COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION M,0)-0

(HPR-5
BADP'SS ( ONIIl I OYS
DIG

casrier
elocirieal pulses using
An analog signal can be convertod into
bits tnd these bits can be convertod into a bascDAnO BiJgn
generated using binary signaling schemes is
oinary sugnal ing schemes The electrical signal
cannot te trasmitted using a wirelesn channer
and can be transmitted using any wired charnnel, but it should be mouulatca.
transmit the electrical signal through wireless channel,
To trequency signal to high froquency )
Modulation is the process of translating the low pass signal
An electrical base band signal if modulates becomes electrical band pasn SIgna
an antenna becomes electromagnetic band
An clectrical band pass signal if radiated using sinusoidal carrier proportional
is the process of changng the paraneter of a high Irequency
Modulation
to the message signals
Carner C)-4Cos(J +0) ) are the parameters of u sinusoidal carfier
TA] peak amplitude, frequency (W.), Phase (6
is
based on which parameter of sinusoidal carrier base hand signa
There are three types of digtal modulation techniques
varied 1hey are 3) FSK [Frequency shifl køying)
1) ASK [Amplitude Shift keying] 2) PSK [Phase shif keying

1Amplitude Shift keying 1ASKI

.ASK is also called on off keying(OOK)

0<1<7,
Ask modulator: ifbit 1m(0)A, cos w, 0<7
S)= m{/).4, cos o )AA,
s{0)A.cos wJ, 0 <l <7,
A-AA]
1010
on-off balanced Ifbit -0"-m{)»0, 0<t<,
encoder modulator s()=04,Cow, 0<l <7,
S(/) = 0, 0<1<, or0' lor
then transmitled signal is
A. cOs "T, then transmitted signal is A conwt for "Th' seconds If bit is'o,
fbit is
Tseconds
Modulated signal > S{)m())A, cos wwJ 1S,0)-ACow
Page 11H4

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COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

Energy required per 1 bit 4

Energy required per "O bit= 0
ASK deniodulation : Non-Cobervt
AVerage cnergy required per bit

2x B We envelope THThreshold
Bandwidth required =
tectorLcomparato
,
2x2xk,
Band width efficiency (Bit rate R.) bandwidth

2R,
Coherent Demodulation can be used if the quality of reception is of high priority
Non-coherent Demodulation can be used if the receiver cost reduction is of high priority.
(RL)
Carrier frequency(1.) is chosen to be an integer multiple of bit rate
Difference signal energy E, = J[S,)-5,0)a
Phase Shf Keying: PSKI
-JlAcoswy-0) d
PSK Modulator

Probability of error P=
d2JG NRZ lnnce 7).A, cos ,
cncoder modulator|

A cos
ASK demodulaicn s1Cohere

comparato

4. cos(os)
MAMAMMA

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 COMMUNICATION
uiatcd signal S0p°
COMMUNICATION
*r{(0)
4, cosw,
i bi mlo)- A
,0<t<, PSK Deasodulation : 1Colern
s)-A A, coNw,,0t1,
threshold
Ifbt-0 m0)A <I *T,
)-Acos w, 1,01 A-A A, B.MH comparato
0A A,Cow,1,0« «7, Vh
S()A cosw,1,01 <1, A-4, cos
biu-"T s
S,() Acosw.j,0 «I1,
, frequoncy(C.) chosen to be an integer multiple of bit rate (R)
bit-'0 S,)-Acos w,0 « Carrier is
in of high prority them colerent demodulat ion is used for
PSK demodulation
qualIty of reception priority, then non-coherent demodulation
can be used But
S0)-Acou[W}.0<t<, roceiver circuit cost reduction is of high
I non-coherent Dfferential phave shit keying
demodulator doesn't exist for PSK lence a scheme called
In P'SK, tho binary message is transmitted
in the phase of the carrior (DP'SK) can be used instead of PSK, if non-coherent
denodulator should be used for demodulat ion
are differontially encoded before modulation in
DPSK
nergy requirod per "1 bit DP'SK is same as PSK oxcept that bits
gives similar perlormance as PSK.
DPSk
linwrgy required per "0" bir-"
Prequency 8Shin Keylagt [SR
Average enerRy requred per bit-
FSK modulatort
Bandwidth tequired for 1T, of 'SK modulated signal 2x B W S()
2 10101 m(t) Voltage controlled
NRZ
Wand width ofticieney (Dit rate R/ bandwidth encoder J oscillator

Modulated signal > (/) Acos w,,0 «1 <T, f bit-"T

,

S)- A cos w,1,0 < t <7,, ifbir -0

Dilerenco gnal eneruy d- fl5,0)-s,0)fa

id- JlMcosw,-(-AcoN,)}

AMAA
Probabsliy of eror P

ENGINRER'S CIRCLE
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COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
,0)4cosn,,0 <1 « 7
if bit
In FS8, tlho bnary message iN
transitted in the trequency of the carrier Probability of error '
lnergy required per ")' bin-

nengy required per "0' biu

FSK Denmodulator |Cohervnt
2

Average onergy roquired per bit

H T

B.PF
Bandwidth required f-1+2R
Band width officiency (Uit rate R.) bandwidth
WNK Dendulator (Noa-Coherenit
T-
anhe ih efhvency %

If mR,. n, A men, then

,08 S,(0) are orthogonal signas

The minimum valuo of "h-A'o that 0& s,0are orthogonal s R

Minimum Bandwidth requred for SK
So that 5, (0)A S,0) are orthogonal -
JR

Diforence signal energy u ls.0-s,wPa Carrier frequencies(fi. f) are chosen to be an integer multiples of bit rate (Ra)
Frequency spacing (fi- 5) used in a conventional FSK is "R"
The minimum fequency spacing (fi- 6) possible for FSK is "R/2"
-40-(- Aow, f'a
--"%
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JEb
 COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
m egan gacng ( S ad is RT. he SK en eaied as Mimimm sht rDPSK es are dfierenty emcoded asmg XORor XNOR crowe k he remahtaee b enece sPSK
modulated
Energy required per T bir

Energy required per 0 bit

ASK Average energy required per bit

Bandwidth required for transmission of PSK moduiated
sgnal-2x BW
MOUNMMMMMAA FSK
Difference signal energy E,- S[s)-sofa
-2R,

wwMwww PSK E,-j[Aco-(-4co)a

-4 24T

Probability oferor P-
Seri pheeit
keieg:(orSK
recerver then DPSK is used
DPSK is non-coberent version of PSK If PSK receiver should be a non-cohorent
DPSK deeoduladien
DPSK TX Threshold
B.P.F comparator
bits
Balanced DPSK
xOR NRZ
Lencoder modulatorgnal T
XNOR
coste) Delay
4
T
In
Delay be two bit erors in DPSK demodulation
every one bit error in PSK demodulation, there will
T ForDPSK, error is propagated to next bit
s(t)= A coseat, OT
f bit d-l-
ifbit dO s{t)= - A cosat. T
Page 126
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WSK+ ad 1ature Aabe
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ASK,
fsk 6Psk - 1bit
Aqsd a thaditd
ASK
as Hed
hoes aku
veuired. l0 o, 0l,10, 1) 1t 70
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nenahiow
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, Ac CAwet Catt)
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t
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Psk AGA Wet Cs¢lt) - Ac Sin ut tlt)

Ac Cwet CAdt) - Sin
et Smdt)
&k Ac Gwet + l4)

19 360
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