Ex.

No: 1 AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR Date:

AIM:
1. To construct an AM modulator and demodulator circuit and to trace message,
carrier, modulated and demodulated signals.
2. To determine the modulation index of AM by classical method and trapezoidal
method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 1

2 Diode 0A79 1

3 1.8KΩ, 22KΩ, 1.2KΩ, 10K,47kΩ 4

Resistors
5 Capacitor 0.1µF,10 µF,0.001 µF 3

6 Inductor 10mH 1

7 CRO (0-20)MHz 1

8 Function Generator (0-3)MHZ 2

9 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1

10 Bread board - 1

11 connecting wires - As per

required

Formula:
Classical Method:
Modulation Index 𝑚𝑎
𝑉𝑚
= 𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Where
Vm – Amplitude of the message signal
Vc – Amplitude of the carrier signal
Vmax & Vmin– maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated signal in the
positive axis.
Trapezoidal Method
Modulation index 𝑚𝑎 𝐴−𝐵
= 𝐴+𝐵

Where A is the peak – to – peak amplitude of the output signal.

B is the minimum peak – to – peak amplitude of the output signal

Circuit Diagram

AM Modulator

AM Demodulator
Model Graph

TABULAR COLUMN:

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (KHz)

Modulating signal

Carrier signal

Modulated signal

Demodulated
signal
Theory:
Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier signal
𝑐 𝑡 is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal 𝑚 .The
standard form of an amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by
S(t)=AC[1+Kam(t) cos(2πfct)]
Where K a is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.
The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the
incoming AM wave at the receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective
device that is well suited for the demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage
modulation is less than 100%. Ideally, an envelope detector produces an output signal that
follows the envelop of the input signal wave form exactly; hence, the name. Some version of this
circuit is used in almost all commercial AM radio receivers.
An envelope detector is an electronic circuit that takes a high-frequency signal as input and
provides an output which is the envelope of the original signal. The capacitor in the circuit stores
up charge on the rising edge, and releases it slowly through the resistor when the signal falls. The
diode in series rectifies the incoming signal, allowing current flow only when the positive input
terminal is at a higher potential than the negative input terminal. Most practical envelope
detectors use either half-wave or full-wave rectification of the signal to convert the AC audio
input into a pulsed DC signal. Filtering is then used to smooth the final result. This filtering is
rarely perfect and some "ripple" is likely to remain on the envelope follower output, particularly
for low frequency inputs such as notes from a bass guitar. More filtering gives a smoother result,
but decreases the responsiveness; thus, real-world designs must be optimized for the application.

Modulation Index:
Modulation index or the percentage modulation when it is expressed numerically as a
percentage. To avoid envelope distortion due to over modulation, the modulation index m must
be kept below unity or 100%. The following methods are used to measure modulation index m.
Trapezoidal Method

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. The message signal (AF) is given to the emitter terminal and the carrier signal (RF) is
given as input to the base circuit.
3. AF and RF signals are connected to two channels of CRO and output of AM wave is viewed
4. The AM wave is given as input to the demodulator circuit and the demodulated signal is
obtained.
5. The message signal, carrier signal, modulated and demodulated signals are traced in
the graph sheet.
6. Modulation index is calculated using classical method and trapezoidal method.

Viva Questions:

1. What is modulation? What are its types?

2. What is the need for modulation?
3. What the types of amplitude modulators?
4. Explain the working of the modulator and demodulator circuits.
5. What is meant by modulation index? State its significance.
 6. What is meant by demodulation?
7. Compare DSBFC AM, DSBSC AM and SSB SC AM.
8. Draw the spectrum of AM signal?What is the bandwidth requirement of AM?
9. Differentiate between low level and high level modulation.
10. State the advantages and disadvantages of AM.

Inferences:

Result:
Thus the amplitude modulation and de- modulation circuits were constructed and the
carrier , message, modulated signal and demodulated signals were traced and modulation index
was calculated using classical method and trapezoidal methods.
Ex. No: 2 FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR Date:

AIM:
To construct frequency modulator and demodulator circuit and to trace message, carrier,
modulated and demodulated signal
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 IC XR 2206 IC,NE 565 1 Each

2 0.001µF, 1 µF, 10 µF 2 Each

Capacitors
3 100 µF, 470 µF 1 Each

4 47KΩ 3

5 Resistors 10 KΩ , 560 Ω 2 Each

6 4.7KΩ 1

7 Variable resistor 1 KΩ 1

8 CRO 30MHz 1

9 Function generator 3MHz 1

10 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 1

XR 2206 Block Diagram

Circuit Diagram
FM Modulator

XR2206 Pin Diagram

FM Demodulator
Block Diagram

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Theory:
XR2206 is a widely used monolithic IC which can be used to build a function generator with
the addition of only a few external components. It produces a triangle, square wave, sine wave
and variable duty cycle pulse. It allows AM, FM and FSK signals as well. A constant current I is
used to charge and discharge an external capacitor connected between pins 5 & 6 of the current
controlled oscillator. The current I is determined by the external resistors connected to pin 7 or 8.
Thus the frequency of the triangular waveform is controlled by external capacitor or the external
resistor at pin 7 or 8. A comparator within the current controlled oscillator produces a 50% duty
cycle square which driven an open collector buffer. The triangular wave output from the current
controlled oscillator is fed to the sine shaper circuit. The transfer characteristics of the sine
shaper is shown in figure. When pins 13 and 14 are opened, the gain of the sine shaper is linear
as shown the solid line and the output from the sine shaper is also a triangle wave. However, if
we connect a 180Ω resistor between the pins 13 and 14, the transfer curve changes to the one
shown by dotted line. The peaks of the triangular wave have got rounded to produce a sine wave.
The output from the sine shaper is fed to the multiplier. The output from the multiplier is product
of two inputs scaled by a multiplication gain factor. If a varying dc voltage is connected at pin 1,
the amplitude of the output can be controlled. And if we apply a low frequency sine wave to pin
1, the amplitude of the output will vary sinusoidally, giving an amplitude modulated output. The
output amplitude can also be controlled by changing the multiplying factor. Frequency can be
controlled by 3 set of pins: capacitor (1000pF < C < 100µ𝐹) between pin 5 and 6, a resistor
between pin 7 and 8, a voltage at FSK (pin 9). The frequency of the output waveform is set by
the current through the resistor R connected at pin 7 and is given by,

0.32 𝐼
𝑓=
𝐶
The limit of constant current is1µA < I<3mA. The voltage at pin 7 is kept 3 V above V- .
3𝑉
The current through the resistor R is given by 𝐼 = .
𝑅

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Internally generated carrier signal is observed in pin 2 with zero input signal. The gain of
the carrier signal is adjusted using a 50KΩ varible resistor.
3. The message signal is given as input through pin 7 and the FM waveform is observed at pin
2.
4. The FM wave is given as input to the demodulator circuit and the demodulated signal
is obtained.
5. The message signal, carrier signal, modulated and demodulated signals are traced in
the graph sheet.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (KHz)

Modulating signal

Carrier signal

Modulated signal

Demodulated
signal

Calculation of Bandwidth
𝚫𝐟 BW=2(𝚫𝐟
fm fmax fmin 𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐟𝐦𝐢𝐧
= +fm)
𝟐

Modulated
Output
Model Graph

Viva Questions:

1. What is meant by frequency modulation?

2. State the advantages of FM over AM.
3. What is meant by modulation index of a FM wave.
4. Draw the spectrum of FM signal. What is the bandwidth requirement of FM?
5. Differentiate narrow band FM and wide band FM.
6. Explain the working of the modulator and demodulator circuits.
7. State the principle of direct and indirect method of FM generation.
8. State the principle of super heterodyning.
9. State the applications of FM.
10. Compare FM and PM.
Inferences:

Result:

Thus the frequency modulation and de- modulation circuits were constructed and the
carrier , message, modulated signal and demodulated signals were traced.
Ex. No: 3(a) PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION DATE:

AIM:

To construct pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits and to trace the
waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor 10KΩ, 1KΩ, 150 KΩ 3
3 Variable Resistor 560Ω 1
4 Capacitor 10 µF 1,1
5 Function Generator (0-3)MHZ 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires - As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODULATION
DEMODULATION

MODEL GRAPH

THEORY

Pulse amplitude modulation is the basic form of pulse modulation in which the signal is
sampled at regular and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal at the sampling instant. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of
signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of
signal pulse. It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of
carrier pulses are varied according to the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is
performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every single period. ulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM) is an analog modulating scheme in which the amplitude of the pulse carrier
varies proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.

The pulse amplitude modulated signal, will follow the amplitude of the original signal, as the
signal traces out the path of the whole wave. In natural PAM, a signal sampled at the Nyquist
rate is reconstructed, by passing it through an efficient Low Pass Frequency (LPF) with exact
cutoff frequency.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Signal Amplitude(volts) Time (ms) Frequency(Hz)

Message signal

Pulse signal

PAM Signal

Demodulated
Signal

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. The sinusoidal signal voltage of 1V at a frequency of 750 Hz is supplied as message.
3. An input carrier signal of square wave of 10 v and 10 KHz is applied
4. The PAM output is obtained in the CRO.
5. Sample bit patterns are assigned for various levels.
6. Message signal, pulse train and output signals are plotted.
7. The graph is plotted according to the measured output.

Viva Questions:

1. What is meant by pulse modulation?

2. Mention the types of pulse modulation.
3. State the advantages and disadvantages of pulse modulation.
 4. Defined sampling.
5. What are the types of sampling?

Inferences:

RESULT:

Thus the pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits were constructed and output
waveforms were traced.
Ex. No:3b SAMPLE AND HOLD DATE:

AIM:

To construct a sample and hold circuit and to trace the message and sample and hold signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name of
Specification Range Quantity
Components

IC IC 741 --- 1

Resistor -- 10 MΩ 1

FET BFW10 -- 1

Capacitor -- 0.01 µF 1

Diode 1N 4007 --- 1

Regulated power
---- (0-30)v 1
supply

Function
--- 3MHz 1
generator/CRO

THEORY:

The sample and hold circuit, as its name implies, samples an input signal and holds on its
last sampled value until the input is sampled again. Sample and hold Circuit is constructed using
741 OP-AMP and a field effect transistor. In this circuit, FET works as a switch that is controlled
by the sample-and-hold control voltage Vc (carrier signal), and the capacitor C serves as storage.
The analog signal Vin (message signal) to be sampled is applied to the drain, and sample and
hold control voltage Vc is applied to the gate of the FET. During the positive half cycle of Vc,
FET conducts and act as a closed switch. This allows input voltage to charge the capacitor C. In
other words input voltage appears across C and in turn at the output, as shown in figure below.
On the other hand, when Vc is zero the FET is off (non conductive) and acts as an open
switch. The only discharge path for C is, therefore, through the operational amplifier (OP AMP).
However, the input resistance of the op amp voltage follower is also very high; hence the voltage
across C is retained. The time periods Ts of the sample and hold control voltage Vs during which
the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the input voltage are called sample periods. The time
period Th of Vs during which the voltage across the capacitor is constant are called hold periods.
The output of the OP-AMP is usually processed/observed during hold periods. To obtain close
approximation of the input wave form, the frequency of the sample and hold control voltage
must be significantly higher than that of the input. In critical applications a precision or high
speed op amp is helpful. If possible choose a low-leakage capacitor made of material such as
teflon or polyethylene. A significant reduction in size and improved performance can be
achieved by using a specially designed sample and hold IC such as the LF398. The sample and
hold circuit is commonly used in digital interfacing and communications such as analog to digital
and pulse modulation systems
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM
WAVEFORM:

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

1. The sinusoidal signal voltage of 1V at a frequency of 750 Hz is supplied as message.
2. An input carrier signal of square wave of 10 v and 10 KHz is applied
3. The sample output is obtained in the CRO.
4. Plot the message, pulse train and output signals.
5. The graph is plotted according to the measured output.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Signal Amplitude(volts) Time (ms) Frequency(Hz)

Message signal

Pulse signal

Sample and hold

Encoding:
Total No. Of Levels:
Level Voltage Bit Pattern

Viva Questions:

1. State sampling theorem.

2. What are the different types of sampling?

3. Explain the working of sample and hold circuit.

Inferences

RESULT:

Thus the sample and hold circuit was constructed and output was verified.
Ex. No: 4 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS DATE:

AIM:

To construct pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit and to determine the frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor 4.7KΩ, 10 KΩ, 600 KΩ, 1 KΩ, 750 KΩ
3 Capacitor 4.7 µF,10 µF,0.1 µF 2,2
4 Inductance 7.5 mH 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Connecting Wires & Probes - As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PRE-EMPHASIS

BC107
DE-EMPHASIS

MODEL GRAPH

THEORY

Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are used for suppression of the unwabted noise. The noise
has greater effect on modulating frequencies greater than on the lower ones. The effect of noise
on higher frequencies can be reduced by artificially boosting them at the transmitter. And
correspondingly attenuating them at the receiver. This boosting of higher modulating
frequencies at the transmitter is called pre-emphasis and attenuating them at the receiver is called
de-emphasis. Normally, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is carried out according to the standard
curves as shown in model graph. The noise suppression ability of FM decreases with the increase
in the frequencies. Hence, the relative strength or amplitude of the high frequency components of
the message signal has to increased before modulation by means of pre-emphasis. In the de-
emphasis circuit, by reducing the amplitude level of the received high frequency signal by the
same amount as the increase in pre-emphasis is termed as de-emphasis. The pre-emphasis
process is done at the transmitter side, while the de-emphasis process is done at the receiver side.
Thus a high frequency modulating signal is emphasized or boosted in amplitude in transmitter
before modulation. To compensate for this boost, the high frequencies are attenuated or de-
emphasized in the receiver after the demodulation has been performed. Due to pre-emphasis and
de-emphasis, the S/N ratio at the output of receiver is maintained constant. The de-emphasis
process ensures that the high frequencies are returned to their original relative level before
amplification. Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter or differentiator which allows high
frequencies to pass, whereas de-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter or integrator which allows
only low frequencies to pass.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. The sinusoidal signal voltage of 1V at a frequency of 1KHz is given as input for the pre-
emphasis circuit.
3. By varying the frequency of the input signal, gain of the pre-emphasis output signal is
noted.
4. Pre-emphasis output is given as input to the de-emphasis circuit.
5. By varying the frequency of the input signal, gain of the de-emphasis output signal is
noted.
6. The frequency response plot of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is plotted.

Viva Questions:

1. Which range of frequencies are more prone to noise interference in FM transmission?

2. What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
3. What is the need for pre-emphasis circuit?
4. How to reduce the noise during transmission in FM ?
TABULAR COLUMN:

Vi =

Pre-Emphasis De-Emphasis
Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude (V) Gain (dB) Amplitude (V) Gain (dB)

Inferences:

RESULT:

Thus the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits were contructed and the frequency
response was plotted.
Ex. No: 5 Tuned and Wideband Amplifiers DATE:

AIM:
i. To construct a tuned amplifier and plot its frequency response.
ii. To construct a wideband amplifier and plot its frequency reponse.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor 56KΩ, 680KΩ, 4.7 KΩ 1
3 Capacitor 10µF,4.7 µF,10pF 1,2,1,1
4 Inductance 10mH 1
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Function Generator (0-3)MHz As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tuned Amplifier
WidebandAmplifier

MODEL GRAPH

Tuned Amplifier

Wideband Amplifier
THEORY

Tuned Amplifiers:

Tuned amplifiers are the amplifiers that are employed for the purpose of tuning. Tuning
means selecting. Among a set of frequencies available, if there occurs a need to select a
particular frequency, while rejecting all other frequencies, such a process is called tuning. This
selection is done by using a circuit called as Tuned circuit.When an amplifier circuit has its load
replaced by a tuned circuit, such an amplifier can be called as a Tuned amplifier circuit.

The tuning circuit is nothing but a LC circuit which is also called as resonant or tank
circuit. It selects the frequency. A tuned circuit is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow
band of frequencies that are centered at resonant frequency. When the reactance of the inductor
balances the reactance of the capacitor, in the tuned circuit at some frequency, such a frequency
can be called as resonant frequency. It is denoted by fr.

The resonant frequency is given by 𝑓𝑟 1

= 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

Tuned amplifier finds application in FM stereo receivers and as intermediate frequency

(IF) amplifier in a super heterodyne receiver

Wideband Amplifiers:

For most systems a single transistor amplifier does not provide sufficient gain or bandwidth or
will not have the correct input or output impedance matching. The solution is to combine
multiple stages of amplification. We have the three basic one transistor amplifier configurations
to use as building blocks to create more complex amplifier systems which can provide better
optimized specifications and performance namely high gain and high bandwidth. Common-
emitter and emitter-follower amplifiers are the most widely used single-transistor amplifiers. is
used less frequently as a stand-alone voltage amplifier stage, mostly because it has a low input
resistance, but it is often combined with a common-emitter stage to form a cascode amplifier. In
a common-base voltage amplifier, the input voltage is applied to the emitter and the output
voltage is taken from the collector, and the input and output voltages are in-phase. The in-phase
relationship can be understood by observing that when the signal voltage applied to the emitter
increases, the base-emitter voltage vBE decreases, causing the emitter/collector current to
decrease, decreasing the voltage drop across the collector resistor, RC, thereby increasing the
collector voltage. Because of its low input resistance, the common-base amplifier is sometimes
used as a current-in/voltage-out amplifier or current buffer. Its operation in the cascode
configuration is acting as a current-in/voltage-out amplifier because it takes the collector current
from the common-emitter stage as its input and produces an output voltage at its collector.

As with all linear Class A BJT amplifiers, the transistor must operate in the forward active region
in the common-base amplifier. This means that the base-emitter junction must be forward biased,
the collector-base junction must be reverse biased, and operation must be prevented from
entering the saturation region. These bias conditions can be seen in the schematic shown in the
“Procedure” section for the common-base stage as well as the CE stage in the cascode amplifier.
The base is often biased using a resistive voltage divider, voltage regulator, or available power
supply, and an emitter resistor, RE is used to establish the emitter current. The base should
always be bypassed with a capacitor that produces a low impedance AC ground at all signal
frequencies. If the amplifier is DC-coupled, the voltage source applied to the base must also
provide a low DC resistance. The collector circuit is similar to what is used in the common-
emitter amplifier, and in its simplest form consists of a resistor, RC connected between the
collector and the power supply.

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. The sinusoidal signal voltage of 1V at a frequency of 1KHz is given as input for the
tuned amplifier circuit.
3. By varying the frequency of the input signal, gain of tuned amplifier circuit is noted.
4. Same steps are repeated for wideband amplifier.
5. The frequency response plot of tuned and wide band amplifier is plotted
and consequently bandwidth is calulated.

Viva Questions:

1. What is meant by tuned amplifier?

2. Explain the working of tuned amplifier.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.
4. Mention the applications of class C tuned amplifier
5. How to reduce the noise during transmission in FM ?
6. Differentiate tuned and wide band amplifier.
7. Explain the significance of 3dB bandwidth.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Tuned Amplifier Vi =

Output Amplitude
Frequency (KHz) Gain (VO / Vi) Gain (dB)
VO (V)

Inferences:
Wide band Amplifier Vi =

Output Amplitude
Frequency (KHz) Gain (VO / Vi) Gain (dB)
VO (V)

RESULT:

Thus the tuned and wide band amplifiers were contructed and the bandwidth was
calculated.
 Ex. No:6(a) FREQUENCY MIXER DATE:

Aim:
To construct a frequency mixer and to test its operation.

Apparatus Required:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 107 1

2 Resistors 10KΩ,22KΩ,4.7KΩ,100KΩ 3,1,1

4 Capacitors 0.01µF,0.1 µF 2,1,1

7 Variable resistor 1 KΩ 1

8 CRO 30MHz 1

9 Function generator 3MHz 1

10 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 1

Formula
1
𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
cos 𝜔1 − 𝜔2 𝑡 − cos 𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝑡
2 1
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

Block Diagram
Circuit Diagram

Model Graph
Tabulation

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (KHz)

Input Signal 1 Fx

Input Signal 2 Fy

Mixer Output

Theory:

Heterodyning or mixing is the process of producing new frequency by combining or mixing two
input frequencies. The two frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device
such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode, usually called a mixer. Mixing of two signals will
produce sum and difference frequency components at the output of the mixer. We can select
either sum component or the difference component. The mixer circuit usually translates the input
signal to an intermediate frequency which is usually the sum component or difference
component. The mixer circuit consists of two blocks: product modulator and band pass filter.
The product modulator basically multiplies the two input signals produces sum and difference
components. The band pass filter selects either sum or difference frequency components
depending upon the requirements.

It is possible to easily represent the action of an RF mixer mathematically. The two input
waveforms are represented by simple sine waves, and these are multiplied together. By
expanding the resulting waveform using standard trignometrical processes, it is possible to
deduce what the output is.

If the input waveforms are taken as:

𝐹𝑥 = sin 𝜔1 𝑡
𝐹𝑦 = sin 𝜔2 𝑡
The multiplier output is
1
𝐹𝑥 . 𝐹𝑦 = sin 𝜔1 . sin 𝜔2 𝑡 = cos 𝜔1 − 𝜔2 𝑡 − cos 𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝑡
2
From this it can be seen that the two terms: (𝜔1 − 𝜔2) and (𝜔1 + 𝜔2) can be seen, and these
represent the sum and difference frequencies that are seen on the traces above.

Mixer circuits are used in super-heterodyne receivers to downshift the frequency. They can also
be used as a product detector, modulator, frequency multiplier or phase detector.

The undesired frequency component is rejected with the help of a filter. In this circuit an RC
filter is used. The cut of frequency of RC filter is 1 .
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input signals Fx (1KHz) and Fy (10KHz) are fed to the circuit.
3. The multiplier output and filter output waveforms are obtained in the CRO.
4. The graph of input and output signals are plotted.

Viva questions:

1. What is meant by heterodyning?

2. What are the advantages of heterodyne receiver?
3. Explain the working of the frequency mixer circuit.
4. What is meant by IF amplifier?
5. What is meant by image frequency?
6. What are the applications of frequency mixer?

Inferences:

Result:

Thus the frequency mixer circuit is constructed and its operation is tested.
EXP.NO:6
RING MODULATOR Date:
(b)

AIM:

To generate double side band suppressed carrier amplitude modulated waveform using
ring modulator and to trace the waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 PN Junction diodes 1N4007 4

2 Centertapped transformer 1:1 2

3 Capacitors 1 µF 2

4 CRO 30MHz 1

5 Function generator 3MHz 1

Circuit Diagram
Model Graph

Theory:

Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, in which the transmitted wave

consists of only the upper and lower sidebands. Transmitted power is saved here through the
suppression of the carrier wave, but the channel bandwidth requirement is the same as before
(i.e., twice the message bandwidth).

One of the most useful product modulators that is well suited for generating a DSBSC modulated
wave is the ring modulator. It is also known as a lattice or double balanced modulator. The four
diodes in the circuit form a ring in which they all point in the same way. The diodes are
controlled by a square wave carrier which is applied by means of two center – tapped
transformers. Let us assume the transformers are perfectly balanced. When the carrier supply is
positive, the outer diods are switched on presenting zero impedance, whereas the inner diodes are
swuitched off presenting infinite impedance, so that the modulator multiplies the message signal
by +1. When the carrier supply is negative, the situtaion becomes reversed, and the modulator
multiplies the message signal by -1. Thus the ring modulator, in its ideal form, is a product
modulator for a square wave carrier.

Most noticeably, however, is the fact that the modulated signal undergoes a phase reversal
whenever the message signal crosses zero, as indicated in model graph. The envelope of a DSB-
SC modulated signal is therefore different from the message signal, which means that simple
demodulation using an envelope detection is not a viable option for DSB-SC modulation.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Frequency (KHz)

Modulating signal

Carrier signal
Modulated signal
Procedure:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. A sine wave modulating signal and square wave carrier signal are applied as input to the
circuit.
3. The message signal, carrier signal and the DSB-SC output waveforms are observed in
CRO.
4. The message signal, carrier signal and the DSB-SC output waveforms are traced.
Viva Questions:
1. What are the limitations of amplitude modulation?
2. Explain the working of the circuit.
3. What are the advantages of DSB-SC AM?
4. Why there is a phase reversal in DSBSC AM?
5. Why envelope detector cannot be used to demodulate the DSB-SC AM?
Inferences:

RESULT:
Thus the double side band suppressed carrier amplitude modulated (DSBSC) waveform
was generated using ring modulator and to trace the waveforms.
EXP.NO:7 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL Date:

AIM:

To construct automatic gain control circuit and to study its performance and operation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 107 1

2 Resistors 10KΩ,1KΩ,4.7KΩ,470KΩ,50KΩ,6.8KΩ 3,1,1,1,1,1

3 Capacitors 0.47µF,0.01 µF,0.1 µF 2,1,2

4 CRO 30MHz 1

5 Function generator 3MHz 1

6 Regulated Power Supply 0-30V 1

Circuit Diagram
Model Graph

Theory:

Automatic gain control is a system by means of which the overall gain of a radio receiver is
varied automatically with the variations in the strength of the receiver signal, to maintain the
output substantially constant. AGC circuitry derives the dc biasa voltage from the output of the
detector. It applies this derived dc bias voltage to a selected number of RF, IF and mixer stages
to control their gains. When the average signal level increases, the size of the AGC bias
increases, and the gain of the controlled stage decreases. When there is no signal, there is a
minimum AGC bias and the amplifiers produce maximum gain. There are two types of AGC
circuits in use: Simple AGC and Delayed AGC.

In simple AGC receivers, the AGC bias starts to increase as soon as the received signal level
exceeds the background noise level. As a result, receiver gain starts falling down, reducing the
sensitivity of the receiver.

In the circuit of the simple AGC circuit, dc bias produced by half wave rectifier as a AM detector
is used to control the gain of RF or IF amplifier. Beforee application of this voltage to the base of
RF and /or IF stage amplifier the audio signal is removed by the low pass filter. The time
constant of the filter is kept longer, it will give better filtering, but it will cause an annoying
delay in the application of the AGC control when tuning from one signal to another. The
recovered signal is then passed through the capacitor to remove the dc. The resulting ac signal is
further amplified and applied to the loudspeaker.

Simple AGC is a system by means of which several gain of a radio receiver is varied
automatically with the changing strength of received signal to keep the output substantially
constant of a bias voltage derived from the detector is explained in connection is applied in
selected manner of RF,IF and mixer stages.

In simple AGC circuit, the unwanted weak signals (noise signals) are amplified with high gain.

In the delayed AGC, the AGC bias is not applied till the output signal reaches the pre-determined
level. When the output signal tries to exceed this level, the AGC bias is applied and gain is
reduced so that output voltage remains at predetermined level. Hence this type of AGC is called
delayed AGC.

TABULAR COLUMN:

No AGC Simple AGC Delayed AGC

Vin Vo Vin Vo Vin Vo
Procedure:

1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2. DC supply of 10 V and 15V are given to the circuit.
3. The sinusoidal signal with frequency and amplitude V max is applied
4. The output of AGC, which is a sinusoidal wave is observed in CRO.
5. The output signal‟s amplitude is noted down by varying the frquency of the input signal.

Inferences:

Result:
Thus the automatic gain control circuit was constructed and its performance was studied and
graph was plotted.
EXP.NO:8

DATE: PULSE WIDTH AND PULSE POSITION MODULATION

AIM:

To construct PWM and PPM circuit and trace the output waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION/RANGE QUANTITY

1 Integrated chip IC 555 2

2 Resistor 3.9KΩ, 2.7KΩ, 10 KΩ 3

3 Capacitor 0.01 µF 1

4 CRO (0-20)MHZ 1,1

5 Function Generator (0-30)MHZ 1

6 Bread Board - 1

7 Connecting Wires & Probes - As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PPM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PWM:

IC PIN DIAGRAM:

Ground 1 8 Vcc

Trigger 2 7 Discharge
555

Output 3 6 Threshold

Reset 4 5 Control voltage

THEORY

555 Timer IC
The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or oscillation
Signetics Corporation first introduction this device as the SE555/NE555 and it is aviable in two
package style, 8-pin circular style ,TO-99 can or 8-pin mini DIP or as 14-pin DIP. The 556 timer
contains two 555 timers and is a 14- pin DIP . There is also available counter timer such as
Exar‟s XR-2240 which contains a 555 timer plus a programmable binary counter in a signal 16-
pin package.A signale 555 timer can provide time delay rangeing from microseconds to hours
where as counter timer can have a maximum timing range of days. The 555 timer can be used
with supply voltage in the range of +5V to +18V and drive load upto 200 mA.it is compatible
with both TTL and CMOS logic circuits. Because of the wide range of supply voltage,the 555
timer is versatile and easy to use in various application ,pulse generator ramp and square wave
generate, mono-short multivibrator,burglar alarm, traffic light control and voltage monitor etc.
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse width modulation is defined as an analog modulation technique in which the width of
each pulse is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the signal at the sampling
instant. In PWM, the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the
individual pulses. Width may be varied by varying the time of occurrence of leading edge, the
trailing edge or both the edges of the pulse in accordance with modulating wave. It is also called
Pulse Duration Modulation. The pulse width modulation has disadvantage when compared with
position modulation in lower varying constant. If the voltage is varied in accordance with the
signal voltage series of rectangular pulse will be obtained with width varying as required pulse
width has disadvantage when compared with pulse are varying width and therefore varying of
power constant.

The circuit diagram for pulse width modulation using 555 timer is shown in figure. This is
basically a monostable multivibrator with a modulating input signal applied at pin -5 by the
application of continuous trigger at pin-2 a series of output pulses are obtained the duration of
which depends on the modulating input at pin-5. The modulating signal applied at pin-5 gets
2
superimposed upon the already existing voltage 𝑉𝐶𝐶 at the inverting input terminal of upper
3

convertor. This in turn charges the threshold level of upper convertor and the ouput pulse width
modulation takes place the modulating signal and the output waveform as shown in model graph.
It may be noted from the output waveform that the pulse duration, that is the duty cycle only
varies keeping the frequency same as that of the continuous input pulse train trigger

Pulse Position Modulation :

Pulse position modulation is defined as an analog modulation technique in which the
signal is sampled at regular intervals such that the shift in position of each sample is proportional
to the instantaneous value of the signal at the sampling instant.
 In pulse position modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held
constant but the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the
message signal. Pulse time modulation is a class of signaling technique that encodes the sample
values of an analog signal on to the time axis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle
modulation techniques. The two main types PTM are PWM and PPM. In PPM the analog sample
value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of
pulse decides the channel bandwidth. It has low noise interference.
The pulse-position modulator can be constructed by applying a modulating signal to pin 5 as a
555 timer connected for astable operation. The output pulse position varies with the modulating
voltage since the threshold voltage and hence the time delay is varied. Output waveform is
shown in model graph generated for a sine wave modulating signal. It may be noted from the
output waveform that the frequency is varying leading to pulse position modulation.

MODEL GRAPH

Modulating Signal

Carrier Signal

PWM Output

PPM Output
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. For PWM circuit, the input modulating signal is applied at pin 5 and trigger is applied
at pin 2.
3. By adjusting the frequency of trigger and modulating signal, the PWM output is obtained.
4. For PPM circuit, the input modulating signal is applied at pin 5.
5. By adjusting the frequency of trigger and modulating signal, the PPM output is obtained.
TABULATION

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time (ms)

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

PWM Signal

PULSE POSITION MODULATION

Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time (ms)

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

PPM Signal

Inferences:

RESULT:

Thus the pulse position and pulse width modulation was done and output was verified.
 EX.NO.9 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Aim:
To construct TDM circuit and to trace the multiplexed and de-multiplexed waveform.

Apparatus Required:
1. TDM Trainer kit
2. CRO.

Theory:

Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple data streams in a single
signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each
individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.
To maintain proper positions of sample pulses in the multiplexer, it is necessary to synchronize
the sampling process. Because the sampling operations are usually electronic, there is typically a
clock pulse train. That serves as a reference for all samples. At the receiving station, a similar
clock synchronization can be derived from the received waveform by observing the pulse
sequence over many pulses and averaging the pulses (in a closed loop with the clock derived on
the voltage controlled oscillator).
Clock synchronization does not guarantee that the proper sequence of samples is synchronized.
Proper alignment of the time slot sequence requires frame synchronization. Hence one or more
time slot per frame may be used to send synchronization information. For example, by placing a
special pulse with larger amplitude than the largest expected message amplitude in TIME SLOT-
1, the start of a frame can easily be identified using a suitable threshold circuit.

PROCEDURE:
1. To provide the timing and synchronization information to the receiver section, connect
the TX CLK post to the RX CLK post and TX SYNC post to the RX SYNC post. Here
we are connecting the transmitter clock to the receiver clock and transmitter sync to the
receiver sync physically.
2. The timing signals required for de-multiplexing the four analog channels are derived
internally from the RX CLK and are available at the test points.
 3. The four de-multiplexed signals are available at the post‟s OUT16, OUT17, OUT18 and
OUT19 of the 4-channel DEMUX section.

4. The multiplexed sine waves are not pure sine waves. Therefore it needs to be filtered.
Connect OUT16 post to IN34 post, OUT17 post to IN35 post, OUT18 post to IN36 post
and OUT19 to IN37post of the 4th order LPF.

5. Observe the filtered output at post OUT31, OUT32, OUT33 and OUT34 respectively.

6. Observe the sequence of the recovered signal, which is exact compliance with that of the
transmitter inputs sequence. Similarly, observe the frequencies of the recovered signals
KIT Diagram:
Tabulation:

S.No. SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (ms)

Model Graph:

Viva questions:
1. How synchronization achieved in TDM?
2. What is the limitation of synchronous TDM?
3. How to overcome the limitation in synchronous TDM?
4. Define bandwidth expansion factor.
5. What is the difference between TDM and FDM?

Inferences:

Result:

Thus the Time division multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques are studied using DCS
trainer kit.
Expt: 10 (a) SIMULATION OF AM

AIM:
To simulate AM using MATLAB and to trace the time domain and frequency
domain waveform.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
(i) Matlab

PROGRAM:
clc;
close all;
clear all;

%define AM modulation Index

disp(' example: m=1 means 100% modulation');
%m=input(' Enter the value of modulation index (m) = ');
m=0.5; % for 100% modulation
if (0>m||m>1)
error('m may be less than or equal to one and greater than to zero');
end

% modulating signal generation

Am=5; % Amplitude of modulating signal
fa=2000; % Frequency of modulating signal
Ta=1/fa; % Time period of modulating signal
t=0:Ta/999:6*Ta; % Total time for simulation
ym=Am*sin(2*pi*fa*t); % Equation of modulating signal
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,ym), grid on;% Graphical representation of Modulating signal
title ( ' Modulating Signal ');
x label ( ' time(sec) ');
y label (' Amplitude(volt) ');

% carrier signal generation

Ac=Am/m;% Amplitude of carrier signal [ where, modulation Index (m)=Am/Ac ]
fc=fa*10;% Frequency of carrier signal
Tc=1/fc;% Time period of carrier signal
yc=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);% Equation of carrier signal
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,yc), grid on;% Graphical representation of carrier signal
title ( ' Carrier Signal ');

x label ( ' time(sec) ');

y label (' Amplitude(volt) ');
% AM Modulation
y=Ac*(1+m*sin(2*pi*fa*t)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Equation of Amplitude
%modulated signal
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);% Graphical representation of AM signal
title ( ' Amplitude Modulated signal ');
x label ( ' time(sec) ');
y label (' Amplitude(volt) ');
grid on;

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the amplitude modulation output was verified.

Expt: 10 (b)
SIMULATION OF FM

AIM:
To simulate FM using MATLAB and to trace the time domain and frequency
domain waveform.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
(i) Matlab

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fm=input('Message Frequency=');
fc=input('Carrier Frequency=');
mi=input('Modulation Index=');
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
m=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,m);
x label('Time');
y label('Amplitude');
title('Message Signal');
grid on;
c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,c);
x label('Time');
y label('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');
grid on;
y=sin(2*pi*fc*t+(mi.*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));%Frequency changing w.r.t Message
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
x label('Time');
y label('Amplitude');
title('FM Signal');
grid on;
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the frequency modulation output was verified.

Expt: 10 (c) SIMULATION OF PAM

AIM:
To generate the waveform for Pulse amplitude modulation using Mat lab Simulation

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
(i) Matlab

PROGRAM:
% pulse amplitude modulation
close all;
clear all ;
clc ;
t = 0 : 1/1e3 : 1; % 1 kHz sample freq for 1 sec
d = 0 : 1/5 : 1;
x = sin(2*pi/4*2*t); %message signal
figure;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(x);
title('message');
x label('time');y label('amplitude');
y = pulsrand(t,d,'rectpuls',0.1); %generation of pulse input
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y);
title('Pulse Input ');
x label('time');y label('amplitude');
z=x.*y; % PAM output
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(z);
title('PAM modulation ');
x label('time');y label('amplitude');
OUTPUT:

INFERENCE:

RESULT:

Thus the pulse Amplitude modulation output was verified using Matlab.
Expt: 10 (c) SIMULATION OF PPM

AIM:
To generate the waveform for Pulse position modulation using Mat lab Simulation

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
(i) Matlab

PROGRAM:
% pulse position modulation
close all
clear all
clc
fc=100;
fs=1000;
f1=80;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(311);
plot(x1); axis([0 15 0 1]);
title('original signal taken mesage,f1=80,fs=1000')
subplot(312);
plot(y1);
axis([0 250 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PPM')
%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(313);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered, single tone,f1=80')
axis([0 15 0 1]);
OUTPUT:

INFERENCE:

RESULT:

Thus the pulse Position modulation output was verified using Mat lab.
 Expt: 10
SIMULATION OF PWM
(d)

AIM:
To generate the waveform for Pulse width modulation using Mat lab Simulation

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
(i) Mat lab

PROGRAM:
% pulse width modulation & demodulation
close all
clear all
clc
fc=1000;
fs=10000;
f1=200;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x1);
axis([0 50 0 1]);
title('original signal taken mesage,f1=500,fs=10000')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y1);
axis([0 500 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PWM');
%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered, single tone,f1=200')
axis([0 50 0 1]);
OUTPUT:

INFERENCE:

RESULT: Thus the pulse width modulation output was verified using Mat lab.
Ex. No: 11 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS DATE:

AIM:
To simulate the Pre emphasis and De emphasis circuit using PSPICE Program and
verify the output response characteristics.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PSPICE – OrCAD 9.2 lite, Computer installed with Windows XP or higher Version.

PRE‐EMPHASIS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7.5 DE‐EMPHASIS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

 PRE‐EMPHASIS PROGRAM:
Vm 6 0 AC 1V sin(0 1V 1KHz)

Vcc 1 0 DC 10V

R1 1 3 100K

R2 3 0 68K

L1 1 5 0.3H

R3 5 2 2K

R4 4 0 1K

C1 6 3 0.1uF

C2 2 7 0.01uF

R5 7 0 10k

Q1 2 3 4 Q2N2222

.LIB

.AC DEC 10 10Hz 20KHz

.PROBE

.END

DE‐EMPHASIS PROGRAM:

Vm 1 0 AC 1V sin(0 1V 1KHz)

R1 1 2 10k

C1 2 0 0.01uF

C2 2 0 0.01uF

.LIB

.AC dec 10 10Hz 20KHz

.PROBE

.END
MODEL GRAPH

Pre-emphasis Output waveform

De-emphasis output waveform

65
LAB PROCEDURE:

1. Open the Pspice AD Litesoftware by double clicking its icon.

2. After few moments Command window will appear.

3. Go to the File Menu and select a New text file. (File ÆNewÆtext file)

4. A blank text file will appear with a title „untitled‟

5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the text file as .cir with
appropriate name. To execute the program go to Debug Menu and select Run.

6. After execution output will appear in the Command window .If there is an error
then with an alarm, type of error will appear.

7. Rectify the error if any and go to Debug Menu and select Run.

8. If there is no errors, go to Trace menu and click add trace. Enter the output node
voltage and click ok then the output will display.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.How to include the file in the circuit file?

2.What is the use of Probe comment?
3.What is threshold effect?
4.Which range of frequency is affected by noise interference?
5.How to include a device which is not already existed in pspice library?
6.Which technique is used at the receiver side to reconstruct the original
signal? 7.How to add the arrows in the plot?
8.How to reduce the noise during transmission in FM ?
9.Pre emphasis operation is similar to high pass filter explain how?
10. What is the significance of the 3db down frequency?

RESULT:

Thus the net list for the given pre‐emphasis and de‐emphasis circuit was written
and the output waveforms were plotted.
 DSB‐SC MODULATION IN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS USING MATLAB
(Content beyond the Syllabus)

OBJECTIVE

To write and simulate MATLAB program for DSB‐SC Modulation in time domain and using
FFT represent the result in frequency domain.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB, Computer installed with Windows higher Version.

THEORY:
DSB‐SC is basically an amplitude modulation wave without the carrier, therefore reducing power
waste, giving it a 50% efficiency. This is an increase compared to normal AM
transmission, (DSB) has a maximum efficiency of 33.333%, since 2/3 of the power is in
the carrier which carries no intelligence, and each sideband carries the same information.
Single Side Band (SSB) Suppressed Carrier is 100% efficient.

PROGRAM:
N = 1024; %N point FFT N>fc to avoid freq domain aliasing
fs = 4096; % Sample frequency
t = (0:N‐1)/fs;
fc = 600; %Carrier Frequency
fm = 80; %Message Frequency
Ec = 20; %Carrier Amplitude
Em = 5; %Messagae Amplitude

xc=Ec*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
xm=Em*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,xc);
title('carrier signal of 600Hz');
xlabel('time (s)');
ylabel('amplitude(V)');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,xm);
title('message signal of 80Hz');
xlabel('time (s)');
ylabel('amplitude(V)');
 % DSB‐SC MODULATION
z1= xm.*xc;

figure(2)
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,z1);
title('DSB‐SC MODULATION IN TIME DOMAIN');
xlabel('time (s)');
ylabel('amplitude (V)');

f = fs * (0 : N/2) / N;%Since the fft result is symmetrical, only the

%positive half is sufficient for spectral representation
M1 = 2/N*abs(fft(z1,N));
subplot(2,1,2); %Frequency Domain Plot
plot(f(1:256),M1(1:256));
title('DSB‐SC MODULATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('amplitude (V)');

MODEL GRAPH

Modulating signal

Carrier signal
 DSB‐SC Modulated signal in time domain

DSB‐SC Modulated signal in frequency domain

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between DSB SC and SSB SC?

2. What are the applications of DSBSC?
3. Write the methods of DSBSC generation.
4. What is the BW for single tone modulating signal with frequency ω?
5. What is the percentage of power saving for DSBSC when compared with AM having
100% depth of modulation?
6. Which type of carrier is used in ring modulator?
7. What is the difference between DSB‐FC and DSB‐SC?
8. What are the advantages of DSB SC?
9. What is a Balanced modulator?
10. Write the general equation of DSBSC signal.
11. How will you compute N‐Point DFT using Matlab for N=2096?

RESULT:

Thus the DSB‐SC modulation was performed using MATLAB.