Structural Steel Design Chapter 5

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STRUCTURAL STEEL
DESIGN
Abduljabbar Ismael Abdy
PhD in Structural Engineering
Structural Steel Design ‐ Chapter Five 1
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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.1 Introduction:
 Beams are the most common members found in a
typical steel structure.
 Beams are primarily loaded in bending about a
primary axis of the member.
 Beams with axial loads are called beam-columns.
 Common types of beam are illustrated in Figure 5-1.
Beams can be further classified by the function that
they serve as follows;
 A girder (Figure 5-1a) is a member that is generally
larger in section and supports other beams or
framing members.
5.1 Introduction:
 A joist (Figure 5-1b) is typically a lighter section

than a beam-such as an open-web steel joist.
 A stringer (Figure 5-1c) is a diagonal member that
is the main support beam for a stair.
 A lintel (or loose lintel) (Figure 5-1d) is usually a
smaller section that frames over a wall opening.
 A girt (Figure 5-1e) is a horizontal member that
supports exterior cladding or siding for lateral
wind loads.
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Figure 5-1 Common beam members.

5.1 Introduction:
 The basic design checks for beams includes checking bending,
shear, and deflection.
 The loading conditions and beam configuration will dictate
which of the preceding design parameters controls the size of
the beam.
 We will now review some of the basic principles of bending
mechanics.
 When a beam is subjected to bending loads, the bending stress
in the extreme fiber is defined as.
(5-1)
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5.1 Introduction:
 And the yield moment is defined as
(5-2)
5.1 Introduction:
 The above formulation is based on the elastic behaviour of the
beam.
 However, if we assume that the extreme fibre of the steel
sections yields and that any additional moment and bending
stress is distributed to the remaining steel section toward the
centroid of the beam, such that the remaining portions of the
beam are also brought to the yield limit, a plastic hinge will
form in the beam.
 A plastic hinge occurs when the entire cross section of the
beam is at its yield point, not just the extreme fibre.
 The moment at which a plastic hinge is developed in a beam is
called the plastic moment and is defined as
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(5-3)
 The plastic moment is the maximum moment, or nominal

bending strength of a beam with full lateral stability.
 For standard wide flange shapes, the ratio of the plastic
moment, Mp, to the yield moment, My, usually varies from 1.10
to 1.25 for strong axis bending (Zx, Sx), and 1.50 to 1.60 for
weak axis bending.
 The stress distribution for the above discussion is illustrated in
Figure 5-2.
Figure 5-2 Stress distribution for bending members.

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 A summary of the basic load effects for common beam loading
conditions is shown below in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1 Summary of shear, moment, and deflection formulas
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5.2 Classification of Beams:
 All flexural members are classified as either compact,
non-compact, or slender, depending on the width-to-
thickness ratios of the individual elements that form
the beam section.
 There are also two type of elements that are defined
in the AISC specification stiffened and unstiffened
elements.
 Stiffened elements are supported along both edges
parallel to the load.
 An example of this is the web of an I-shaped beam
because it is connected to flanges on either end of the
web.
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 An unstiffened element has only one unsupported
edge parallel to the load; an example of this is the
outstanding flange of an I-shaped beam that is
connected to the web on one side and free on the
other end.
 Table 5-2 gives the upper limits for the width-to-
thickness ratios for the individual elements of a beam
section. These ratios provide the basis for the beam
section.
 When the width-to-thickness ratio is less than p, then
the section is compact.
 When the ratio is greater than p but less than r , then
the shape is non-compact.
 When the ratio is greater than r , the section is
classified as slender.
 The classification of a beam is necessary since the
design strength of the beam is a function of its
classification.
 The width-to-thickness ratios are also given in part 1
of the AISCM for structural shapes, so there is usually
no need to calculate this ratio.
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Table 5-2 Limiting width–thickness ratios for flexural elements
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EXAMPLE 5‐1
EXAMPLE 5‐1
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5.3 Design Strength in Bending for Compact Shapes:
(5-4)
 Flange local buckling and web local buckling are
localized failure modes and are only of concern with
shapes that have noncompact webs or flanges, which
will be discussed in next section.
 Lateral–torsional buckling occurs when the distance
between lateral brace points is large enough that the
beam fails by lateral, outward movement in
combination with a twisting action (Δ and θ,
respectively, in Figure 5-3a).
 Beams with wider flanges are less susceptible to
lateral–torsional buckling because the wider flanges
provide more resistance to lateral displacement.
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Figure 5-3 Lateral–Torsional buckling.
 In general, adequate restraint against lateral–torsional
buckling is accomplished by the addition of a brace or
similar restraint somewhere between the centroid of
the member and the compression flange (see Figure
5-3b).
 For simple-span beams supporting normal gravity
loads, the top flange is the compression flange, but
the bottom flange could be in compression for
continuous beams or beams in moment frames.
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Figure 5-3 Lateral–Torsional buckling.
 Lateral-torsional buckling can be controlled in several
ways, but it is usually dependant on the actual
construction details used.
 Beams with a metal deck oriented perpendicular to
the beam span are considered fully braced (Figure 5-
4b), whereas the girder in Figure 5-4c is not
considered braced by the deck because the deck has
very little stiffness to prevent lateral displacement of
the girder.
 The girder in Figure 5-4c would be considered braced
by the intermediate framing members and would have
an unbraced length Lb.
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Figure 5-4 Lateral bracing details.
 When full lateral stability is provided for a beam, the nominal moment
strength is the plastic moment capacity of the beam (Mp = FyZx).
 Once the unbraced length reaches a certain upper limit, lateral–
torsional buckling will occur and therefore the nominal bending
strength will likewise decrease.
 The failure mode for lateral–torsional buckling can be either inelastic
or elastic.
 The AISC specification defines the unbraced length at which inelastic
lateral–torsional buckling occurs as
(5-5)
 Lp is also the maximum unbraced length at which the nominal bending

strength equals the plastic moment capacity.
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 The unbraced length at which elastic lateral–torsional buckling
occurs is
(5-6)
(5-7)
(5-8)
(5-9)
(5-10)
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(5-11)
(5-12)
(5-13)
Where
(5-14)
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 For doubly symmetric shapes, Iyc is approximately equal to Iy/2.
 For reverse-curvature bending, Iyc is the moment of inertia of the
smaller flange.
 The moment gradient factor, Cb, accounts for the possibility that the
entire beam will not be subject to the maximum moment for the entire
length of the beam when lateral–torsional buckling controls.
 It is conservative to assume that Cb = 1.0 for any loading condition,
which implies that the applied moment is constant across the entire
beam.
 Values of Cb can also be obtained from Table 5-3, which is based on
above equation of Cb .
 The variation in bending strength with respect to the unbraced length
is shown in Figure 5-5. This figure shows the bending strength for
both compact and noncompact shapes.
Table 5-3 Values of Cb for simple-span beams
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Table 5-3 Values of Cb for simple-span beams
Figure 5-5 Bending strength with respect to unbraced length.

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 There are three distinct zones shown in the figure, the first being
where lateral–torsional buckling does not occur and the bending
strength is a constant value of Mp.
 The second and third zones show how the bending strength decreases
due to inelastic and elastic lateral–torsional buckling as the unbraced
length increases.
 The point on the curve at which the bending strength starts to decrease
(i.e., when the unbraced length, Lb, equals Lp) is indicated with a
darkened circle.
 The point at which the bending strength undergoes a transition from
inelastic to elastic lateral–torsional buckling (i.e., when the unbraced
length, Lb, equals Lr and when the nominal bending strength, Mn,
equals Mr) is indicated with an open circle. The use of this curve and
the curves in the AISCM will be discussed in a later section.
EXAMPLE 5‐2
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EXAMPLE 5‐2
EXAMPLE 5‐3
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EXAMPLE 5‐3
EXAMPLE 5‐3
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EXAMPLE 5‐3
5.3 Design Strength in Bending for Noncompact and Slender
Shapes:
 In this section, we will consider the strength of noncompact
shapes.
 There are a few noncompact shapes that are available, but there
are no standard shapes that are considered slender.
 Furthermore, all of the available sections in the AISCM have
compact webs, so this limit state does not have to be considered.
 Built-up plate girders can have slender flanges and webs and
their design strength is calculated using a different methods.
 The following list indicates the available sections that have
noncompact flanges for Fy = 50 ksi : M4 x 6, W6 x 8.5, W6 x 9,
W6 x 15, W8 x 10, W8 x 31, W10 x 12, W12 x 65, W14 x 90,
W14 x 99, W21 x 48.
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Shapes:
 For compression flange local buckling of noncompact shapes,
the nominal flexural strength is
(5-15)
5
5
Shapes:
(5-16)
(5-17)
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EXAMPLE 5‐4
EXAMPLE 5‐4
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EXAMPLE 5‐4
EXAMPLE 5‐4
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5.4 Design of Beams for Shear:
 In the design process for steel beams, shear rarely controls the design;
therefore, most beams need to be designed only for bending and
deflection.
 Special loading conditions, such as heavy concentrated loads or heavy
loads on a short span beam, might cause shear to control the design of
beams.
 From mechanics of materials, the general formula for shear stress in a
beam is
(5-18)
 The variation in shear stress across the section of a W-shape
is shown in Figure 5-7a.
 Note here that the shear stress in the flange is much smaller
than the stress in the web because the variable, b, in
equation 5-18 would be the flange width or the web
thickness when calculating the shear stress in the beam
flange and beam web respectively.
 For common W-shapes, the flange width can range between
10 to 20 times the thickness of the beam web.
 Additionally, the distribution of shear stress in the beam
flange does not occur as indicated in equation 5-18, because
of the low aspect ratio between the flange thickness and
flange width.
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 Equation 5-18 is more directly applicable to steel sections
with a high aspect ratio with respect to the direction of the
load.
 For this reason, the AISC specification allows the design
for shear to be based on an approximate or average shear
stress distribution as shown in Figure 5-7b, where the shear
stress is concentrated only in the vertical section of the
beam, for which the aspect ratio between the beam depth, d,
and the web thickness, tw, is generally high.
 In the AISC specification, the shear yield stress is taken as
60% of the yield stress, Fy.
Figure (5-7) Shear in a beam
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Figure (5-7) Shear in a beam
(5-19)
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 Since the shear stress is concentrated in the beam web, localized
buckling of the web needs to be checked.
 A web slenderness limit for local web buckling if there are I-
shaped members is defined as
(5-20)
 When this limit is satisfied, local web buckling does not occur
and Cv = 1.0 and v = 1.0.
 Most I-shaped members meet the criteria in equation (5-20),
except for the following shapes for Fy = 50 ksi: W12 x 14, W16
x 26, W24 x 55, W30 x 90, W33 x 118, W36 x 135, W40 x 149,
and W44 x 230.
 In Part 1 of the AISC Manual, shapes that do not meet the web
slenderness criteria are marked with a superscript v.
 For the I-shaped members listed above and for all other doubly
and singly symmetric shapes and channels (excluding round
HSS), v = 0.9 and the web shear coefficient, Cv, is as follows:
(5-21)
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(5-22)
 where kv = 5 for unstiffened webs with h/tw < 260, except that kv
= 1.2 for the stem of T-shapes.
 For all steel shapes, Cv = 1.0, except for the following for Fy =
50 ksi: M10 x 7.5, M10 x 8, M12 x 10, M12 x 10.8, M12 x 11.8,
M12.5 x 11.6, and M12.5 x 12.4.
EXAMPLE 5‐5
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EXAMPLE 5‐5
EXAMPLE 5‐5
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EXAMPLE 5‐5
EXAMPLE 5‐5
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5.5 Beam Design Tables:
 The design bending strength of W-shapes and C-shapes with
respect to the unbraced length is given in AISC, Tables 3-10 and
3-11, respectively.
 These tables assume a moment gradient factor of Cb =1.0, which
is conservative for all cases, and yield strengths of Fy = 50 ksi
for W-shapes and Fy = 36 ksi for C-shapes.
 These curves are similar to the curve shown in Figure 5-5,
except that the AISC tables have the -factor incorporated into
the design strength.
 For beams with Cb greater than 1.0, multiply the moment
capacity calculated using these tables by the Cb value to obtain
the actual design moment capacity of the beam for design
moments that correspond to unbraced lengths greater than Lp.
Note that CbMn must always be less than Mp.
 AISCM, Tables 3-2 through 3-5 can be used to select the most
economical beam based on section properties.
 AISCM, Table 3-2 lists the plastic section modulus, Zx, for a
given series of shapes, with the most economical in one series at
the top of the list in bold font.
 The most economical shapes for Ix, Zy, and Iy are provided in
AISCM, Tables 3-3, 3-4, and 3-5, respectively.
 AISCM, Table 3-6 provides a useful summary of the beam
design parameters for W-shapes.
 The lower part of the table provides values for Mp, Mr, Vn,
Lp, and Lr for any given shape.
 The upper portion of the table provides the maximum possible
load that a beam may support based on either shear or bending
strength.
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 AISCM, Table 3-6 can also be used to determine the design
bending strength for a given beam if the unbraced length is
between Lp and Lr.
 When the unbraced length is within this range, the design
bending strength is
(5-23)
 where BF is a constant found from AISCM, Table 3-6.

 Note that equation (5-23) is a simpler version of equation (5-10).
EXAMPLE 5‐6
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EXAMPLE 5‐6
EXAMPLE 5‐7
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EXAMPLE 5‐7
EXAMPLE 5‐8
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5.6 Serviceability:
 In addition to designing for bending and shear, beams also need
to be checked for serviceability.
 There are two main serviceability requirements: deflection and
floor vibrations. Floor vibrations is not covered in this chapter.
 For beams, deflections must be limited such that the occupants
of the structure perceive that the structure is safe. Excessive
deflections will often lead to vibration problems.
 The deflection equations for common loading conditions were
given in Table 5-1.
 The basic deflection limits are found in Section 1604 of the
International Building Code (IBC) and are summarized in Table
5-4 below.
 Note that only service level loads are used for serviceability
considerations.
5.6 Serviceability:
Table 5-4 Deflection limits for beams
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5.6 Serviceability:
 When designing members that support masonry, ACI 530
requires a deflection limit of L/600 or a 0.3-in. maximum, where
L is the beam span.
 When designing members that support cranes, the vertical
deflection limit varies from L/600 for light cranes to L/1000 for
heavy cranes, where the applied load is the crane lifting capacity.
 For lateral loads on cranes, the deflection limit is L/400, where
the lateral load is taken as 20% of the crane lifting capacity.
 For cantilever beams, the length, L, used in the deflection limit
equations is twice the span of the cantilever, since the deflection
at the end of a cantilever beam is equivalent to the midspan
deflection of a simple span beam.
5.6 Serviceability:
 In a design situation, it is common to develop approximate
deflection equations in order to allow for quicker selection of a
member based on deflection limitations.
 The deflection for a uniformly loaded, simple-span beam is
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5.6 Serviceability:
(5-24)
5.6 Serviceability:
(5-24)
(5-25)
(5-26)
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5.6 Serviceability:
 Equations (5-24), (5-25), and (5-26) allow for quick
selection of a shape based on a known moment and
beam span.
 These equations can also be used for the approximate
sizing of a beam with non-uniform loads by using the
maximum moment due to the non-uniform loads as M
in the preceding equations.
 Note that by inspection, it can be seen that when the
live load is more than twice the dead load, live load (or
L/360) deflections will control.
 When the dead load is more than half of the live load,
then total load deflection limit (or L/240) will control.
5.6 Serviceability:
(5-27)
(5-28)
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(5-29)
(5-30)
Table (5-5)
Table (5-5)
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5.7 Beam Design Procedure:
The typical design procedure for beams involves selecting a
member that has adequate strength in bending and adequate
stiffness for serviceability. Shear typically does not control,
but it should be checked as well. The design process is as
follows:
1. Determine the service and factored loads on the beam.
Service loads are used for deflection calculations and
factored loads are used for strength design. The weight
of the beam would be unknown at this stage, but the
self-weight can be initially estimated and is usually
comparatively small enough not to affect the design.
2. Determine the factored shear and moments on the
beam.
5.7 Beam Design Procedure:
3. Select a shape that satisfies strength and deflection criteria.
One of the following methods can be used:
a. For shapes listed in the AISC beam design tables, select the
most economical beam to support the factored moment. Then
check deflection and shear for the selected shape.
b. Determine the required moment of inertia using Table 5-5.
Select the most economical shape based on the moment of
inertia calculated, and check this shape for bending and
shear.
c. For shapes not listed in the AISC beam design tables, an
initial size must be assumed. An estimate of the available
bending strength can be made for an initial beam selection;
then check shear and deflection. A more accurate method
might be to follow the procedure in step b above.
4. Check floor vibrations (Not Covered in this chapter).
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EXAMPLE 5‐9
EXAMPLE 5‐9
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EXAMPLE 5‐9
EXAMPLE 5‐9
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EXAMPLE 5‐9
EXAMPLE 5‐9
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EXAMPLE 5‐9
EXAMPLE 5‐9
47

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5/22/2018

 A joist (Figure 5-1b) is typically a lighter section

Figure 5-1 Common beam members.

 The plastic moment is the maximum moment, or nominal

Figure 5-2 Stress distribution for bending members.

Figure 5-3 Lateral–Torsional buckling.

Figure 5-3 Lateral–Torsional buckling.

Figure 5-4 Lateral bracing details.

 Lp is also the maximum unbraced length at which the nominal bending

Figure 5-5 Bending strength with respect to unbraced length.

Figure (5-7) Shear in a beam

Figure (5-7) Shear in a beam

 where BF is a constant found from AISCM, Table 3-6.

Table 5-4 Deflection limits for beams

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