Experiment 10 HOOKE'S LAW AND SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Object :(a) To determine the relation between the force stretching a spring and its elongation . (&) To study the motion of a mass suspended from a coiled spring . Theory : Give definitions of the following :- Hooke's law , force constant of a spring , periodic motion , simple harmonic motion (SHM) , displacement , period , frequency , and amplitude . The equation of motion of a particle of mass m at the end of a spring with force constant k is given by F = ma = -kx ay What is the significance of the negative sign ? Give the equations for the position , velocity and acceleration of an object undergoing SHM . What is the formula for the period T of the motion in terms of mand k? : Equipment needed * coil spring * Slotted weights and weight holder > Laboratory timer * Platform balance * ordinary graph paper - 3 sheets Procedure I Determination of the force constant k of a spring (a) Suspend a 50 gram weight holder from the spring and measure the position of the bottom of the weight holder relative to a vertical meter stick ; check that the weight holder is hanging freely . Its base will be the zero / equilibrium position L g . (b) Carefully add a 50 gram mass to the weight holder ; note the displacement from the zero position . Record the new length as L , ; Find the change in length ( the extension) AL; =L,-L,. - 68 -(c) Repeat this for increments of 50 grams, up to 500 grams recording the new displacement L , and the new change in length AL ,=L,,-L , for Gels 3ie4iceecs: = 108 a o a a TPT Extension AL=L,- Ly (@) Take readings in reverse order . Remove all loads. Check the original length of the spring (with weight holder attached), Add 500 grams. Find the new length and the change in length . Repeat for 450 ,400 ,350 ........ 50 grams . (e) Tabulate your results as suggested in the data table . Find the average extension from step (c) and (d) for each added load and enter it in the last column . - 69 -Force/Load | Forward Reverse Average te manera [opm (Est ae Le eeveese = 39.8] 50 46 4.6 too [a4 | 93 Heer 11/4 SL au 18.8 {18.8 e50_|23.6 | 23.6 Data Table for Procedure I a 28.2 [28.1 ae 33.0 | 32.9 one 37.7. | 37.6 450 42.5 42.3 500 47.1 AL 4 Graphical analysis of data - Procedure I (a) (b) Let the added mass hanging from the end of the spring F be ordinate (Y-axis) and extension x be the abscissa ( X-axis). Plot a graph of the Load F ( grams ) versus Extension x (cm ) . Draw the "best" straight line through the data points - see sample graph . This line is a" visual average " , drawn so that the number of points above the line is the same as the number of points below the line . From Hooke's law, slope « = SE (Y85.) in cg 5 unis Find the slope of your straight line : - -710-Sample graph Graph of load F vs extension x for a spiral spring = 6 OT = Extension x" "(cm ) Since F is plotted in grams (for convenience) rather than F = mg in dynes , we must multiply the numerical value of our slope by g = 980 cm/sec ? :- 2 4 e _ AF (grams ) cm spring constant k = ——“Tey— * 980 oe AF dynes 980 ax om Convert k from dynes [em to Newtons/meter ( Nim ) . dynes Be one Ae om a -11-Procedure II Period as a function of suspended mass (a) Find the mass of the sample-spring by weighing it on the platform balance . (b) Suspend 100 grams (Total mass = 100 grams) and allow the system to come to equilibrium . Displace the mass about 10 cm and allow it to oscillate . Let a few oscillations go by . Clock the time for 20 complete vibrations : - Ifyou start counting 1, 2,3...... then your last count must be. . . 21 If you start counting 0 ,1, 2 .then your last count must be... 20 Repeat for another set of 20 vibrations . Find the average time t of your two trials . () Repeat (b) with 200, 300,400, and 500 gram masses . DATA TABLE FOR Procedure II Mass of springM,= 58.1 grams = iz ‘Suspended| Effective i cononmonal mass M a yet Time for 20| Period Discretial oo BA ay | vibrations = ge | Peri in aah Mer x ( seconds ) (seconds ) | ( seconds ) “100 i=o5 .200 19. ae 23.33 400 26.43 500 29.25 272:(a) Calculate the theoretical period of oscillation of each mass suspended using the value of k in part I. Force constant of spring k= Nim Effective mass in oscillation Since the spring has mass and also oscillates , part of its mass should be included in the value of mass in oscillation . Further analysis reveals that the effective mass in oscillation is given by Effective mass Theoretical period (b) Compare your theoretical values of period T with those obtained experimentally . Find the % discrepancy using the experimental period as your "true" period. Procedure III Period as a function of amplitude (a) Suspend 300 grams (include mass of weight-holder) and displace it 5 cm . Clock 20 vibrations ; repeat for another set 20 vibrations . Find the average time t of your two trials . (b) Repeat step (a) with an amplitude-of about 10 cm . (c) Repeat step (a) with an amplitude of.about 15 cm . (d) Repeat step (a) with an amplitude of about 20 om . Analysis for Procedure II =73=@ (i) ii) (iv) DATA TABLE FOR Procedure II t Amplitude | Time for 20° |periog T~ + om) | vibrations | seconds ) 2° (seconds ) 5 23.44 10 ate 15 23.44 20 23-46 Analysis for Procedure IIT Calculate the experimental period T from your times for 20- vibrations”, for each amplitude setting . . What can you conclude about the relationship between amplitude and period ? Conclusion/Summary As part of your conclusion answer the following :- Is there a unique straight line for your curve in part 1? If not, draw other possible straight lines - a line of maximum slope and a line of minimum slope about your "best" straight line . Find k for these other lines . What does k tell you about a spring ? Should your straight line(s) pass through the origin ? Explain . ‘At what point in its path of vibration does the weight of the spring have its (a) greatest acceleration ; (b) greatest velocity ? Where does it have its (c) least acceleration (d) least velocity ? Was the motion purely SHM ? What other motions of the spring and weight holder did you observe ? -714-