Prashant Kumar (2020IMG-050)

Q.1). Discuss Outage probability and cell coverage area.

Ans: Outage probability and cell coverage area are two important concepts in the
field of cellular networks.
Outage probability refers to the likelihood that a user in a given cell coverage area
will experience a loss of signal or a drop in signal quality. This can occur due to a
variety of factors, such as distance from the cell tower, interference from other
devices, or obstructions in the signal path. Outage probability is usually expressed as
a percentage and is a measure of the reliability of the cellular network. In order to
maintain a high level of service quality, cellular providers strive to minimize the
outage probability.
Cell coverage area refers to the geographical area in which a cellular network
provides signal coverage. This area is determined by the transmission range of the
cell towers and is influenced by factors such as terrain, building structures, and the
presence of other electronic devices. The coverage area of a cell tower can be divided
into smaller regions called "cells," with each cell having its own cell tower. By
dividing the coverage area into cells, cellular providers can more efficiently manage
their network and ensure a higher level of signal quality for users.
In order to maximize cell coverage area and minimize outage probability, cellular
providers often employ a combination of cell tower deployments and advanced
network technologies, such as smart antenna systems, beamforming, and MIMO.
These technologies allow cellular providers to effectively manage network capacity
and provide high-quality, reliable signal coverage to users in even the most densely
populated and challenging environments.

Q.2). Discuss Longley-Rice Model and Okumura Model.

Ans: The Longley-Rice Model and the Okumura Model are two commonly used
propagation models in the field of wireless communication.

The Longley-Rice Model is a mathematical model that predicts the path loss of a
radio signal over a long distance, typically over a few kilometers. It is a site-specific
model that takes into account various factors that can impact the propagation of a
radio signal, such as the earth's curvature, atmospheric refraction, and the presence of
obstacles such as buildings and trees. The model provides a prediction of the signal
strength at a given location based on the location of the transmitter and receiver, the
Prashant Kumar (2020IMG-050)

frequency of the signal, and the height of the transmitter and receiver antennas. The
Longley-Rice Model is widely used in the design and analysis of terrestrial radio
communication systems, including land mobile and broadcast systems.
The Okumura Model is another mathematical model used for predicting the path loss
of a radio signal in urban environments. It is based on measurements taken in Tokyo,
Japan, and is widely used for the design and analysis of cellular networks. The model
takes into account the presence of buildings, trees, and other obstacles in the urban
environment, and predicts the path loss based on the frequency of the signal, the
height of the transmitter and receiver antennas, and the distance between the
transmitter and receiver. The Okumura Model is useful for estimating the coverage
area of a cellular network in an urban environment, as well as for predicting the
capacity and quality of service of a cellular network.
Both the Longley-Rice Model and the Okumura Model are widely used and have
proven to be useful tools for predicting the propagation of radio signals in various
environments. However, they have some limitations, and their predictions may not
always match the actual signal strength experienced by users in the real world. As a
result, it is important to validate the results of these models with field measurements,
in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their predictions.