Structural Steel Design-Chapter 1

2/25/2018
STRUCTURAL STEEL
DESIGN
Abduljabbar Ismael Abdy
PhD in Structural Engineering
1
Course Outline
 Chapter One: Introduction to Structural Steel Design
 Chapter Two: Specifications, Loads, and Methods of
Design
 Chapter Three: Analysis and Design of Tension Members
 Chapter Four: Analysis and Design of Axially Loaded
Compression Members
 Chapter Five: Analysis and Design of Beams
 Chapter Six: Analysis and Design of Beam-Column
Structures
 Chapter Seven: Bolted Connections
 Chapter Eight: Welded Connections
Structural Steel Design ‐ Chapter One 2
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WHY USING STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
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1.1 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
1. High Strength-to-Weight Ratio.

 The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that the
weight of structures will be small.
 This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall
buildings, and structures situated on poor foundations.
2. Uniformity.
 The properties of structural steel are uniform and
homogeneous, and highly predictable.
 The properties of steel do not change appreciably with
time, as do those of a reinforced-concrete structure.
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3. Elasticity.
 Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most
materials because it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high
stresses.
 The moments of inertia of a steel structure can be
accurately calculated, while the values obtained for a
reinforced-concrete structure are rather indefinite.
4. Permanence.
 Steel frames that are properly maintained will last
indefinitely.
 Research on some of the newer steels indicates that under
certain conditions no painting maintenance whatsoever
will be required.
5. Ductility.
 The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive deformation
without failure under high tensile stresses is its ductility.
 When a mild or low-carbon structural steel member is being tested in
tension, a considerable reduction in cross section and a large amount of
elongation will occur at the point of failure before the actual fracture occurs.
 A material that does not have this property is generally unacceptable and is
probably hard and brittle, and it might break if subjected to a sudden shock.
 In structural members under normal loads, high stress concentrations
develop at various points.
 The ductile nature of the usual structural steels enables them to yield locally
at those points, thus preventing premature failures.
 A further advantage of ductile structures is that when overloaded, their large
deflections give visible evidence of impending failure (sometimes jokingly
referred to as “running time”).
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6. Toughness.
 Structural steels are tough - that is, they have both strength
and ductility.
 A steel member loaded until it has large deformations will
still be able to withstand large forces.
 This is a very important characteristic, because it means
that steel members can be subjected to large deformations
during fabrication and erection without fracture - thus
allowing them to be bent, hammered, and sheared, and to
have holes punched in them without visible damage.
 The ability of a material to absorb energy in large amounts
is called toughness.
7. Additions to Existing Structures.

 Steel structures are quite well suited to having additions made to
them.
 It is relatively easier to make additions to existing steel
structures because of the relative ease of connecting to the
existing steel members.
 New bays or even entire new wings can be added to existing
steel frame buildings, and steel bridges may often be widened.
8. Recycling.
 Steel is the ultimate recyclable material as it can be easily
recycled.
 In fact, some buildings have a majority of their components
made of recycled steel.
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9. Miscellaneous. Several other important advantages of

structural steel are as follows:
 Ability to be fastened together by several simple connection
devices, including welds and bolts.
 Adaptation to prefabrication;
 Steel structures are easier and quicker to fabricate and erect,
compared with concrete structures.
 The erection of steel structures is not as affected by the weather
as is the use of other building materials, enabling steel erection
to take place even in the coldest climates.
 Ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
 Possible reuse after a structure is disassembled.
 Scrap value, even though not reusable in its existing form.
1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
1. Corrosion.
 Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and
water, and therefore must be painted periodically, consequently,
maintenance costs could be high compared to other structural materials.
 The use of weathering steels, however, in suitable applications tends to
eliminate this cost.
 In some of these situations, corrosion may be a real problem, for instance,
corrosion-fatigue failures can occur where steel members are subject to
cyclic stresses and corrosive environments.
2. Fireproofing Costs.
 Steel is adversely affected by high temperatures and therefore often needs
to be protected from fire.
 Although structural members are incombustible, their strength is
tremendously reduced at temperatures commonly reached in fires when
the other materials in a building burn.
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1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
3. Susceptibility to Buckling.
 As the length and slenderness of a compression member is increased, its
danger of buckling increases.
4. Fatigue.
 Another undesirable property of steel is that its strength may be reduced
if it is subjected to a large number of stress reversals or even to a large
number of variations of tensile stress.
 Fatigue problems occur only when tension is involved.
5. Brittle Fracture.
 Under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility, and brittle fracture
may occur at places of stress concentration.
 Fatigue-type loadings and very low temperatures aggravate the situation.
 Triaxial stress conditions can also lead to brittle fracture.
1.3 THE AISC MANUAL
The AISC Manual ( Also called “AISCM”) is published by the
American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC). The AISCM
includes the specification for the design of steel buildings and the
properties of standard steel shapes and sizes and it consists of 17
chapters as listed below,
Part 1: Dimensions and Properties
Part 2: General Design Considerations
Part 3: Design of Flexural Members
Part 4: Design of Compression Members
Part 5: Design of Tension Members
Part 6: Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
Part 7: Design Considerations for Bolts
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1.3 THE AISC MANUAL
Part 8: Design Considerations for Welds
Part 9: Design of Connecting Elements
Part 10: Design of Simple Shear Connections
Part 11: Design of Flexible Moment Connections
Part 12: Design of Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections
Part 13: Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections
Part 14: Design of Beam Bearing Plates, Column Base Plates,
Anchor Rods, and Column Splices
Part 15: Design of Hanger Connections, Bracket Plates, and Crane–
Rail Connections
Part 16: Specifications and Codes
Part 17: Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information
1.4 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
The two most important properties of structural steel used in
structural design are the tensile and ultimate strengths. These are
determined by a tensile test that involves subjecting a steel specimen
to tensile loading and measuring the load and axial elongation of the
specimen until failure.
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1.5 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES AND ASTM DESIGNATION
A W14 x 90, for example, implies a member with a nominal depth of 14 in. and
a self-weight of 90 lb./ft.
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1.6 BASIC STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS
Typical Steel Building
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Typical Steel Building

Cross Section
 Beams and Girders.

• The beams or joists support the floor or roof deck directly and
spans between the girders. The roof or floor deck usually
spans in one direction between the roof or floor beams.
• The girders support the beams and span between the columns.
While beams are usually connected to the web of the columns,
girders are typically connected to the column flanges.
 Columns.
• These are vertical members that support axial compression
loads only.
• They are sometimes referred to as struts.
• In practice, structural members are rarely subjected to pure
compression loads alone.
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 Beam-Columns.
• Beam-columns are members that support axial tension or
axial compression loads in addition to bending loads.
• In practice, typical building columns usually act as beam-
columns due to the eccentricity of the bean and girder
reactions relative to the column center-line.
 Hangers.
• Hangers are vertical members that support axial tension
force only.
1.7 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS
The common types of structural systems (i.e., a combination of
several structural members) used in steel building structures
include trusses, moment frames, and braced frames.
 Trusses.
• Trusses may occur as roof framing members over large
spans or as transfer trusses used to support gravity loads
from discontinuous columns above.
• The typical truss profile shown in slides below consists of
top and bottom chord members.
• The vertical and diagonal members are called web
members.
• While the top and bottom chords are usually continuous
members, the web members are connected to the top and
bottom chords using bolted or welded connections.
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Typical Truss Profiles.
Typical Truss Profiles.
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 Frames.
• Frames are structural steel systems used to resist lateral
wind or seismic loads in buildings.
• The two main types of frames are moment frames and
braced frames.
 Moment Frames.
• Moment frames resist lateral loads through the bending rigidity of
the beams/girders and columns.
• The connections between the beams/girders and the columns are
designed and detailed as shown in the slides below to resist
moments due to gravity and lateral loads.
Typical
Moment
Frames
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Typical Moment Frames.
Frames.
 Braced Frames.
• Braced frames (Show in slide below) resist lateral loads
through axial compression and/or tension in the
diagonal members.
• Examples include X-braced, chevron- or K-braced, and
knee-braced frames.
• These frames are usually more rigid than a typical
moment frame and exhibit smaller lateral deflections.
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Typical Braced Frames.
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2/25/2018

1. High Strength-to-Weight Ratio.

7. Additions to Existing Structures.

9. Miscellaneous. Several other important advantages of

Typical Steel Building

Typical Steel Building

 Beams and Girders.

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