I.

Narration
Example:
Own Example:
Tomorrow, I will be passing this project and present it to my teachers so that I
could get good grades. After that, my classmates and I will celebrate for passing this
difficult activity and eat delicious food. Lastly, I will have to study for our upcoming
exam even after the stressful project we had. This activity is the evidence of my hard
work and dedication and despite all the struggles, I still enjoyed doing it.

II. Description
Example:
Own Example:
General Santos City is my hometown. It is a beautiful city located at Southern
Mindanao with rich and diverse culture. There are plenty of sites such as parks and
beaches one can visit and have fun. It is also the Tuna Capital of the Philippines. This
is a city where one can enjoy fresh and high-quality fish. That is why I love my
hometown.

III. Definition:
Example:
An estimated 50 years old, giant Crocodylusporosus is a saltwater crocodile. It
was the largest crocodile caught alive in Buhawan of Agusan del Sur. According to
residents, it is known to attack people and had eaten animals. The biggest crocodile
was given the name of “Lolong” after the name of Ernesto “Lolong” Goloran, who is
one of the veteran hunters from the Palawan Crocodile and Wildlife Reservation
Center, who led the hunt.
Own Example:
Volleyball is a team sport that is played in an indoor or outdoor court. The
standard court size is 18 x 9 meters. It is usually played by six players which are
called by the positions they play, namely: outside hitter or left spiker, right side
hitter, opposite hitter or attacker, setter, middle blocker, and libero. A point is
scored whenever the serving team lands the ball on the opponent’s side of the
court. It is a fun sport that can be played by all ages.

IV. Exemplification: Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective
pattern to explain an idea or point.
Example: Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous
substances brought about by these three major types of pollution: land, air and
water gravely affect our health. For instance, a person may acquire skin problems
and other deformities from the toxic wastes present in the land that we live in such
as garbage, pesticides, heavy metals and other chemicals.
Own Example:
Bullying is one of the problems that a society, a community, a group, and even an
 individual face. It negatively affects someone physically, mentally, and emotionally.
For example, a child who is bullied because of his or her skin could possibly grow
insecure about his or her appearance and would later affect his/her confidence and
social relationships.

V. Persuasion:
Example:
“Obviously, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone should make any modern 11-year-
old a very happy reader. The novel moves quickly, packs in everything from a boa
constrictor that winks to a melancholy Zen-spouting centaur to an owl postal
system, and ends with a scary surprise. Yet it is, essentially, a light-hearted thriller,
interrupted by occasional seriousness (the implications of Harry’s miserable
childhood, a moral about the power of love).” - Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s
Stone (Washington Post, 1999)
Own Example:
Jollibee is one of the best Filipino fast food restaurants. Tourists from different
countries should definitely try Jollibee meals and enjoy the taste of the sweet and
savory Filipino fast foods. It has one of the best fried chickens, the meatiest and
cheesiest spaghetti, sweetest mango pies, and many more. Visiting the Philippines
would only be partly complete without trying Jollibee.

VI. Classification:
Example: Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It can be classified
according to physical and chemical properties. On the basis of physical state, matter
can be solid, liquid, or gas. On the basis of chemical composition, matter can be pure
substance or mixture. A pure substance has a constant composition and is
composed of one type of atom or molecule.
Own Example:
Literature is defined as the body of written works. There are many types of
literature but the two most famous category is the prose and poetry. The first is
prose; it is written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical
structure. The most common types of prose are: fictional prose, non-fictional prose,
and heroic prose. Another category is the poetry; it is a form of literature that uses
language in a rhythmic and often metrical way to create imagery and evoke
emotional responses. The most common types of poetry are: lyric-poetry, epic
poems, ballad poems, haiku, and sonnets.

VII. Explanation:
Example:
How is Honey Made?
Firstly, bees collect nectar from flowers with their mouths which are shaped like
tubes. They then transport the sweet nectar to their hive. The bees continue to fly
back and forth hundreds of times between flowers and their hives delivering the
nectar. Each time they return to their hive, they pass on the nectar to the ‘house
 bees’. House bees now have the special job of making the honey. It is passed mouth
to mouth between the house bees until the liquid becomes thicker. The thick liquid
is then stored in the hexagonal honeycombs and sealed with beeswax. A beekeeper,
wearing protective clothing, will regularly gather the honeycomb and remove the
honey. Honey is finally packed and prepared by farms and factories to send on to
the stores where people can buy it.
Own Example:
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants create oxygen and energy. The leaf
part of a plant is where this process happens. Plants capture light energy from the
sun and uses it to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and
energy-rich organic compounds.

VIII. Cause and Effect:

Example:
Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we, humans, find a
way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using
a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan.
TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national
borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are
now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on
human beings.
Own Example:
Ethan was told by his mother multiple times to sleep early and prepare for their
upcoming exams next week. However, he doesn’t seem to care about it and keeps
on playing video games instead. Ethan was too confident that the exam would be
easy. The day of the exams came and Ethan realized that he was wrong. Every item
in the test was familiar to him as they had discussed it in their classes, but he
couldn’t be sure of his answers. In the end, he barely got a passing mark. He learned
his lessons and realized the consequences of his actions. His mom was right. From
then on, Ethan would always make sure to study before exams.

IX. Comparison and Contrast:

Example: Tokyo is great to visit if you enjoy hustle and bustle, if you want to feel the
heartbeat of a mega-city, dive into its life, and experience all those crazy things
people in the West usually talk about Japan. Be prepared for the overcrowded
subway— and "overcrowded" is a gentle way to put it; in fact, you can take a 60-
minute ride in the subway, and your feet will not even touch the floor, because you
will be squeezed between other people so tight that you can even take a nap in this
position. Kyoto, on the other hand, is good to visit for all those who feel inspired by
traditional Japanese culture: haiku, hanami, court customs, the No theater, and so
on. In Kyoto, you will not see amazing skyscrapers, over 280 subway stations, and
the craziness of the famous Shibuya crossing; instead, get prepared for temples, tea
houses, museums: all things antique and authentic. But, if you want modernity, go
 to Tokyo, and you will not feel disappointed—this city already lives in the future (Go
Overseas).
Own Example:
Cats and dogs are two of the most famous pets in the world. Undoubtedly, a lot of
people love these fur-babies. Both of these domestic animals are four-legged
mammals. However, cats and dogs have a lot of differences. Generally, dogs are
friskier and more playful than cats. Cats generally have laid back personalities, and
likes to lay down, although they also have their ways of playing. Dogs are also
known to be friendlier to people compared with cats. If they are people, dogs would
likely be the extroverted ones and cats are the introverts. Despite all these
differences, it is undeniable that having these pets make our lives more fun and
challenging.

X. Problem Solution
Example:
Climate change is the term we use to refer to the changing atmospheric conditions
that affect life on earth. Global warming, the greenhouse effect, increased
saturation of atmospheric carbon dioxide, polar ice melt, rising seawater levels, and
ozone layer depletion– these things are intertwined and many of them have the
same root cause – the main one is the burning of fossil fuels. However, along with
increased carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels, there are mainly CFCs and halons
though other substances also destroy ozone molecules. These substances are found
in aerosols, refrigerants (like air conditioners) and other machinery. CFCs are
banned, but other ozone-destroying chemicals are still in use. Depletion of the
ozone layer allows more UVB rays to get through the atmosphere which has a
warming effect in the atmosphere of the globe. This changes weather patterns and
climate expectations everywhere.
The solutions to climate change involve viewing the world differently than we
currently do as a global culture. We view the world as something to use. We want to
get as much as we can while it’s available. This is causing us to use things we don’t
need, create waste, and deplete our resources too fast. Here are a few things we
can do to help combat climate change: Drive less often and less far; Reuse things
instead of throwing them away; Aim for zero waste; Get involved; Get Renewable
Energy.
Own Example:
Time management is a relatively common problem nowadays among students,
workers, and others. With all the distractions such as technologies, social media,
entertainment, and video games, it seems challenging to manage one’s time
effectively. This is a problem indeed because if our time isn’t effectively managed,
it’s likely that we couldn’t set our priorities right and our activities could be
disorganized. To address this, we first need to practice a time-conscious mindset.
We should always put our priorities first. Creating a time-table can also be helpful in
organizing our tasks. Most importantly, we have to be constant with this pattern of
time management so that we can build a productive habit and work towards our
goals.