180

[ BASIC CONCEPTS OF PERMUTATIONS

AND COMMBINATIONS]

(LEARNING OBJECTIVES)

 n r


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(Introduction)

(a, b) (b, a)

(Fundamental Principles of Counting)

(Multiplication Rule) ‘m’
‘n’
=m×n

= 5 × 4 = 20
(Addition Rule) ‘m’ ‘n’
(m + n)

=5+4=9

AND  Multiply
OR  Add

(The Factorial)
n n n n! n
n n=0 o 0! = 1
n! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ….. …3.2.1

1: 5!, 4! 6!

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5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120; 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24;
6 = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720.
2: 9 ! / 6 ! ; 10 ! / 7 !

9! 987 6! 10 ! 10  9  8  7 !
= = 9  8  7 = 504 ; = = 10 × 9 × 8 =720
6! 6! 7! 7!
3: 1/9 ! + 1/10 ! = x/11 ! x
1/9! (1 + 1/10) = x/11 × 10 × 9! Or, 11/10 = x/11 × 10 i.e., x = 121
Example 4 : Find n n + 1= 30 n  1
Solution: n + 1= 30 n  1 (n + 1).n n  1
or, n2 + n = 30 or, n2 + n – 30 or, n2 + 6n – 5n – 30 = 0 or, (n + 6) (n – 5) = 0
either n = 5 or n = –6. (Not possible)  n = 5.

(Permutations)

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Alternative Place 1 Place2 Place 3

1 Suresh………. Mahesh………… Ramesh
2 Suresh………. Ramesh……….. Mahesh
3 Ramesh……… Suresh………… Mahesh
4 Ramesh……… Mahesh………… Suresh
5 Mahesh……… Ramesh……….. Suresh
6 Mahesh……… Suresh………… Ramesh

n r Pr
n
n
Pr P(n, r)

n r
n
(n – 1)
(n – 1) (n – 2)
n
(n – 1) (n – 2)
n r

n
Pr= n {(n – 1)… (n– r – 1) }
= n (n – 1) … (n – r + 1)

n r r

n
Pr =n ( n – 1 ) ( n – 2 ) … ( n – r + 1 )

(Results)
1 n n n
n
Pn = n (n – 1) (n – 2) …. (n – n + 1)
=n (n – 1) (n – 2) ….. 2.1 = n!

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2. n
Pr
n
Pr = n. (n – 1) (n – 2) ….. (n – r + 1)
(n  r) (n  r  1) 2.1
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) ….. (n – r + 1) × 1.2 ...(n  r  1) (n  r)

= n!/( n – r )!

nP = n!
r
( n  r )!

3. 0! = 1 r=n
n
Pn = n!/ (n – n)! = n!/0!
n
Pn = n!
0! = n! / n! = 1
1 : 5P3, 10P2, 11P5
: 5
P3 = 5×4× (5–3+1) = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60,
10
P2 = 10 × 9…. × (10–2+1) = 10 × 9 = 90,
11
P5 = 11! / (11 – 5)! = 11!/6! 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 55440.
2: (a) Square (b) hexagon

:
(a) ‘‘square’’
6
P3 = 6 × 5 × 4 = 120
(b) ‘‘hexagon’’ 7
P3 = 7 × 6 × 5 = 210
3:
:
5
P5 = 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
4:

:
13
P3 = 13!/10! = 13×12×11 = 1,716

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5:

: 4
P3 = 4×3×2 = 24.
6: n (n – 1)
n
: 6 × nP3 = 7 × n-1P3 n

n n –1
6 7
n –3 n –4
6 × n (n – 1) (n – 2) = 7 × (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3)
6 × n = 7 × (n – 3)
6n = 7n – 21
n = 21
n
7:

: 4
P4 = 4! = 24
3
P3 = 6 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16
6 × 16 = 96
96 + 96 × 10 + 96 × 100 + 96 × 1000 = 106656.
8:n n
P3 = 60

nP = n!
: 3 = 60 (given)
(n  3)!
n (n–1) (n–2) = 60 = 5 × 4 × 3
n = 5.
9: 56
P r+6 : 54P r+3 = 30800 : 1, r
n!
: n
pr = (n  r)! ;

56! 56 !
56P = =
r+6 {56  (r + 6)}! (50  r)!

54! 54 !
, 54Pr+3 = =
{54  (r + 3)}! (51  r)!

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56
p r+6 56! (51  r)!
=
54
x
p r +3 (50  r!) 54!

56  55  54! (51  r) (50  r)! 56  55  (51  r)

 
(50  r)! 54! 1
30800 : 1

56  55  (51  r) 30800

1 1
30800
or, (51  r) = = 10  r = 41
56  55

10 :
(n + 1)! – n! = n.n!
:
(n +1)! – n! = (n+1) n! – n! = n!. (n+1–1) = n. n!
11 :

: 10
p3 = 10×9×8=720.
12 :

: 8
P6 = 8× 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 20160

13 :
(a)
(b)
: (a)
= P12 = 12! = 479,001,600
12

(b) 12–3 = 9 12
P9 = 79,833,600
Exercise 5 (A)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. 4
P3
a) 43 b) 34 c) 24 d) None of these

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2. 4
P4
a) 1 b) 24 c) 0 d)

3. 7
a) 5040 b) 4050 c) 5050 d)

4. 0
a) 0 b) 1 c) d)
5. n
Pr n
a) b) c) d)
6. n
Pr
a) n > r b) n  r c) n  r d)
7. n
Pr = n (n–1) (n–2) ………………(n–r–1),
a) n b) r–1 c) n–r d) r
8. n
Pr
n n r
a) b) r n r c) n r d)
n r

9 P4 = 12 × nP2,
n
n
a) –1 b) 6 c) 5 d)
10. . nP3 : nP2 = 3 : 1, n
a) 7 b) 4 c) 5 d)
11. P2 = 56, m–nP2 = 30
m+n

a) m =6, n = 2 b) m = 7, n= 1 c) m=4,n=4 d) None of these

12. 5
Pr = 60, r
a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d)
n 1 +n
13. 2 P2 = 132, n1–n2P2 = 30 ,
a) n =6,n =6 1 2
b) n1 = 10, n2 = 2 c) n1 = 9, n2 = 3 d)
14. COMPUTER
a) 40320 b) 40319 c) 40318 d)
15. FAILURE
a) 576 b) 575 c) 570 d)

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16.

a) 98 b) 10 c) 89 d)

17. n

a) (n–2) n  1 b) (n–1) n  2 c) n d)

18.

a) 1230 b) 1320 c) 3210 d)

19.
a) 133330 b) 122220 c) 213330 d) 133320
20

a) 72 b) 27 c) 70 d)
21.

(a) 120 (b) 20 (c) 96. (d)

22. ‘TRIANGLE’ ‘‘angle’’

(a) 20 (b) 60 (c) 24 (d) 32

23. ‘DAUGHTER’

(a) 2880 (b) 676 (c) 625 (d) 576

(Circular Permutations)

n = (n – 1)!

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