography
 Why is Quantum Cryptography not used to transmit

data?
1) Quantum Cryptography cannot guarantee that one

particular bit will actually be received.
With a random key, it is not a problem. With data, it is.
2) Quantum Cryptography does not prevent eavesdropping,

but reveals it a posteriori. Sending a key and verifying its
secrecy allows to prevent information leakage.
Extending the key distribution distance
 Free space links to low-earth-orbit

(LEO) satellites
Tokyo Geneva
 Cybersecurity.
 Drug Development.
 Artificial Intelligence.
Quantum Circuits
Learn Quantum Computation using Qiskit
The best way to learn is by doing. Qiskit allows users to run
experiments on state-of-the-art quantum devices from the
comfort of their homes.
Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK)

for working with quantum computers at the level of
circuits, pulses, and algorithms.

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Secure Quantum Communications

 Quantum physics and information technology.

 the difference between Traditional Computer and Quantum

 The principles of quantum cryptography.

 The limits of quantum cryptography.

 Today, sensitive data is typically encrypted and

 Quantum communication takes advantage of the

 The beauty of qubits from a cybersecurity

 Some companies have taken advantage of this

Classical communication Quantum communication

Security guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics

 Direction of oscillation of the electric field associated to a lightwave

 What can we do with it ?

Incoming photon polarized at 45

 Transmitting information with a single-photon Liner States

 Use a quantum property to carry information

 Use quantum physics to force spy to introduce errors in the

Diagonal (-45, +45)

Alice's Bit Sequence

 A better name: Quantum Key Distribution

50% 50% 50% 50%

 Why is Quantum Cryptography not used to transmit

1) Quantum Cryptography cannot guarantee that one

2) Quantum Cryptography does not prevent eavesdropping,

 Free space links to low-earth-orbit

Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK)

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