Wireless Communication

Technology (LAB)

By-
Dr. Alok Kumar Kamal
Assistant Professor
ABV-IIITM GWALIOR, INDIA

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Need of Modulation

Need of Modulation: The base-band signal are incompatible for direct transmission over the medium and
therefore we have to use modulation technique for the communication of baseband signal.
* Baseband signal are low frequency signal.
* Therefore, can’t send baseband signal for longer distance, as a result, we need modulation.
Advantages: 1) Reduces the height of antenna. * * *
2) Avoid mixing of signals.
3) Increase the range of communication.
4) Improves quality of reception.

Minimum height of antenna is given as (λ/4)

MODULATION
Case1: Baseband signal frequency = 15 KHz Case2: Baseband signal frequency = 1MHz
What will be the height of antenna = c/4f = 5000 m What will be the height of antenna = c/4f = 75 m
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Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation: Amplitude modulation, is a technique of modulation in which the amplitude of higher
frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal while
frequency and phase of carrier remains constant.
Nature of Amplitude Modulated waveform shown in Fig. below.
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Cont’d….
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Modulation Index:
Definition:
In AM, the modulation index (m) is defined as the ratio of amplitudes of
modulating signal to the carrier signal.
Modulating Signal Amplitude
M.I. =
Carrier Signal Amplitude
Em
m = … (2.4)
Ec

If modulation index is expressed in percentage, it is called 'percentage

modulation'.
Em
i.e. %m =  100 … (2.5)
Ec

Referring to Fig. 2.6, the modulation index is

Vmax – Vmin
m =
Vmax + Vmin
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Cont’d….
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1. For m < 1,
2. For m = 1
i.e. Em < Ec
i.e. Em = Ec. i.e. m = 100%.

Fig. 2.9 (c) AM Wave for m = 1 (Fully Modulated)

Fig. 2.9 (b) AM Wave for m < 1 (Under Modulation)
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3. For m > 1
i.e. Em > Ec For m = 0

Em = 0

Fig. 2.9 (d) AM Wave at m > 1 (Over Modulation) Fig. 2.9 (e) AM Wave at m = 0 (No Modulation Takes Place)

Q. Draw the AM wave for triangular and square wave modulating signal, considering all the conditions of modulation index (M).
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Angle Modulation

In angle modulation frequency or phase of carrier signal changes w.r.t modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation Phase modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency In phase modulation phase of carrier
of carrier signal changes w.r.t modulating signal changes w.r.t modulating signal.
signal

m(t)= Am Cos (ωmt) m(t)= Am Cos (ωmt)

C(t)= Ac Cos (ωct )
SFM(t)= Ac Cos(2πfct + 2πKf‫) 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑚 ׬‬
Kf=Frequency sensitivity of FM
modulator.
SFM(t)= Ac Cos(2πfct + βsin 2πfmt)
C(t)= Ac Cos (ωct )
SFM(t)= Ac Cos(2πfct + Kpm(t))
Kp=Phase sensitivity of PM modulator.

Where:
β=KfAm/fm (β: Modulation Index)
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