Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEVEL 4
Listening and structuring enhancement
LEVEL 4
Listening and structuring enhancement
1: Back to basics 02
LEVEL 4
LESSON 1:
Back to basics
The Alphabet
Vowels Consonants
There are multiple ways to pronounce vowels in English. Some of them can give up to five different
sounds. Let’s focus on what we call “Alphabet sounds and Relative sounds”
Look at the spelling of the vowel sounds in the words. What do you notice?
You should notice that there are two vowels in each word, that the first letter is pronounced with its
alphabet letter sound, and that the second vowel is silent. This is called: The “Two-Vowel Trend for
Alphabet Vowel Sounds”
Relative Vowel Sounds and The “One-Vowel Trend for Relative Vowel Sounds”
Sometimes the alphabet vowel letters stand for a different sound, a short relaxed vowel. These sounds
are called “relative vowel sounds”. You will note them in the words below
You should notice that there is only one vowel letter in each of the words, and that they are the vowel
letters of the alphabet. They are followed by one or more consonants. These vowel sounds are short,
pure, and not diphthongs. We call these “relative vowel sounds”.
If there is only ONE vowel letter in a short word, it is pronounced with its relative vowel sound.
Check out the following words; determine if they are “relative or alphabet sounds” and write
next to it the number of the phonetic board:
Aid Pick
Add Teen
Seat Ten
Set Hope
Mice Hop
Miss Cheese
Pine Chess
Pin Cute
Pike Cut
Notes
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 2:
Usages of the verb to be in present
Section A
Who are you? I am David.
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Section B
Common contractions
Michelle: This is Tom.
He is a Doctor too.
He’s 27 years old. I am I’m
He’s not from Chicago. He’s from Miami.
He is working with David at the hospital. You are You’re
Dave: This is Emma. He is He’s
She’s an accountant.
She’s 27 years old. She is She’s
She is also from Miami.
It is It’s
Tom: This is Michelle.
She’s my assistant. They are They’re
She’s a very good assistant.
She’s working at the hospital. We are We’re
She’s not studying anymore.
8-36-31-13 Also ADV Too, as well.
Exercise 2.1
Answer the following questions.
Exercise 2.2
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense in present continuous.
Notes 5
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 2:
Usages of the verb to be in present
Exercise 2.3
After listening to your teacher’s explanation, take the adjectives below and make complete
sentences using the verb to be.
1. Urgent
3. Easy-to-drive
4. Effective
5. Electric
6. Hybrid
7. Fast
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8. Expensive
9. Elegant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Adjectives
Adjectives are describing words; they modify, limit, or describe the noun (car, hospital, or
teacher) and the pronoun (He, she, or they).
She is angry.
When they are used without verbs; they will always come before the noun. Adjectives cannot come
before a pronoun.
Verb to be
The functions in a sentence of the verb to be are multiple; here are some examples of its correct
use:
• Name: This is Aaron. Note: “This is” is used only the first time we mention
a new name.
• Profession: Aaron is a teacher. Note: The articles a or an come before the profession.
• Present continuous: He is teaching Note: After the verb “to be” the verb must end with ‘ing’
Notes
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 3:
Countable and uncountable
Section A
Michelle: Good morning. Today is a beautiful day!
Are you ready for the conference?
Section B
Emma: There is an American flag. Tom: There are about 700 people from all
And there are many flags from other the globe.
countries.
Dave: Yes, there are. A lot of important people
Dave: It is an international business are coming here.
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conference.
Emma: What is the conference about?
Emma: How many people are there at this
place? Michelle: It is about new technologies.
If the noun can be counted (1,2,3…) it is considered a countable noun. If you cannot count it, it is
called uncountable.
To express the existence of a noun we use ‘There is’ and ‘There are’ for singular or plural respectively.
Countable
Uncontable
How many students are there? There are two students.
PLURAL
Money, time, liquids, air, and
Uncountable feelings are some of the nouns
considered uncontable.
How much water is there? There is a lot of water
SINGULAR E.g. I love you very much (not many)
Exercise 3.1
Fill in the blanks with the correct option – There is or There are-.
1.
several computers in this office.
2.
a beautiful painting on the wall.
3.
a president at your company?
4.
people working this morning.
5.
problems in our country.
Exercise 3.2
Fill in the blanks with the correct option – How much or How many -.
LESSON 4:
Simple present
Section A
Waitress: Good morning welcome to BJ’s.
Section B
Waitress: Would you like to have some coffee? Tom: Wait, No, I don’t want coffee.
I prefer to drink a cup of tea.
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12 38-9-27 36-3-25 29-1-28 I would love that Polite answer to “Would you like to”.
Emma: I _______________ like to eat eggs, _______________ you have some pancakes instead?
Emma: Well, he always orders tea; He believes that coffee is bad for his health.
Exercise 4.2
Fill in the blanks with the correct auxiliary verb in simple present to create interrogative
sentences.
Simple Present
Simple Present is used to express actions that are repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a
hobby, a daily event, or something that often happens.
Positive: We always study for the class. Negative: They do not like to clean.
Karla has many reasons to worry. She doesn’t have a job.
My boss yells at everybody when he’s angry. Mexico does not speak English.
LESSON 5:
Hiring Personnel
Section A Section B
Jim: Hello Scott, how’s it going? Scott: The person you hire has to be reliable
Scott: Great Jim thanks for asking. Jim: You’re right, she needs to be
responsible, neat, and punctual.
Jim: I need your help with something.
Scott: How many people are there interested
Scott: Tell me, I’m all ears. in the position?
Jim: I am having interviews for a new Jim: About 12, I guess the salary is very
assistant. attractive.
Scott: Well, I think there are some things to Scott: It is, I suggest you interview them all.
consider.
Jim: I’m starting this afternoon.
Jim: I have the resumes with me right now,
why don’t we take a look at them?
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 6:
Simple future
Section A
Tom: Tomorrow, we will go to NY for a
meeting.
Will you come with us?
5. I want to save money because I _____________________________ (to buy) a new computer soon.
7. She says that she _____________________________ (to read) that book probably this year.
8. He _____________________________ (to read) the book tonight because he has an exam tomorrow.
Notes
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 7:
Able to, can or may?
Section A
Tom: Good morning, four tickets to NY Emma: Do you accept plastic?
please.
Clerk: Yes, Ma’am. We do.
Clerk: Sure, I only have to check the available May I see your ID please?
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seats.
Let me see…fantastic! We have enough Emma: Yes, you may. Here it is.
seats.
It is $400.00 please.
Exercise 7.2
Prepare five sentences using ‘able to’ to express an ability.
Read them to the rest of your class!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Able to 17
We use be able to to express ability. “Able” is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to
do something. If we say “I am able to swim”, it is like saying “I can swim”. We sometimes use be able to
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instead of “can” or “could” for ability. Be able to is possible in all tenses - but “can” is possible only in the
present and “could” is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, “can” and “could” have no infinitive
form. So we use be able to when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive. Look at these examples:
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
May- Can
An educated English speaker will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do
something, may for permission to do it.
LESSON 8:
Imperative sentences
Section A
Clerk: May I take your luggage?
Exercise 8.2
Write some of the rules ITS has. Also write some of the rules you would like to see in the school.
Imperative sentences
An imperative sentence gives a direct command or a request. It can end with a period or
an exclamation mark, depending on the intention. Imperative sentences do not include a 19
subject.
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LESSON 9:
Past continuous and tag endings
Section A Section B
Dave: Oh!, we are finally here. Dave: Hi, we want to get four single rooms
please.
Tom: The trip was very long, wasn’t it? Do you take American Express?
Tom: Thanks.
contracts
Exercise 9.1
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb to be form in the following sentences. (Present or past
tenses may apply)
4. The employees _______________ on time for the meeting, _______________ they? No, they ______________.
5. Robert and Penny _______________ Sony’s employees, _______________ they? Yes, they _______________.
6. Dave and Tom _______________ talking about business, _______________they? Yes, they _______________.
7. Mexico _______________ in recession during the conflict, _______________ it? No, it _______________.
ADJECTIVE
Past continuous is used to refer to activities that occurred at a very specific moment.
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Note: After the verb to be we use adjectives (nice, big, smart)
‘When’ is used to connect two events.
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LESSON 10:
Role-play (Complaint)
Section A Section B
Ralph: Good afternoon, my name is Ralph. Steve: No need to make such decision. I am
here to help.
Steve: Welcome to AT&T, may I help you
Ralph? Ralph: I was really thinking in breaking my
contract.
Ralph: Thanks, I have a minor problem with
my device. I am not able to make calls. Steve: Ralph, I think your device is having
some issues. I can change it for a new
Steve: I was just checking a similar problem one.
with another customer.
Ralph: It is a great idea, isn’t it?
Ralph: I think I will change my carrier, this is
not the first time! Steve: I am sure you will no longer have
problems with it.
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4-34-2-29-22 Another ADJ Not the one at hand. (Used for singulars)
12 35-13-23 49-5-36-6 31-13 I really hope so! EXP Used to express you want something
Questions
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 11:
Possessive words
Section A Section B
Bellhop: May I take your luggage? Tom: Hello. This is Tom from room 265
I need you to bring me some food.
Emma: Sure thing.
Kitchen: Of course, Sir.
Michelle: Look Emma, my room is next to What would you like to eat?
yours!
Tom: I really would like to eat some fried
Emma: Perfect, and mine is right in front of chicken.
Dave’s.
Kitchen: Anything to drink?
Michelle: I think Tom’s is by Dave’s.
So, we are all very close to each other Tom: Yes, can you bring me a regular coke
and a bottle of water?
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3. Everybody thinks it is _______________ idea, (You) but the truth is that it is _______________. (I)
LESSON 12:
Simple past
Section A
Michelle: Did you watch the news this Michelle: The Congress recently implemented
morning? a new tax on food.
Dave: No, I didn’t watch them. Dave: Where did you watch it?
What happened?
Michelle: I watched it on CNN.
Michelle: The government created a new tax
that will affect us all.
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E.g. A tax on food is a really bad idea.
LESSON 13:
Irregular verbs
Section A
Dr. Smith: Good morning Tom, did you send Tom: Hello Michelle, did you get the
the emails this morning? results from the lab?
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8-36-49-7-27-6 Already ADV. Before. E.g. I already ate. I cannot eat again, can I?
36-6-25 Leave VERB To put on. E.g. I leave my glasses on the table at night.
31-9-34 Soon ADV In no time. E.g. Selene will soon work full time at ITS.
Exercise 13.1
Fill in the blanks using the verb in past tense (Regular and irregular verbs)
2. Henry Ford ________________________ his first car more than 100 years ago!
Exercise 13.2
Answer the following questions.
LESSON 13:
Irregular verbs
Present Simple past Past participle
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 14:
Simple past and past continuous
Section A
Emma: Would you like to go shopping with me?
Section B
Emma: Excuse me, How much is it for everything?
Clerk: It is $35.00 for the shoes, $20.00 for the blouse, and $50.00 for the purse.
It’s a total of $105.00 tax included.
28-49-5-23
24-5-28 36-11-28-22
Combining simple and continuous past
We often use the past continuous and the past simple tense together. When this happens, the
past continuous describes a long ‘event’ action or situation and the past simple indicates a
short event.
Exercise 14.1
Use the verbs given to create a complete idea.
Note: Students need to make modifications to the verb forms.
E.g. Driving/crashing.
1.
2.
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3.
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4.
5.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 15:
Role-play (Promotion)
Section A Section B
George: Kenny, may I have a word with you? George: It is my job to have the right person in
(On the phone) the right position.
Kenny: Yes sir, I am on my way. Kenny: And which is mine?
George: Last year you did a terrific job, George: Yours is to manage the new site.
congratulations for that.
Kenny: I am ready for this new position.
Kenny: Thanks sir, I did my best. It is a great opportunity.
George: Nobody in the company performed George: We will start as soon as possible.
better. I want to promote you.
Kenny: I could start immediately.
Naomi: Incredible! I won’t let you down.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 16:
Comparative adjectives
Section A
Emma: I love shopping at Macy’s
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E.g. Guadalajara is bigger than Monterrey, but it is smaller than Mexico City.
• Long • Important
• Great • Expensive
• Big • Interesting
• Small • Necessary
• Large • Delicious
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2. When the original adjective contains three or more syllables the word ‘more’ is added before the
adjective.
Examples: More difficult, More intelligent.
3. If the two things under the comparison are equal, an adjective must be in the middle of two ‘as’
LESSON 17:
Superlative adjectives
Section A
Dave: This is the most difficult month of the year.
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be honest)
E.g. I am an English teacher since 2010, and I still learn something new every day.
Exercise 17.1
Use the adjectives from the list below to create a complete idea using superlative adjectives:
Tip: Verb to be!
• Long • Important
• Great • Expensive
• Big • Interesting
• Small • Necessary
• Large • Delicious
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Superlative adjectives are used to compare three or more nouns and show “the first or last place”.
They indicate that we refer to the #1 and nothing or no one is superior.
1. When the original adjective contains only one or two syllables the suffix ‘est’ or ‘iest’ is added
at the end.
2. When the original adjective contains three or more syllables the words ’The most’ are added
before the adjective.
LESSON 18:
First conditional sentences
Section A
Tom: Hey Dave, Michelle told me that I should call you, what’s going on?
Dave: I have a business proposal for you, I think you might like it.
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recommendations.
Conditionals
Conditional zero expresses a logical consequence for an action.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 19:
Second conditional sentences
Section A Section B
Dave: Good morning Mr. Anderson. Dave: If I had everything right now I
would start immediately.
Mr. Anderson: Good Morning Dave how’s
everything? Mr. Anderson: Perfect, I’ll have my secretary
send you everything you need.
Dave: Everything is just great, I’m calling to You must sign the contract so we can
accept your business proposal. start.
Mr. Anderson: I’m glad to hear that. Dave: Excellent, I’ll have my work team ready
When could you start? this week.
Dave: I will start as soon as possible. Mr. Anderson: Fantastic, we can meet next
Friday.
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38-17-40 28-6-33 Work team NOUN The people you work with.
obligation
one place.
31-5-34-31 24-17-30 Since birth ADV From the moment I was born
1-32 31-9-34 1-32 As soon as possible ADV The fastest you can.
23-3-31-4-24-50
Exercise 19 .1
Read the sentences below and complete them using the correct structure.
1. Could (Possibility)
2. Might (Probability)
Second conditional expresses a predicted or imagined consequence for an unreal or not very likely
action.
Note: For second conditional the modals ‘could and might’ can also be used.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 20:
Role-play
Section A
Martin: Hello Joe; how is it going? Martin: Of course, it is 13578AF3FE563
Joe: Everything is fine, how may I help you? Joe: I’m sorry I didn’t get that, once
again please.
Martin: I would like you to help me track a
package that I sent last week Martin: Sure thing, it is 13578AF3FE563
Joe: Sure, do you have the shipping id? Joe: Thanks a lot, oh it’s already in the
warehouse in Chicago
Martin: Yes, here it is.
Martin: That’s great, you are really efficient.
Joe: Can you please dictate it to speed up
the process?
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company)
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 21:
Adverbs
Section A
Dave: I think that this is a great chance to Tom: Does it mean that I have to travel
work together. regularly?
Tom: I totally agree with you, it sounds Dave: That’s right, I hope you are not too
great. afraid of planes.
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• Some adverbs say where something happens. These are called adverbs of place. Examples are:
• Some adverbs say when something happens. These are called adverbs of time. Examples are:
Exercise 21 .1
Use an action and an adverb from the lists below and create complete ideas.
Adverbs (These are our recommendations)
• To finish • To study
• To start • To learn
• To apply (application for a new job) • To speak
• To send • To integrate
• To work • To design
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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8.
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9.
10.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 22:
Present Perfect
Section A
Tom: Have you ever visited Santa Monica? Dave: It’s on Ocean Avenue by Pacific Park.
Emma: No, I haven’t, How far is it? Michelle: Oh! I have been there, but it was long
time ago.
Tom: I’m not really sure, but I know it’s near.
Emma: I think that we should go.
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31-40-12 27-12-25 Sky dive VERB To jump off a plane with a parachute
sailor)
Exercise 22 .1
Answer the following questions. (The verb is shown bolded)
1. How long have you studied English?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Have you been to The United States?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What places in Mexico have you visited?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Have you had a job?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Have you ever worked? Where?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Present perfect usages
1. We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our
lives or not. It is not important when we did it.
Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
2. We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous
up to now.
Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
3. We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present.
Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the
past with theresult in the present.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 22:
Present Perfect
Present Simple past Past participle
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 23:
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
Section A
Taxi driver: Where to?
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38-19 28-10 Where to? EXP Where are you going to?
49-2-41 15-22 Rush hour NOUN The heaviest time for the traffic
Exercise 23 .1
Answer the following questions.
1. For how long have you been studying English?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. For how long has your teacher been teaching? (ask him/her)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 24:
Past Perfect
Section A
Dave: Hey guys, did you like the movie?
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Tom: Yes, I did, but I had already watched it two weeks ago.
Tom: It’s because I didn’t want to spoil it to you, and I had never watched it in 3D.
2. He ____________________________ (not / be) to Mexico city before 2016, it was his first time.
4. John ruined the contract with the customers that we ____________________________ (get).
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he ____________________________ (put on) six weeks before.
The past perfect tense is most often used for the following:
• In reported speech
• In if (conditional) sentences
For actions that happened before a past event (Like in this lesson)
When we want to talk about an action that happened before a past event, we often use the past perfect.
Look at these examples:
• My friend offered me an apple in class yesterday, but I wasn’t hungry because I had just eaten lunch.
• I arrived very late at the party. All my friends had already gone home.
Notice how often words like already, just, never etc. are used with the past perfect.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 25:
Role-play
Section A
Mr. E: Welcome to our company
Mr. F: Well, as you can see from my resume, I have worked in business
administration for several years and I have an MBA.
Mr. E: Oh! That’s great
Mr. F: I want to have a good salary and I know this company pays well.
Mr. E: I see. And if we decide to hire you, when can you start?
Mr. F: Immediately.
37-20-31-7-36-26 Yourself PRON Used when the subject and object is “you”
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 26:
Past Perfect
Section A
Michelle: What about you Dave, had you watched it already?
Dave: No, I hadn’t, it was my first time, but I loved it, I want to watch it again.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Past perfect
Past perfect is a very simple structure to use, just be careful with the idea you want transmit.
Its three main uses are the following:
• For events that occurred before another past event.
E.g. I didn’t want to go to the movies with my friends because I had seen the film already.
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT
I arrived very late at the party. All my friends had already gone home.
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT
E.g. If I had not learned English, I would have never met so many wonderful students.
ALTERNATIVE EVENT IMAGINED ALTERNATIVE RESULT
LESSON 26:
Past Perfect
I study English every day. Two years ago, I studied If you are having problems, I will
English in England. help you study English.
• Action in the present taking place • Action in the past taking place • Action in the future that cannot be
once, never or several times once, never or several times influenced
I am studying English now. I was studying English when you I will be studying English when you
called yesterday. arrive tonight.
• Action taking place at the moment • Action going on at a certain time in • Action that is going on at a certain
of speaking the past time in the future
• Action arranged for the future • Actions taking place at the same • Action that is sure to happen in the
time near future
I have studied English in several I had studied a little English before I will have studied every tense by the
different countries. I moved to the U.S. time I finish this course.
• Emphasis is on the result (not the • Action taking place before a certain • Action that will be finished at a
duration) time in the past certain time in the future
I have been studying English I had been studying English for five I will have been studying English for
for five years. years before I moved to the U.S. over two hours by the time you
arrive.
• Putting emphasis on the course or • Action taking place before a certain • Action taking place before a certain
duration (not the result) time in the past time in the future
• Action that recently stopped or is • Sometimes interchangeable with • Putting emphasis on the course of
still going on past perfect simple an action
LESSON 27:
Past Events
Section A
Tom: Hey Dave, how long ago did Emma and you start working together?
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35-15 36-3-43 4-39-13 How long ago? EXP Question used to know the moment of an
event
butterflies
E.g. How long ago did you finish school? I finished school four years ago.
1. How long ago did you enter to work to your current workplace?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 28:
Simple past – Past perfect – Present perfect
Section A
Dave: We didn’t see each other for a couple of years until we graduated.
Michelle: I was working at a hospital when Tom came as an intern, we started a project together.
So we’ve been working together for a while.
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1. Charly _________________________________ (to be) working at the university for some years now,
He has a beautiful wife and they _________________________________ (to be) married since 2016. He
_________________________________ (to become) a father the year after his wedding. He ____________
_____________________ (to meet) his wife while at college studying the same major.
When he _________________________________ (to study) at the university, he decided to study for
some time in Guadalajara, so he _________________________________ (to live) there for one year. He
of times there and he really liked it. Today _________________________________ (to speak) English so
well because he enjoys talking to people. Before working at the university he ___________________
______________ (to work) in another school for two years, so he has some experience. He ________
_________________________ (to learn) to speak the language while he was living in the U.S when he
was a kid. He _________________________________ (to live) in that country for almost two years.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 29:
Personal pronouns
Section A
Dave: Hey Tom, I need you to do me a favor.
Tom: That’s too bad, I hope she makes the right decision.
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12 40-9-27-48-28 4-39-49-6 33-20 I couldn’t agree more EXP I agree 100% (I can’t agree 101%)
38-2-28-31 29-4 33-1-28-22 What’s the matter EXP What’s the problem?
2. Tom is her boyfriend ___________________ both will travel to GDL to know the Mexican culture and to
3. Tom loves Mexican food, so___________________ invited Emma to go to a nice restaurant there.
4. Emma however, wants to visit Mexico because___________________ has some relatives there and
___________________ are waiting for___________________
5. It was___________________ who organized the trip because her family got the plane tickets
for___________________.
Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:
• Person: 1st person (e.g.: I), 2nd person (e.g.: you) or 3rd person (e.g.: he)
• Gender: male (e.g.: he), female (e.g.: she) or neuter (e.g.: it)
We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about.
My name is Joseph but when I am talking about myself I almost always use “I” or “me”, not “Joseph”.
When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use “you”, not your name. When I am talking about
another person, say John, I may start with “John” but then use “he” or “him”. And so on.
Subject Object
I Me
You You
He Him
She VERB Her 67
It It
We Us
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You You
They Them
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 30:
Personal pronouns
We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are
talking about a man or a woman we use they/them.
• This is Jack. He’s my brother. I don’t think you have met him.
Subject pronouns
• He is my friend
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• It is raining
• She is on holiday
• We live in England.
Object pronouns
We use object pronouns:
• We saw them in town yesterday, but they • Don’t take it from us.
didn’t see us.
• I’ll speak to them.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 30:
Role-play
Section A
Guy: Hello, Pharma-Labs may I help you?
John: Hi, this is John from I.E medical center. May I speak with Alex please?
Guy: He’s in a meeting right now. Would you like to leave a message?
John: Yes. Can you have him call me back when he is available? My name again is John, and he can
reach me at 555-987-6543.
Guy: It’s John at 555-987-6543. Can I tell him what this is regarding?
John: He sent over an e-mail, and I didn’t get the last page. I will need him to resend it to me.
Guy: Bye.
LESSON 31:
Declarative Sentences
Section A
Tom: Well, if we really want her to work with Dave: Sounds like a plan!
us, we must convince her! In the meantime I will write down a
formal job proposal for her.
Dave: I guess you’re right. I will talk to her
again tomorrow. Tom: I have a reservation at 10:00 am for
breakfast, come along and I will help
Tom: Let’s invite her to have lunch; I think she you out.
is very fond of Chinese.
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31-15-34-27-31 36-12-40 4 23-36-1-34 Sounds like a plan EXP I am in, I like your idea
A declarative sentence states a fact or an argument and ends with a period. Declarative sentences
present complete ideas and they don’t need anything else to be complete.
Exercise 31 .1
Using the subjects and verbs provided create full declarative sentences. Share them with the
rest of the class upon finishing.
Subject Verb
The Has
airport To be
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
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6.
7.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 32:
Imperative sentences
Section A
Tom: Hey Emma, drop whatever you are doing right
now and join us for lunch
Emma: I will do so, what are you so excited about? Tell me.
Tom: Dave and I are going to make a formal proposal to
you two.
Imperative sentences issue commands or requests or they can express a desire or wish. They are
punctuated with a simple period or they can be exclamations requiring an exclamation mark. It all
depends on the strength of emotion you want to express. Exclamatory sentences can consist of a single
verb or they can be more lengthy and complex.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. You are a father or a mother. Your son is going to practice karate for the first time. You are worried.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. You are a doctor. You have a patient with cough and fever. Give him some basic recommendations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. You have a little brother. He’s eating dirt. What do you say?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. You had an accident. You are in bed and can’t move. You need some help
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. You have a sister. She’s going on vacation to the beach. Give some advice to her
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. It is cold and windy outside. You are going to go out. Your mother says 73
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Your friends are going to go shopping. You want something. You say
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 33:
Interrogative sentences
Section A
Dave: Where is Michelle?
What
(Things and objects)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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10.
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Note: Questions in progressive forms (Are, am, is, was, were) need verbs that end in “ing”
Questions in perfect tenses (Have, has, had) need verbs in participle form.
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 33:
Interrogative sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences are also easy to spot. That’s because they always ask a question and end in a
question mark.
• Is it snowing?
Inversion in questions
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In an affirmative sentence, the verb goes after the subject. However, the auxiliary verb can go before the
subject of a clause in several different structures. This is called inversion. Inversion is quite common in
questions.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 34:
Subject and Object
Section A
Emma: I love this restaurant; I think it is amazing!
Tom: I told Dave this was the best option. I love this
place.
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4. I don’t know what to study yet. I think I like engineering though. ______________________
The Subject
The subject of a positive or negative statement is usually the first element of a sentence. The Subjects in
the following sentences are in bold:
The Object
The object of a positive or negative statement is usually the first element of a sentence. The objects in
the following sentences are in bold:
Here are some more examples of both people and things as Objects:
• He loves football.
• Fifteen children from the school choir will be singing African folk songs. 79
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 35:
Subject Complement
Section A
David: Tom, today is the big day!
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29-4 24-5-39 27-11 The big day NOUN The most important day
2. ITS has thousands of students preparing to be the best of the best. _______________________
5. Charly is one of the most energetic people I’ve ever known. _______________________
A subject complement is the adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows a linking verb.
The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was, were, has been,
are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking
verbs.
We call it ‘subject complement’ because what comes before and after the verb refers to the same.
• This manual is the hardest one I have written so far. (Both refer to the manual)
• Joshua’s sister is the best student… on her chair. (Both refer to the sister)
• Miriam will one day become the HR Director at SAY it (Both refer to Miriam)
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 36:
Relative pronouns
Section A
Tom: I feel so excited about all this.
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(people)
Relative pronouns
LESSON 37:
Prepositional phrases
Section A
Tom: So, on what floor will we meet him? Tom: What else did it say on the e-mail.
Because I don’t remember where the
office is. Dave: It said we had to go to the door in front
of the elevator.
Dave: We will meet him on the last floor.
I received an e-mail on my computer at Tom: I see, let’s get to work!
the office
Dave: Here we go.
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2. I work _____________________________________.
Prepositional phrases
A phrase is a group of words that do not contain a verb. In this lesson we will study prepositional
phrases. They are called prepositional phrases because they always start with a preposition (A
connector) such as:
• At • Inside
• On • Outside
• In • Behind
• Next to • In front of
• By • Above
• Within • Below
Phrases give more information about the noun, pronoun or verb we are speaking about. They normally
come after the word being described.
• I always leave my phone on the coffee table next to my bed (two phrases in one!)
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 38:
Job Interviews
Section A
Mrs. Jones: Good morning, I’m here for the Michelle: I’m afraid that won’t be necessary
accountant position You must fill out an application
here
Michelle: Yes, we were expecting you
Mrs. Jones: That’s ok miss, Thank you
Mrs. Jones: I brought my résumé
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Receptionist position.
12-33 4-26-49-11-27 I’m afraid EXP Expression used to give bad news.
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________
City State ZIP Code
Date Available: __________________ Social Security No.: _____________________ Desired Salary: $ _____________
Education
From: ________________ To: ________________ Did you graduate? YES NO Diploma: _____________________
From: ________________ To: ________________ Did you graduate? YES NO Degree: _______________________
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Other: ______________________________________________________ Address: ___________________________________________________
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From: ________________ To: ________________ Did you graduate? YES NO Degree: _______________________
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
References
Please list three professional references.
Address: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Address: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Address: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Previous Employment
Responsibilities: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Responsibilities: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Military Service
I certify that my answers are true and complete to the best of my knowledge.
If this application leads to employment, I understand that false or misleading information in my application or interview
may result in my release.
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 39:
Job Interviews
Section A
Michelle: Well Mrs. Jones, we’re looking for Michelle: And what brought you here?
someone with previous experience in
pharmaceutical Mrs. Jones: I moved here looking for better
opportunities
Mrs. Jones: Oh yes, I have worked for several
hospitals in some other cities Michelle: You might be the right one
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past.
38-1-8 24-49-3-28 14 35-18 What brought you here? EXP Why are you here?
29-4 49-12-28 38-2-34 The right one NOUN The person I need.
LESSON 40:
Job Interviews
Section A
Michelle: Well Mrs. Jones Michelle: We recently got the concession of a
Why would you like to work with us? well-known company
Mrs. Jones: To be honest, I don’t know much Mrs. Jones: What is your trade?
about your company
I just saw the ad online Michelle: We’re introducing pharmaceutical
products to America
26-21-33-4-31-14-28-5-40-50
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LESSON 41:
Job Interviews
Section B
Michelle: Tell me about yourself
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29-1-28-31 7-40-31-1-40-28-36-6 38-2-28 That’s exactly what EXP Coffee is exactly what I need.
38-6 40-19 26-20 We care for VERB We think in. We want the best for
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 43:
Job Interviews
Section A
Mrs. Jones: And what about salary?
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 44:
Interview Vocabulary I
Exercise 44 .1
Provide an example with each of the words in the vocabulary.
Interview:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Interviewee:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Interviewer:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Resume:
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Meeting Room:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schedule:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Application:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unsuccessful:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hired
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Role play
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 45:
Interview Vocabulary II
Exercise 45 .1
Provide an example with each of the words in the vocabulary.
Salary Expectations:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Productive:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Team Player:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sick Leave:
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vacations / Holidays:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Colleagues:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Career History:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Education:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Skills:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Role play
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 46:
Interview Vocabulary III
Exercise 46 .1
Provide an example with each of the words in the vocabulary.
Relocation:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
References:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Doubts:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Career Goals:
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Successes:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Failures:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Committed:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Starting Date:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Manager:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Previous Job:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Current Job:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Redundant:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Current Location:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Role play
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 47:
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are essential to use perfect English. Some languages include variations in form for the verbs
and these change the intention of the sentence. However, English is very limited in this area and needs
modals or auxiliary verbs to “compensate”.
The following list includes the most common auxiliary verbs in language. The lines added are for you to
take notes. Write down an example so you don’t forget their function later on.
Do:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Does:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Did:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Has:
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Have:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Had:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Is:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Are:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Was:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Were:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
May:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Must:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Might:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Should:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Could:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Would:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Shall (Archaic):
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Will:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 103
Can:
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 48:
Auxiliary verbs
Use what was learnt to create meaningful sentences. Use all auxiliary verbs.
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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P 11. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
24. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review
LESSON 48:
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LEVEL 4 Reading and written expression
LESSON 49:
Evaluation part I
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LESSON 50:
Evaluation part II
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Febrero 2019