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PROPORTIONALITY.

The benefit from a decision


must outweigh the risks. Furthermore, there must

be no alternative decision that provides the same or


greater benefit with less risk.

Justice. The benefits of the decision should be


distributed fairly to those who share the risks.
Those

who do not benefit should not carry the burden of


risk.

Minimize risk. Even if judged acceptable by the


principles, the decision should be implemented so
as

to minimize all of the risks and avoid any


unnecessary risks.

COMPUTER ETHICS

The use of information technology in business has


had a major impact on society and thus raises
significant

ethical issues regarding computer crime, working


conditions, privacy, and more. Computer ethics is
‘‘the

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