Defence Technology 14 (2018) 318e326

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Defence Technology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dt

A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)

and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials
Meltem Altin Karataş a, *, Hasan Go
€ kkaya b
a _
Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gerede Vocational School, Machinery and Metal Technology Department, Bolu 14900, Turkey
b
Karabük University, Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, 78050 Karabük, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic materials that do
Received 4 October 2017 not exhibit plastic deformation. They have been used in a wide range of contemporary applications
Received in revised form particularly in space and aviation, automotive, maritime and manufacturing of sports equipment. Carbon
24 January 2018
fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, among
Accepted 2 February 2018
Available online 12 February 2018
other fiber reinforced materials, have been increasingly replacing conventional materials with their
excellent strength and low specific weight properties. Their manufacturability in varying combinations
with customized strength properties, also their high fatigue, toughness and high temperature wear and
Keywords:
Composite materials
oxidation resistance capabilities render these materials an excellent choice in engineering applications.
Fiber reinforced polymer composite In the present review study, a literature survey was conducted on the machinability properties and
materials related approaches for CFRP and GFRP composite materials. As in the machining of all anisotropic and
CFRP heterogeneous materials, failure mechanisms were also reported in the machining of CFRP and GFRP
GFRP materials with both conventional and modern manufacturing methods and the results of these studies
Machining were obtained by use of variance analysis (ANOVA), artificial neural networks (ANN) model, fuzzy
Wear inference system (FIS), harmony search (HS) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), Taguchi's optimization
Surface damage
technique, multi-criteria optimization, analytical modeling, stress analysis, finite elements method
(FEM), data analysis, and linear regression technique. Failure mechanisms and surface quality is dis-
cussed with the help of optical and scanning electron microscopy, and profilometry. ANOVA, GA, FEM,
etc. are used to analyze and generate predictive models.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction characteristics between these two constituents is known as the

More than fifty thousand material types have been used in the
design and production of a wide range of engineering applications
[1,2]. These materials range between those which were available
even centuries ago (copper, cast iron, brass, etc.) and the recently
developed advanced materials (composites, ceramics and high
performance steels, etc.) [2]. Composite materials are defined as a
combination of two or more synergic micro-constituents, which
differ in physical form or chemical composition [3,4]. The structure
of composite materials consists of two components, namely matrix
and reinforcement, and the three dimensional region with specific
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: meltemaltin@ibu.edu.tr (M. Altin Karataş), hgokkaya@
€kkaya).
karabuk.edu.tr (H. Go
Peer review under responsibility of China Ordnance Society.
interphase region. The interface, on the other hand, constitutes the
boundary between the constituents with its two-dimensional
structure (Fig. 1) [5]. The two-phased structure of composite ma-
terials, consisting of the reinforcement phase surrounded with the
matrix phase, enables utilization of the superior characteristics of
both materials [6,7]. Matrices involve metallic, polymer or ceramic
materials whereas reinforcements are in the form of fibers, parti-
cles or crystal filaments (whiskers) [2,6]. The matrix of fiber-
reinforced materials are chosen among different kinds of resins
(epoxy, phenolic, polyester, vinyl ester, etc.) while the reinforce-
ment is selected among glass, carbon or aramid (kevlar). In general,
reinforcements (fibers) act as the main load bearing element,
whereas the matrix encloses the fibers and protects them in the
desired direction. Matrices act as load transfer elements between
the fibers and protect the structure against harsh environmental
conditions such as high temperature and humidity [8].
Carbon fiber reinforced composite materials, in which carbon

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.02.001
2214-9147/© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 €kkaya / Defence Technology 14 (2018) 318e326
M. Altin Karataş, H. Go
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of composite material structure [5].
fiber is used as the reinforcement element, can involve polymer
matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix or carbon matrix. Carbon and
glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have been commonly
preferred in the space and aviation industry [9,10]. Increasing
number of aircraft components involve CFRP composite constitu-
ents due to their superior characteristics such as high strength and
stiffness, low weight and high fatigue resistance [11e18]. These
applications may involve small components such as doors and clips
as well as large ones as wing flaps and the main body. The com-
ponents made of carbon fiber reinforced composite materials used
in Airbus 350 aircraft are shown in Fig. 2 [11].
The failures arising from the machining of CFRP composite
materials were found to reduce the strength and fatigue life of the
components [3,21]. Occurrence of varying failure mechanisms such
as fiber pull-out, fiber break, matrix smearing and delamination
result in rejection of numerous components (Fig. 3) [22]. The
dominant failure mechanism during the drilling of composites is
reported as delamination [23,24].
Researchers in general have sought to determine the optimum
cutting parameters to avoid the failures such as fiber rupture, resin-
fiber de-bonding, stress concentration, micro-crack formation and
deformations around drilling region, that occur during the drilling
or cutting of GFRP and CFRP materials. In the present review study,
the machinability characteristics and approaches for GFRP and
CFRP materials were addressed and the outcomes of the studies
conducted in this respect were compared.
2. Machinability of fiber reinforced composites
Fiber reinforced polymer composite materials have been
applied in several fields for years due to their high specific strength
and modulus [26,27]. Because of the strength and stiffness of a
composite buildup depends on the orientation sequence of the
plies, the layer orientation of fiber reinforced polymer composite
materials needs to be designed correspondingly. While the fibers in
a unidirectional material run in one direction and the strength and
Fig. 2. Large-size CFRP composite components used in Airbus 350 [11,19,20].
319
stiffness is only in the direction of the fiber; the fibers in a bidi-
rectional material run in two directions and the strength and
stiffness is in two direction of the fiber. The layers should require
0 plies to respond to axial loads, ±45 plies to react to shear loads,
and 90 plies to react to side loads (Fig. 4). Since the strength design
requirements are a function of the applied load direction, ply
orientation and ply sequence have to be true [28].
In aircraft industry, carbon fibers are widely used to reduce the
weight of the structural components, to reduce emissions, to
improve the fuel efficiency, and the load bearing capacity of the
airplanes [30]. It is a known fact that in the aircraft industry that
there are more than hundred thousand mounting holes on a single
small aircraft and more than a million holes on larger ones [31e34].
Thus, from manufacturers' point of view, drilling process consti-
tutes the 40% of all machining operations during the assembly
(riveted, bolted) of components [24,34e36]. However, failures such
as fiber rupture, resin-fiber de-bonding, surface irregularities,
micro-crack formation and deformations around drilling regions
are commonly encountered during the machining of CFRP com-
posite materials due to the presence of two or more phases [32,37].
Accordingly, the machinability of composite materials has been
addressed differently from the machinability of conventional ma-
terials [3,22,38,39]. Such surface failures may have significant
adverse effects on the product surface quality, which prompts the
researchers to conduct continuous studies for their elimination or
mitigation [32,34e36,40e43]. It is reported in the conducted
studies that the surface quality depends on the cutting parameters,
tool geometry and cutting forces [23,24]. Therefore, correct selec-
tion of cutting parameters is essential in the machining of polymer
matrix composites [24,32,35].
The studies on CFRP composite materials revealed that the
failures that arise during their machinability reduce the strength
and fatigue life of the material [3,21]. Moreover, the drilling process
becomes a challenging issue during assembly [44]. The most
serious failure arising from the drilling of composite materials is
reported to be delamination on hole surfaces (Fig. 5) [23,24,45e58].
Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that, hole entry and
exit regions are the most delamination-sensitive areas
[54,57,59e65]. Thrust force is regarded by some of the researchers
as the underlying reason for emergence of this failure mechanism
[38,66].
2.1. Machinability of CFRP and GFRP composite materials with
conventional manufacturing methods
Composite materials are regarded as difficult-to-machine ma-
terials due to their heterogeneous structures. Conventional
machining methods such as turning, milling, planning, drilling, etc.,
are typically used in the machining of these type of materials [69].
Due to anisotropic and heterogeneous structures of composites,
machining of such materials with conventional machining pro-
cesses often results in material failures such as matrix cracking,
fiber pull-out, swelling and delamination (hole surface failure)
[3,18,69e77]. Failure behaviors do not only arise from the hetero-
geneous and anisotropic structure, but also from the machining
methods and their interactions [78e80]. In addition; due to their
heterogeneous structure, machining of polymer composite mate-
rials with conventional methods gives rise to structural and health-
related issues such as delamination, reduced tool life, fiber pull out,
matrix smearing and unhealthy dust formation [45,57,81,82].
Despite their high hardness and abrasiveness (at times even harder
than some of the tool materials), due to their brittle nature,
crushing of fibers is implemented via conventional machining
methods, to avert the plastic deformation of the tool [45,83,84]. The
low machinability of CFRP composite materials generally leads to
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M. Altin Karataş, H. Go

Fig. 3. Surface failures resulting from machining of FRP composite materials with conventional and modern cutting tools [11,25].

Fig. 4. Fiber orientation types [28,29].

Fig. 5. Illustration of the delamination failure emerging as a result of drilling [23,67,68].

 €kkaya / Defence Technology 14 (2018) 318e326
M. Altin Karataş, H. Go
various machining failures including delamination, burrs, and sub-
surface failures [13,85e94].
Typical finishing and surface integrity-related problems are
commonly encountered during the machining of CFRP composite
materials with conventional solid machining tools. Occurrence of
various failure types such as fiber pull out, fiber break, matrix
smearing and delamination end up with rejection of a vast number
of work pieces [22]. High rejection rates for airplane components
reaching 60% arising from delamination related failures have been
reported in the aircraft industry [3,15,22,34,57,59,95e97]. Also,
narrow working spaces cannot be reached with conventional solid
tools due to the spindle size of machine tools, and tool changing
times for worn out milling and drilling tools result in extended
machining times [11].
2.1.1. Drilling, cutting and milling of CFRP and GFRP
In their study on drilling-induced surface failures on CFRP and
GFRP composite materials and the effects of drill bit geometry and
cutting parameters, Dura ~o et al. reported that, low feed rates reduce
the axial forces, which in turn reduces the delamination initiation
risk, thus proving to be suitable for drilling of composite layers.
They also reported that delamination results are affected by the tool
geometry, and accordingly twist drills with 120 point angle should
be used for minimum delamination (Fig. 6) [36].
In their study on measurement of wear criteria with regard to
cutting temperatures, hole surface topography and cutting forces
during drilling, Ramirez et al. reported flank wear and burr for-
mation as a result of the conducted drilling process [98]. Eneyew
and Ramulu stated in their study, in which they used PCD drill for
the drilling process, that the compressive force increases with
increasing feed rate and decreases with increasing cutting force.
Various researches reveal that a good hole surface quality is ob-
tained with high cutting speeds and low feed rates [99]. Gaitonde
et al. used cementite carbide (K20) twist drill in their high speed
drilling process and reported a decrease in delamination tendency
as a result of increasing cutting speed. They also suggested the use
of a low feed rate-point angle combination [3]. Grilo et al. applied
the drilling process with different drill bits (SPUR, R950, R415) and
observed no delamination on the entry-surfaces of the holes,
whereas uncut fibers were found on the hole-exits. Additionally;
the lowest levels of delamination were obtained with SPUR drill bit
[100]. Kılıçkap stated that, during drilling, delamination on the hole
exit was higher than the one on the hole entry at a rate of 13e30%,
and reported that the lowed delamination factor was observed with
low cutting speed and low feed rate values [32]. According to the
test results obtained by Ekici and Işık, the failure factor was reduced
after the use of high cutting speed and low feed rate values. The
results of their study also indicate that increasing values of cutting
tool point angle and the number of cutting edges also increased the
failure factor. The lowest failure factor was observed with 90 m/min
cutting speed and 0.06 mm/rev feed rate with a drill having two
cutting edges with 60 point angle [101]. Abra o et al. reported that
thrust force was increased with increasing feed rate, while cutting
speed barely influenced the thrust force, and that tool wear resul-
ted in increasing levels of thrust force [34].
As for the milling of CFRP and GFRP composite materials, Karpat
et al. attempted to mill CFRP composite materials with differing
fiber orientations (0 , 45 , 90 ve 135 ) with a PCD milling tool, and
Fig. 6. Drills: (a) Twist 120 ; (b) Twist 85 ; (c) Brad; (d) Dagger; and (e) Step [36].
321
according to the test results, the radial forces emerging in the
milling of composite materials with 0 orientation were higher
than those emerging in the milling of composites with 45 fiber
orientation. In this research the highest tangential forces were
found to be those observed in the milling of composites with 135
fiber orientation; whereas the lowest ones were those observed
during the milling process of composites with 45 orientation
(Fig. 7) [102].
Surface measurement results of Erkan and Işık's work indicate
that surface roughness was improved with increasing cutting speed
whereas it deteriorated with increasing feed rate [103]. In their
another work, in which they conducted surface roughness mea-
surement with varying cutting directions, Erkan and Işık reported
that the surface roughness values obtained from the channels milled
with 45 machining direction were higher than those obtained after
milling with 90 machining direction. In these studies, the average
surface roughness values were reported to be increasing with
increased feed rate, while it was reported to decrease with
increasing cutting speed. The change in cutting speed was found to
have no effect on the average surface roughness [104]. After their
contour milling process Takmaz et al. reported that the most
effective parameter on average surface roughness was the number
of the cutting edges, which was followed by the cutting speed and
the cutting depth. In their work, the lowest average surface rough-
ness was obtained as 2.14 mm with 4 cutting edges at 60 m/min
cutting speed, 0.08 mm/rev feed rate, 6 mm cutting depth [105].
Wang et al. investigated that mechanisms of orthogonal cutting in
conventional edge trimming of unidirectional Gr/Ep using PCD tools
with various geometry. They stated that chip formation, cutting
forces, and the surface morphology in edge trimming of unidirec-
tional Gr/Ep were highly dependent on fiber orientation [106].
2.2. Machinability of CFRP and GFRP composite materials with non-
traditional manufacturing methods
Damage-free machining of polymer matrix fiber reinforced
polymer composite materials with conventional machining
methods such as drilling, cutting, milling, grinding, etc. is a highly
challenging process even under proper conditions, due to the issues
such as heterogeneity and thermal sensitivity [107]. Regardless the
type of the used manufacturing method, CFRP composite materials,
like all layered (laminated) composites, undergo numerous failures
such as matrix defects (gap, porosity), fiber cracks, interface cracks,
delamination, impurities, etc. as a result of their machining with
conventional (traditional) (turning, milling, drilling, etc.), or non-
traditional (water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet
machining (AWJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), electrochemical
machining (ECM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser
machining (LJM), chemical machining (CHM), photochemical
machining (PCM), etc.). In general, the working principle of modern
manufacturing methods is characterized with their high specific
energy and low chip formation rate. The advantages of modern
manufacturing methods over traditional methods can be listed as
high precision, high surface quality for complex geometries, no
requirement for work tools, burr-free surfaces, etc. [108].
2.2.1. WJM, AWJM, LJM and EDM of CFRP and GFRP
Many studies have been carried out on water jet (WJ) and
322
M. Altin Karataş, H. Go
Fig. 7. Details of slot milling experiments: (a) Experimental test setup, (b) Zero rake and helix angle PCD cutting tool [102].
abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining of CFRP and GFRP composite
materials [11,44,95,107,109e125]. The experimental results of WJ
and AWJ applications implemented by Shanmugam et al. indicate
that, an increase in the cutting speed of water jet induces an in-
crease in the maximum crack length; while an increase in the jet
pressure decreases the maximum crack length (Fig. 8) [109].
According to Hashish; kerf width on the machined material
increased with increasing cutting speed, and cutting speed did not
have any effect on the upper surface (compared to lower). Also; jet-
lag angle was reported to be increasing with increasing AWJ cutting
speed [11]. Phapale et al. stated in their study that, no delamination
was observed after the use of low water pressure, abrasive-mass
flow rate and stand-off distance; and high values for these pa-
rameters resulted in higher levels of delamination [110]. The
experimental results of Mayuet et al. showed that SEM/SOM ana-
lyses were applicable for determination of delamination formation
mechanism; that the type of used abrasive is likely to be the most
effective parameter in delamination formation; that thicker layers
could be machined by use of higher pressures; and that, higher
abrasive-mass flow rate with average flow range is likely to result in
less damage [111]. In their experimental study, Alberdi et al. applied
abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) to machine two different
types of CFRP composites (M1 and M2), and the experimental re-
sults showed that M1 (6 mm) could be machined faster than M2
(12 mm), which was attributed to the fiber/volume ratio and/or the
stress module [112]. Ibraheem et al. reported that; traverse feed
rate, stand-off distance, AWJM pressure and abrasive-mass flow
rate are the effective parameters in the drilling of CFRP composite
materials; that, AWJM pressure has considerable effect on the
material strength; and that, AWJM pressure should be reduced as a
means to avert the adverse effects of the pressure on material
Fig. 8. Cross-sections of beginning of cracks while cutting with waterjet [109].
€kkaya / Defence Technology 14 (2018) 318e326
strength [113]. The experimental results obtained by Doreswamy
et al. showed that, jet pressure, stand-off distance and feed rate
have more effect on upper (top) kerf width (TKW) as compared to
lower (bottom) kerf width (BKW). It was also concluded in their
research that, kerf width increased with increasing jet pressure and
stand-off distance, whereas it decreased with increasing feed rate.
They also reported that abrasive concentration was not effective on
the kerf width, and that no delamination was observed on AWJ
machined surfaces with optimized machining parameters [114].
Lemma et al. applied vibrating and non-vibrating cutting processes
with an AWJ machine tool and investigated the effects of these two
processes on average roughness of CFRP composite materials. The
results of their study revealed that the surface quality was
improved at a significant rate of 20% by use of a vibrating cutting
head as compared to the use of a non-vibrating head; and they also
reported that the highest roughness value was obtained with 6 Hz
vibrational frequency and 2 vibration angle [115]. Azmir and
Ahsan stated that, the lowest surface roughness value was obtained
with 22.5 cutting direction, 276 MPa jet pressure, 1.5 mm stand-off
distance, 7.5 g/s abrasive-mass flow rate, 1.5 mm/s traverse rate,
and by use of aluminum oxide abrasive. They also stated that, fiber/
volume ratio did not have a significant effect (8%) on the average
surface roughness value [116]. In another study of Azmir and Ahsan,
increasing jet pressure and decreasing stand-off distance were
found to decrease the surface roughness values; the average surface
roughness was increased to a certain limit with the increase in
abrasive-mass flow rate; low traverse feed rate would yield a better
surface quality; and the cutting direction comparatively affected
the surface roughness. After the tests conducted to determine the
effect of machining parameters on kerf width, researchers reported
that abrasive particles with high hardness were likely to cause
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M. Altin Karataş, H. Go
lower kerf widths, and upper kerf width was in general larger than
lower kerf width. They also proposed that increasing jet pressure
would induce formation of a wider channel which would in turn
result in larger upper and lower kerf widths. The researchers
concluded that, kerf width increased with increasing stand-off
distance; kerf width converged to 1 with increasing abrasive-
mass flow rate, and as in the case of average surface roughness,
lower traverse feed rate also resulted in lower kerf width. They
determined that, differing cutting directions, as surface roughness,
have negligible effect on kerf width [117]. Miller et al. carried out a
research on the difficulties and failures encountered in vertical
milling (PCD (polycrystalline diamond), DA (diamond abrasive) and
carbide tools) AWJ cutting and drilling of CFRP composite materials
under dry conditions. Results of their study indicate that, in the
drilling of CFRP composite, compressive force and torque increased
with increasing feed rate and decreased with increasing cutting
speed. They also reported that, AWJ cutting time and cutting depth
were primarily dependent on feed rate; and the combined use of
high feed rate with low abrasive-mass flow rate yielded a
comparatively uneven surface finish quality [118]. Miron et al. ob-
tained a high dimensional accuracy of ±0.05 and 7243 mm average
surface roughness in the drilling of CFRP composite with AWJ
machining and observed abrasive residuals in the material (Fig. 9)
[119].
CFRP composite specimens were subjected to AWJ cutting
operation by Unde et al. and the effect of machining parameters on
material removal rate (MRR), delamination factor, kerf width and
average surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. Following the
tests, the resultant delamination factor after machining with 45
fiber orientation was found to be higher than those obtained with
60 and 90 fiber orientations [95]. Arisawa et al. carried out a study
on availability of a more practical method in terms of machining
efficiency and tool life for machining of CFRP composite materials
by any machining technology (AWJM, end mill, electroplated dia-
mond tool) with varying machining parameters. In end milling
operation the average surface roughness value was observed to
gradually deteriorate and exceed 3 mm after an increase in feed rate
from 200 mm/min to 1000 mm/min. Also they achieved an average
surface roughness of 1.5 mm with 2000 mm/min feed rate using the
tool they developed in their study. In the same study a fine surface
quality with 4 mm average surface roughness and without delami-
nation was reported after the performed AWJM operation. The
optimized drill geometry developed during the research was
Fig. 9. Illustration of CFRP composite test material [119].
323
reported to yield machined surfaces with up to 22 times better
surface quality as compared to prior operations. It was also deter-
mined that it was possible to extend the tool life as much as the
number of holes which is at least four times higher than other tools
[44]. Kakinuma et al. performed an experimental analysis on
machinability with ultra-fast feed drilling (UFFD), ultrasonic vi-
bration assisted drilling (UVD) and AWJ drilling of CFRP composites
in terms of material properties; measured the cutting forces with a
3-component dynamometer and measured the delamination
damage with an optical microscope. The results obtained after the
fast drilling process indicated that it was possible to yield a hole-
exit surface with significantly reduced delamination by setting a
feed rate higher than 3000 mm/min. In the preliminary drilling
tests, delamination and burr formation were found to occur on hole
exit surfaces rather than the hole entries. The researchers applied
axial ultrasonic vibration for the drilling of CFRP composite mate-
rial and reported a reduced friction between the work piece and
tool. Results of the AWJ drilling operation on CFRP composite ma-
terial indicated that the use of high water pressure was likely to
result in severe failure [120]. As for average surface roughness and
machining time, UFFD yielded a better surface quality in a shorter
machining time as compared to AWJ machining. They concluded
that UFFD method yielded better results in terms of overall surface
quality, geometric accuracy and machining time for machining of
CFRP composite materials [120]. Patel and Shaikh conducted a re-
view study on AWJ machining of CFRP composite materials. Due to
its main characteristics, they evaluated the use of AWJM method for
machining of polymer matrix composite materials which have been
used in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications.
Despite being regarded as the best alternative in machining of FRP
materials, the AWJ technology also results in formation of unde-
sired conical and rough kerf walls, which however can be mini-
mized through selection of optimal AWJ parameters for machining
[107].
Several studies have been carried out on laser machining of
CFRP and GFRP composite materials [126e140]. Leone et al.
investigated that laser cutting of 0.5 mm thickness CFRP laminates
using multi-passes scanning technique with the aim to obtain the
maximum cutting speed together with a narrow kerf and a limited
HAZ (Heat Affected Zone). They pointed out that the effective
cutting speed depends on scanning speed and pulse power and
they indicated that for the adopted source and the selected process
parameters, cutting speed varies in the range 5.6e11.5 mm/s [129].
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M. Altin Karataş, H. Go
Takahashi et al. had an experimental investigation of CFRP com-
posite processing with a high-power pulsed fiber laser was con-
ducted. They indicate that the cutting quality mainly depends on
the hatching distance and the processing quality was improved
with an increase of the hatching distance for each scanning speed.
Also they concluded that the hatching distance and scanning speed
have significant effects on the cutting quality and processing rate
[128].
Chaudhury and Samantaray presented the review article on role
of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) for enhancing surface quality through
EDM. They stated that since many authors have studied the feasi-
bility of machining CNT composites through EDM, the performance
of such machining process is found to be higher in terms of surface
finish and controlled MRR which will be helpful for application of
CNT in engineering application [141].
3. Conclusions
Researchers have reported that, in the machining of CFRP and
GFRP composite materials with conventional machining methods
(turning, milling, drilling, etc.), increasing feed rate resulted in
higher compressive forces; and higher hole surface quality could be
obtained as a result of increased cutting speed and reduced feed
rate. Some other researchers, on the other hand, obtained the
lowest delamination factor with low cutting force and low feed
rate. In general, average surface roughness was found to be reduced
with use of high cutting speed and low feed rate.
It is stated in various researches on the machining of CFRP and
GFRP composites with non-traditional manufacturing methods
(WJM, AWJM, LJM, EDM, etc.) that, increasing cutting forces, in WJ
and AWJ method, caused an increase in the maximum crack length;
whereas increasing jet pressure resulted in reduced maximum
crack lengths; jet-lag angle was increased with increasing cutting
speed and a better surface quality was obtained with increased
cutting speeds. Conducted researches revealed that, kerf width
increased with increasing jet pressure and stand-off distance, and
decreased with increasing feed rate. It was determined that the use
of high pressure and low feed rate values were required to mini-
mize the kerf angle and roughness values. It was also reported in
other researches that, the surface quality of holes drilled with AWJ
method were improved by use of low water pressure, stand-off
distance and abrasive-mass flow rate. Researchers obtained better
surface quality within shorter machining periods with UFFD
method as compared to AWJ machining.
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