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CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This research study cited books, articles and laws, which are relevant to the

present investigation. It is composed of related literature and studies, both local and

foreign, which contain facts and information on the research problem at hand. It also

provides explanations and logical connections between previous researches and the

present work.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign

According to empower work team (feb 17, 2021), Bullying is when someone engages in

aggressive behaviors or remarks intended to intimidate, embarrass, or belittle another person (or a

group of people). Through recurring acts or a pattern of conduct, it is frequently repetitious. It

may injure someone physically, psychologically, or socially. Even "educational injury" (caused

by bullying) that prevents students from learning has been recognized by some educational

institutions. The same reasoning can be used to explain workplace hazardous hazards. Bullying is

when something interferes with your ability to work in some way. It's probably discrimination if

someone singles you out at work for criticism because of a significant component of your

identity. People cannot be treated unfairly based on their membership in certain "protected

classes," according to the federal government's determination. Race, gender, religion, sexual

orientation, and other categories are protected classifications. Discrimination can be defined as

any unfavorable treatment in relation to employment, remuneration, promotions, layoffs, benefits,

training, and other areas.

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Face-to-face bullying (sometimes referred to as direct bullying) involves physical actions

such as punching or kicking or direct verbal actions such as name-calling and insulting. Covert

bullying (sometimes referred to as indirect bullying) is less direct, but just as painful. It means

bullying which isn’t easily seen by others and is conducted out of sight, such as excluding people

from groups or spreading lies or rumours. Because it is less obvious, it is often unacknowledged

by adults. Cyberbullying occurs through the use of information or communication technologies

such Instant Messaging or chat, text messages, email and social networking sites or forums. It has

many similarities with offline bullying, but it can also be anonymous, it can reach a wide

audience, and sent or uploaded material can be difficult to remove. Most people who cyberbully

also bully off-line.(Australian human rights commission, 2011)

Learn the definitions of bullying and its opposite. Numerous actions that resemble

bullying may actually be much more harmful and call for other types of defense mechanisms.

Additionally, you can learn about the warning signs of bullying among certain of your pupils as

well as which children are most likely to engage in it. Understand the unique needs of various

populations. Create a secure environment at the school. Making ensuring that all parties,

including students, teachers, and administrators, are aware of bullying is frequently the first step

in stopping it. (Stop bullying government, 2020) Growing up can be hard. Growing up identifying

as lesbian, gay, bisexu al, transgender, queer or questioning (LGBTQ) is even harder, according

to national data. Young people in the LGBTQ community face higher rates of rejection, violence,

suicide and homelessness when compared to their general population peers. LGBTQ youth are

also overrepresented in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems and more likely to drop out

of school than their fellow classmates. (Casey ,2021)

A significant portion of LGBT students worldwide experience bullying, harassment, and

exclusion from educational institutions. This problem is often fueled by stigma and prejudice and

is rooted in deeply held cultural beliefs about gender roles, masculinity, and femininity. LGBT

students also experience social isolation, cyberbullying, obscene notes and graffiti, physical
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violence, and pushing and hitting. (Borloz, 2019). Even while LGBTIQ+ persons are becoming

more accepted by society and are more visible in the media and public life, many LGBTIQ+

people continue to face violence, harassment, and discrimination at their places of employment,

their places of education, and in other public and private settings. (Beyond blue, 2022)

Local

From the dawn of time, anything seen to be different has been discriminated

against, including gender, skin color, and even who you love. Every day, persons who

identify as members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community

are mocked and even murdered for being who they were born to be. The Christian faith

has always condemned homosexuality from an early age. As society advances, so do the

attitudes of various Christian groups concerning homosexuality. Many historical

developments and movements pertaining to homosexuality have aided in the evolution of

many Christians' beliefs about homosexuals. (IPL, 2022)

The LGBTQ+ community in the Philippines is confronted with a severe

problem: majority of the time, it is coupled with stigmatization, public shame, and
name-calling. For example, preferential treatment can be revoked or prolonged.
Discrimination may take many different forms and take place in many different
contexts. Every environment where there is contact with another person, including
the job, doctor's office, and grocery store you frequently visit, has the potential to be
a location of prejudice. (healthy talbot, 2020)
Most of the people who descriminate the LGBTQ+ youths are the ones who
thinks that homosexuality is a sin, so this should be at the top of the list. Numerous
people have lost their spiritual belief because of this particular reason: we are
consigned to hell for who we are. The anti-gay movements even have their favorite
bible quotes to demonstrate their condemnation of same sex relations. For instance,
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there's the Levitucus quote that Filipino boxing champion Manny Pacquiao famously
used. (Maxum, M. 2016)
Because of this someof the LGBT youth may experience anxiety, depression, or
even death. Joseph Scott Pemberton, a U.S. Marine, acknowledged strangling the
woman in August. After learning Laude was transgender, the 19-year-old testified in
court that he was "repulsed" and "feared he would be raped." He claimed that he
"subdued" her out of self-defense due to his anxiety. I suppose I murdered a he/she," he
allegedly said to a fellow Marine after the incident. The case was one of the worst hate
crimes Corky Hope Maranan, an LGBT activist, had ver seen, she told the Associated
Press last year. "This is just so disgusting," she said.(Dominique mosbergen, 2015)
Everybody needs to feel secure attending school. Stop discriminating against all
LGBT students in the Philippines. Bullying towards LGBT people is a significant issue.
Each kid reports experiencing discrimination at school due to their gender, lack of access
to LGBT-related information, and bullying. LGBT students who have been bullied or
mistreated against that are unacceptable and should not be tolerated in educational
institutions. The Department of Education (DepEd) passed the Child Protection Policy to
combat bullying and discrimination in schools, including that based on sexual orientation
and gender identity. Much LGBT youth continue to experience bullying, harassment,
discrimination, and occasionally sexual assault in schools in the absence of this Child
Protection Policy's implementation and oversight.. (Ylarde, katrina, 2018)

RELATED STUDIES

There are a number of studies, both local and foreign, related to the investigation.

Foreign

Other forms of discrimination may also exist, such as calling on pupils of

preventing members of some organizations from advancing their interests while
discouraging members of others education and similar topics. If discrimination exists in
the subtly grading of an exam, as we have demonstrated, then more overt forms of
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discrimination may also exist. Our findings thus serve as more justification for further
study into how racial, ethnic, and gender differences in classroom behavior affect
children ,Hanna&Linden(2009).
Furthermore, Ninety-three percent of the respondents referred to inequality and
injustice when describing the meaning of unfair treatment (e.g., as "unkind" and
"unjust"). This pattern persisted in all racial and socioeconomic categories. Nearly 50%
of White respondents said there was reverse discrimination when it came to improper
racial treatment (being denied opportunities because non-Whites receive preferential
treatment). Blacks concentrated on the lack of possibilities and the perception of being
less capable or deserving,Williams(2012).
Likewise,Discrimination in all its forms makes workers more stressed out and
more likely to experience physical and mental health problems .This stress also has the
unintended consequences of lowering altruistic behavior of work O'Brien (2006).
Racial disparities in the United States are not solely due to discrimination. In fact,
there is still persisting inequality between racial and ethnic groupings as a result of
numerous, complex factors. However, the overwhelming body of research indicates that
discrimination still has an impact on how opportunities are distributed today.
Furthermore, given the frequently subtly, indirectly, and cumulative nature of these
effects, our current estimates may actually understate the extent to which discrimination
contributes to the subpar social and economic outcomes of minority groups. Despite
significant advancements since the early 1960s, racial discrimination continues to play a
significant role in the development of current social and economic inequality
patterns,Pager(2008).

LOCAL

In conformity with(Parker, 2022), more than 5.5 million LGBTQ persons living in the

country, it's critical to acknowledge both our accomplishments in advancing equality efforts and
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the obstacles LGBTQ people continue to face in obtaining fair and equal access to employment,

housing, healthcare, and public accommodations.

Attested by(Edgar T. , 2017,)Schools should be safe places for everyone. But in the

Philippines, bullying, discrimination, a lack of education about LGBT issues, and occasionally

physical or sexual assault, affect students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender

(LGBT). These wrongdoings have the potential to seriously affect students' ability to pursue an

education, which is guaranteed by both Philippine and international law.

According to(Chang Casal, 2018),For many years, it has been widely accepted that

Filipinos are tolerant but not truly welcoming of the LGBTQ+ community. Although there has

been much written about how the Philippines can advance in closing that gap between tolerance

and acceptance, the biggest step being the passage of an anti-discrimination or SOGIE (Sexual

Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression) Equality bill, a recent survey indicates that we

might not even be at the level of tolerance in the corporate setting yet.

In keeping with (Rachel Cannon, 2014)Many LGBT people report experiencing

emotional abuse while in school. In order to avoid harassment or physical assault, some of the

younger members prefer to pass through school undetected.