4100 AWL/Thomas_ch08p553-641 8/20/04 10:07 AM Page 553

Chapter

TECHNIQUES OF
8 INTEGRATION

OVERVIEW The Fundamental Theorem connects antiderivatives and the definite integral.
Evaluating the indefinite integral

ƒsxd dx
L
is equivalent to finding a function F such that F¿sxd = ƒsxd, and then adding an
arbitrary constant C:

ƒsxd dx = Fsxd + C.
L
In this chapter we study a number of important techniques for finding indefinite
integrals of more complicated functions than those seen before. The goal of this chapter
is to show how to change unfamiliar integrals into integrals we can recognize, find in a
table, or evaluate with a computer. We also extend the idea of the definite integral to
improper integrals for which the integrand may be unbounded over the interval of inte-
gration, or the interval itself may no longer be finite.

8.1 Basic Integration Formulas

To help us in the search for finding indefinite integrals, it is useful to build up a table of
integral formulas by inverting formulas for derivatives, as we have done in previous chap-
ters. Then we try to match any integral that confronts us against one of the standard types.
This usually involves a certain amount of algebraic manipulation as well as use of the Sub-
stitution Rule.
Recall the Substitution Rule from Section 5.5:

ƒsgsxddg¿sxd dx = ƒsud du
L L
where u = gsxd is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and ƒ is continuous
on I. Success in integration often hinges on the ability to spot what part of the integrand
should be called u in order that one will also have du, so that a known formula can be
applied. This means that the first requirement for skill in integration is a thorough mastery of
the formulas for differentiation.

553
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554 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

Table 8.1 shows the basic forms of integrals we have evaluated so far. In this section
we present several algebraic or substitution methods to help us use this table. There is a
more extensive table at the back of the book; we discuss its use in Section 8.6.

TABLE 8.1 Basic integration formulas

1. du = u + C 13. cot u du = ln ƒ sin u ƒ + C

L L
= -ln ƒ csc u ƒ + C
2. k du = ku + C sany number kd
L
14. e u du = e u + C
3. sdu + dyd = du + dy L
L L L au
n+1 15. a u du = + C sa 7 0, a Z 1d
4. u n du =
u
+ C sn Z -1d L ln a
L n + 1
16. sinh u du = cosh u + C
5.
du L
u = ln ƒ u ƒ + C
L
17. cosh u du = sinh u + C
6. sin u du = -cos u + C L
L
= sin-1 a a b + C
du u
18.
7. cos u du = sin u + C L 2a - u 2 2
L
= a tan-1 a a b + C
du 1 u
19.
La + u
2 2
8. sec2 u du = tan u + C
L
= a sec-1 ` a ` + C
du 1 u
20.
9. csc2 u du = -cot u + C L u2u 2 - a 2
L
= sinh-1 a a b + C
du u
21. sa 7 0d
10. sec u tan u du = sec u + C L 2a + u
2 2
L
= cosh-1 a a b + C
du u
22. su 7 a 7 0d
11.
L
csc u cot u du = -csc u + C L 2u - a
2 2

12. tan u du = -ln ƒ cos u ƒ + C

L
= ln ƒ sec u ƒ + C

We often have to rewrite an integral to match it to a standard formula.

EXAMPLE 1 Making a Simplifying Substitution

Evaluate
2x - 9
dx.
L 2x 2 - 9x + 1

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8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 555

Solution
2x - 9 du
dx = u = x2 - 9x + 1,
L 2x 2 - 9x + 1 L 1u du = s2x - 9d dx.

= u -1>2 du
L
u s-1>2d + 1 Table 8.1 Formula 4,
= + C with n = -1>2
s -1>2d + 1
= 2u 1>2 + C
= 22x 2 - 9x + 1 + C

EXAMPLE 2 Completing the Square

Evaluate
dx
.
L 28x - x 2

Solution We complete the square to simplify the denominator:

8x - x2 = -sx2 - 8xd = -sx2 - 8x + 16 - 16d
= -sx2 - 8x + 16d + 16 = 16 - sx - 4d2 .
Then
dx dx
=
L 28x - x2 L 216 - sx - 4d2
du a = 4, u = sx - 4d,
=
L 2a - u22 du = dx

= sin-1 a a b + C
u
Table 8.1, Formula 18

= sin-1 a b + C.
x - 4
4

EXAMPLE 3 Expanding a Power and Using a Trigonometric Identity

Evaluate

ssec x + tan xd2 dx.

L
Solution We expand the integrand and get

ssec x + tan xd2 = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x.

The first two terms on the right-hand side of this equation are familiar; we can integrate
them at once. How about tan2 x? There is an identity that connects it with sec2 x:

tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, tan2 x = sec2 x - 1.

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556 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

We replace tan2 x by sec2 x - 1 and get

ssec x + tan xd2 dx = ssec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x - 1d dx

L L

= 2 sec2 x dx + 2
sec x tan x dx - 1 dx
L L L
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x - x + C.

EXAMPLE 4 Eliminating a Square Root

Evaluate
p>4
21 + cos 4x dx.
L0
Solution We use the identity
1 + cos 2u
cos2 u = , or 1 + cos 2u = 2 cos2 u.
2
With u = 2x, this identity becomes
1 + cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x.
Hence,
p>4 p>4
21 + cos 4x dx = 22 2cos2 2x dx
L0 L0
p>4
2u2 = ƒ u ƒ
= 22 ƒ cos 2x ƒ dx
L0
p>4 On [0, p>4], cos 2x Ú 0 ,
= 22 cos 2x dx so ƒ cos 2x ƒ = cos 2x .
L0
p>4
= 22 c d
Table 8.1, Formula 7, with
sin 2x
u = 2x and du = 2 dx
2 0

= 22 c - 0d =
1 22
.
2 2

EXAMPLE 5 Reducing an Improper Fraction

Evaluate
3x 2 - 7x
dx.
L 3x + 2
x - 3 Solution The integrand is an improper fraction (degree of numerator greater than or
3x + 2
3x 2 - 7x equal to degree of denominator). To integrate it, we divide first, getting a quotient plus a
3x 2 + 2x remainder that is a proper fraction:
-9x 3x 2 - 7x 6
-9x - 6 = x - 3 + .
3x + 2 3x + 2
+ 6
Therefore,

ax - 3 + b dx =
3x 2 - 7x 6 x2
dx = - 3x + 2 ln ƒ 3x + 2 ƒ + C.
L 3x + 2 L 3x + 2 2

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8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 557

Reducing an improper fraction by long division (Example 5) does not always lead to
an expression we can integrate directly. We see what to do about that in Section 8.5.

EXAMPLE 6 Separating a Fraction

Evaluate
3x + 2
dx.
L 21 - x 2

Solution We first separate the integrand to get

3x + 2 x dx dx
dx = 3 + 2 .
L 21 - x 2
L 21 - x 2
L 21 - x 2
In the first of these new integrals, we substitute
1
u = 1 - x 2, du = -2x dx, and x dx = - du.
2
x dx s -1>2d du 3
3 = 3 = - u -1>2 du
L 21 - x 2
L 1u 2L
3 # u 1>2
= - + C1 = -321 - x 2 + C1
2 1>2
The second of the new integrals is a standard form,
dx
2 = 2 sin-1 x + C2 .
L 21 - x 2
Combining these results and renaming C1 + C2 as C gives
3x + 2
dx = -321 - x 2 + 2 sin-1 x + C.
L 21 - x 2
The final example of this section calculates an important integral by the algebraic
technique of multiplying the integrand by a form of 1 to change the integrand into one we
can integrate.
HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE 7 Integral of y = sec x—Multiplying by a Form of 1
George David Birkhoff Evaluate
(1884–1944)
sec x dx.
L

Solution

sec x + tan x
sec x dx = ssec xds1d dx = sec x # dx
L L L sec x + tan x
sec2 x + sec x tan x
= dx
L sec x + tan x
du u = tan x + sec x ,
= u
L du = ssec2 x + sec x tan xd dx

= ln ƒ u ƒ + C = ln ƒ sec x + tan x ƒ + C.

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558 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

With cosecants and cotangents in place of secants and tangents, the method of Exam-
ple 7 leads to a companion formula for the integral of the cosecant (see Exercise 95).

TABLE 8.2 The secant and cosecant integrals

1. sec u du = ln ƒ sec u + tan u ƒ + C

L
2. csc u du = -ln ƒ csc u + cot u ƒ + C
L

Procedures for Matching Integrals to Basic Formulas

PROCEDURE EXAMPLE
2x - 9 du
Making a simplifying dx =
substitution 2x - 9x + 1
2 1u

Completing the square 28x - x 2 = 216 - sx - 4d2

Using a trigonometric ssec x + tan xd2 = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x
identity = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x
+ ssec2 x - 1d
= 2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x - 1
Eliminating a square root 21 + cos 4x = 22 cos2 2x = 22 ƒ cos 2x ƒ
3x 2 - 7x 6
Reducing an improper = x - 3 +
3x + 2 3x + 2
fraction
3x + 2 3x 2
Separating a fraction = +
21 - x 2 21 - x 2 21 - x 2
sec x + tan x
Multiplying by a form of 1 sec x = sec x #
sec x + tan x
sec2 x + sec x tan x
=
sec x + tan x

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558 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

EXERCISES 8.1
Basic Substitutions
Evaluate each integral in Exercises 1–36 by using a substitution to re-
duce it to standard form. 3. 32sin y cos y dy 4. cot3 y csc2 y dy
L L
1 p>3
16x dx 3 cos x dx 16x dx sec2 z
1. 2. 5. 6. dz
L 28x 2 + 1 L 21 + 3 sin x L0 8x 2
+ 2 Lp>4 tan z

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8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 559

7.
dx
8.
dx Trigonometric Identities
L 1x s 1x + 1d L x - 1x Evaluate each integral in Exercises 43–46 by using trigonometric
identities and substitutions to reduce it to standard form.
9. cot s3 - 7xd dx 10. csc spx - 1d dx
L L 43. ssec x + cot xd2 dx 44. scsc x - tan xd2 dx
cot s3 + ln xd L L
11. e u csc se u + 1d du 12. x dx
L L 45. csc x sin 3x dx
L
t
13. sec dt 14. x sec sx 2 - 5d dx
L 3 L 46. ssin 3x cos 2x - cos 3x sin 2xd dx
L
1 1
15. csc ss - pd ds 16. csc du
L L u Improper Fractions
2
u
2ln 2 p Evaluate each integral in Exercises 47–52 by reducing the improper
2
17. 2x e x dx 18. ssin yde cos y dy fraction and using a substitution (if necessary) to reduce it to standard
L0 Lp>2 form.
e 1t dt
19. e tan y sec2 y dy 20. x x2
L L 1t 47. dx 48. dx
Lx + 1 Lx + 1
2

2lnx 3
2x 3
3
4x 2 - 7
21. 3x + 1 dx 22. x dx
L L 49.
L22
2
x - 1
dx 50.
L-1 2x + 3
dx

21w dw 4t 3 - t 2 + 16t 2u3 - 7u 2 + 7u

23. 24. 10 2u du 51. dt 52. du
L 2 1w L L t2 + 4 L 2u - 5
9 du 4 dx
25. 26. Separating Fractions
L 1 + 9u L 1 + s2x + 1d
2 2
Evaluate each integral in Exercises 53–56 by separating the fraction
1>6 1
dx dt and using a substitution (if necessary) to reduce it to standard form.
27. 28.
L0 21 - 9x2 L0 24 - t 2
1 - x x + 22x - 1
2s ds 2 dx 53. dx 54. dx
29. 30. L 21 - x 2 L 2x2x - 1
L 21 - s 4 L x21 - 4 ln x 2
p>4 1>2
1 + sin x 2 - 8x
6 dx dr 55. dx 56. dx
31. 32. L0 cos2 x L0 1 + 4x 2
L x225x 2 - 1 L r2r 2 - 9
dx dy Multiplying by a Form of 1
33. 34.
Le + e L 2e
-xx Evaluate each integral in Exercises 57–62 by multiplying by a form of
2y
- 1
p>3 1 and using a substitution (if necessary) to reduce it to standard form.
e
dx ln x dx
35. 36.
L1 x cos sln xd L x + 4x ln2 x 57.
1
dx 58.
1
dx
L 1 + sin x L 1 + cos x
Completing the Square 1 1
59. du 60. du
Evaluate each integral in Exercises 37–42 by completing the square L sec u + tan u L csc u + cot u
and using a substitution to reduce it to standard form. 1 1
61. dx 62. dx
2
8 dx
4
2 dx L 1 - sec x L 1 - csc x
37. 38.
L1 x - 2x + 2 L2 x - 6x + 10
2 2
Eliminating Square Roots
dt du Evaluate each integral in Exercises 63–70 by eliminating the square
39. 40.
L 2-t 2 + 4t - 3 L 22u - u2 root.
2p p
dx dx 1 - cos x
41. 42. 63. dx 64. 21 - cos 2x dx
L sx + 1d2x 2 + 2x L sx - 2d2x 2 - 4x + 3 L0 A 2 L0

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560 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

p 0
b. Express 1 cot5 u du in terms of 1 cot3 u du .
65. 21 + cos 2t dt 66. 21 + cos t dt
Lp>2 L-p c. Express 1 cot7 u du in terms of 1 cot5 u du .
0 p
d. Express 1 cot2k + 1 u du , where k is a positive integer, in terms
67. 21 - cos2 u du 68. 21 - sin2 u du
L-p Lp>2 of 1 cot2k - 1 u du .
p>4 0
69. 21 + tan2 y dy 70. 2sec2 y - 1 dy
L-p>4 L-p>4 Theory and Examples
87. Area Find the area of the region bounded above by y = 2 cos x
Assorted Integrations and below by y = sec x, -p>4 … x … p>4 .
Evaluate each integral in Exercises 71–82 by using any technique you 88. Area Find the area of the “triangular” region that is bounded
think is appropriate. from above and below by the curves y = csc x and y = sin x,
p>6 … x … p>2 , and on the left by the line x = p>6 .
3p>4 p>4
71. scsc x - cot xd2 dx 72. ssec x + 4 cos xd2 dx 89. Volume Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the
Lp>4 L0 region in Exercise 87 about the x-axis.

a1 + x b cot sx + ln xd dx
1 90. Volume Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the
73. cos u csc ssin ud du 74.
L L region in Exercise 88 about the x-axis.
91. Arc length Find the length of the curve y = ln scos xd,
75. scsc x - sec xdssin x + cos xd dx
L 0 … x … p>3 .
92. Arc length Find the length of the curve y = ln ssec xd,
3 sinh a + ln 5 b dx
x
76. 0 … x … p>4 .
L 2
93. Centroid Find the centroid of the region bounded by the x-axis,
6 dy dx
77. 78. the curve y = sec x , and the lines x = -p>4, x = p>4 .
L 1ys1 + yd L x24x 2 - 1 94. Centroid Find the centroid of the region that is bounded by the
7 dx dx x-axis, the curve y = csc x , and the lines x = p>6, x = 5p>6 .
79. 80.
L sx - 1d2x 2 - 2x - 48 L s2x + 1d24x 2 + 4x 95. The integral of csc x Repeat the derivation in Example 7, using
cofunctions, to show that
dx
81. sec2 t tan stan td dt 82.
L L x23 + x 2
csc x dx = -ln ƒ csc x + cot x ƒ + C .
L
Trigonometric Powers
96. Using different substitutions Show that the integral
83. a. Evaluate 1 cos3 u du . (Hint: cos2 u = 1 - sin2 u .)
b. Evaluate 1 cos5 u du .
ssx2 - 1dsx + 1dd-2>3 dx
c. Without actually evaluating the integral, explain how you L
would evaluate 1 cos9 u du .
84. a. Evaluate 1 sin3 u du . (Hint: sin2 u = 1 - cos2 u .) can be evaluated with any of the following substitutions.
b. Evaluate 1 sin5 u du . a. u = 1>sx + 1d
c. Evaluate 1 sin7 u du . b. u = ssx - 1d>sx + 1ddk for k = 1, 1>2, 1>3, -1>3, -2>3 ,
and -1
d. Without actually evaluating the integral, explain how you
would evaluate 1 sin13 u du . c. u = tan-1 x
85. a. Express 1 tan3 u du in terms of 1 tan u du . Then evaluate d. u = tan-1 1x e. u = tan-1 ssx - 1d>2d
1 tan u du . (Hint: tan u = sec u - 1 .)
3 2 2 f. u = cos -1
x g. u = cosh-1 x
b. Express 1 tan5 u du in terms of 1 tan3 u du . What is the value of the integral? (Source: “Problems and Solu-
c. Express 1 tan7 u du in terms of 1 tan5 u du . tions,” College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5 (Nov. 1990),
pp. 425–426.)
d. Express 1 tan2k + 1 u du , where k is a positive integer, in terms
of 1 tan2k - 1 u du .
86. a. Express 1 cot3 u du in terms of 1 cot u du . Then evaluate
1 cot u du . (Hint: cot u = csc u - 1 .)
3 2 2

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8.2 Integration by Parts 561

8.2 Integration by Parts

Since
1 2
x dx = x + C
L 2
and
1 3
x 2 dx = x + C,
L 3
it is apparent that

x # x dx Z x dx # x dx.
L L L
In other words, the integral of a product is generally not the product of the individual-
integrals:

ƒsxdgsxd dx is not equal to ƒsxd dx # gsxd dx.

L L L
Integration by parts is a technique for simplifying integrals of the form

ƒsxdgsxd dx.
L
It is useful when ƒ can be differentiated repeatedly and g can be integrated repeatedly
without difficulty. The integral

xe x dx
L
is such an integral because ƒsxd = x can be differentiated twice to become zero and
gsxd = e x can be integrated repeatedly without difficulty. Integration by parts also applies
to integrals like

e x sin x dx
L
in which each part of the integrand appears again after repeated differentiation or
integration.
In this section, we describe integration by parts and show how to apply it.

Product Rule in Integral Form

If ƒ and g are differentiable functions of x, the Product Rule says
d
[ƒsxdgsxd] = ƒ¿sxdgsxd + ƒsxdg¿sxd.
dx
In terms of indefinite integrals, this equation becomes

d
[ƒsxdgsxd] dx = [ƒ¿sxdgsxd + ƒsxdg¿sxd] dx
L dx L

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562 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

or
d
[ f sxdgsxd] dx = ƒ¿sxdgsxd dx + ƒ(x)g¿(x) dx.
L dx L L
Rearranging the terms of this last equation, we get
d
ƒsxdg¿sxd dx = [ f sxdgsxd] dx - ƒ¿(x)g(x) dx
L L dx L
leading to the integration by parts formula

ƒsxdg¿sxd dx = ƒsxdgsxd - ƒ¿sxdgsxd dx (1)

L L

Sometimes it is easier to remember the formula if we write it in differential form. Let

u = ƒsxd and y = gsxd. Then du = ƒ¿sxd dx and dy = g¿sxd dx. Using the Substitution
Rule, the integration by parts formula becomes

Integration by Parts Formula

u dy = uy - y du (2)
L L

This formula expresses one integral, 1 u dy, in terms of a second integral, 1 y du.
With a proper choice of u and y, the second integral may be easier to evaluate than the
first. In using the formula, various choices may be available for u and dy. The next
examples illustrate the technique.

EXAMPLE 1 Using Integration by Parts

Find
x cos x dx.
L

Solution We use the formula u dy = uy - y du with

L L
u = x, dy = cos x dx,
du = dx, y = sin x. Simplest antiderivative of cos x

Then
x cos x dx = x sin x - sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.
L L
Let us examine the choices available for u and dy in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 2 Example 1 Revisited

To apply integration by parts to
x cos x dx = u dy
L L

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8.2 Integration by Parts 563

we have four possible choices:

1. Let u = 1 and dy = x cos x dx. 2. Let u = x and dy = cos x dx.
3. Let u = x cos x and dy = dx. 4. Let u = cos x and dy = x dx.
Let’s examine these one at a time.
Choice 1 won’t do because we don’t know how to integrate dy = x cos x dx to get y.
Choice 2 works well, as we saw in Example 1.
Choice 3 leads to

u = x cos x, dy = dx,
du = scos x - x sin xd dx, y = x,

and the new integral

y du = sx cos x - x 2 sin xd dx.

L L

This is worse than the integral we started with.

Choice 4 leads to
u = cos x, dy = x dx,
du = -sin x dx, y = x 2>2,
so the new integral is

x2
y du = - sin x dx.
L L 2
This, too, is worse.
The goal of integration by parts is to go from an integral 1 u dy that we don’t see how
to evaluate to an integral 1 y du that we can evaluate. Generally, you choose dy first to be
as much of the integrand, including dx, as you can readily integrate; u is the leftover part.
Keep in mind that integration by parts does not always work.

EXAMPLE 3 Integral of the Natural Logarithm

Find

ln x dx.
L
Solution Since 1 ln x dx can be written as 1 ln x # 1 dx, we use the formula
1 u dy = uy - 1 y du with
u = ln x Simplifies when differentiated dy = dx Easy to integrate

1
du = x dx, y = x. Simplest antiderivative

Then
1
ln x dx = x ln x - x # x dx = x ln x - dx = x ln x - x + C .
L L L
Sometimes we have to use integration by parts more than once.

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564 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

EXAMPLE 4 Repeated Use of Integration by Parts

Evaluate

x 2e x dx.
L

Solution With u = x 2, dy = e x dx, du = 2x dx, and y = e x , we have

x 2e x dx = x 2e x - 2 xe x dx.
L L
The new integral is less complicated than the original because the exponent on x is
reduced by one. To evaluate the integral on the right, we integrate by parts again with
u = x, dy = e x dx. Then du = dx, y = e x , and

xe x dx = xe x - e x dx = xe x - e x + C.
L L
Hence,

x 2e x dx = x 2e x - 2 xe x dx
L L
= x 2e x - 2xe x + 2e x + C.

The technique of Example 4 works for any integral 1 x ne x dx in which n is a positive

integer, because differentiating x n will eventually lead to zero and integrating e x is easy.
We say more about this later in this section when we discuss tabular integration.
Integrals like the one in the next example occur in electrical engineering. Their evalu-
ation requires two integrations by parts, followed by solving for the unknown integral.

EXAMPLE 5 Solving for the Unknown Integral

Evaluate

e x cos x dx.
L
Solution Let u = e and dy = cos x dx. Then du = e x dx, y = sin x, and
x

e x cos x dx = e x sin x - e x sin x dx.

L L
The second integral is like the first except that it has sin x in place of cos x. To evaluate it,
we use integration by parts with
u = e x, dy = sin x dx, y = -cos x, du = e x dx.
Then

e x cos x dx = e x sin x - a-e x cos x - s -cos xdse x dxdb

L L

= e x sin x + e x cos x - e x cos x dx.

L

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8.2 Integration by Parts 565

The unknown integral now appears on both sides of the equation. Adding the integral to
both sides and adding the constant of integration gives

2 e x cos x dx = e x sin x + e x cos x + C1 .

L
Dividing by 2 and renaming the constant of integration gives
e x sin x + e x cos x
e x cos x dx = + C.
L 2

Evaluating Definite Integrals by Parts

The integration by parts formula in Equation (1) can be combined with Part 2 of the
Fundamental Theorem in order to evaluate definite integrals by parts. Assuming that both
ƒ¿ and g¿ are continuous over the interval [a, b], Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem gives

Integration by Parts Formula for Definite Integrals

ƒsxdg¿sxd dx = ƒsxdgsxd D a -
b b
b
ƒ¿sxdgsxd dx (3)
La La

In applying Equation (3), we normally use the u and y notation from Equation (2)
because it is easier to remember. Here is an example.
y EXAMPLE 6 Finding Area
1 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = xe -x and the x-axis from x = 0 to
x = 4.
0.5 y ⫽ xe –x
Solution The region is shaded in Figure 8.1. Its area is
x 4
–1 0 1 2 3 4
xe -x dx.
L0
–0.5
Let u = x, dy = e -x dx, y = -e -x , and du = dx. Then,

xe -x dx = -xe -x D 0 -
–1 4 4
4
s -e -x d dx
L0 L0
FIGURE 8.1 The region in Example 6. 4
= [-4e -4 - s0d] + e -x dx
L0
= -4e -4 - e -x D 0
4

= -4e -4 - e -4 - s -e 0 d = 1 - 5e -4 L 0.91.

Tabular Integration
We have seen that integrals of the form 1 ƒsxdgsxd dx, in which ƒ can be differentiated
repeatedly to become zero and g can be integrated repeatedly without difficulty, are
natural candidates for integration by parts. However, if many repetitions are required,
the calculations can be cumbersome. In situations like this, there is a way to organize

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566 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

the calculations that saves a great deal of work. It is called tabular integration and is
illustrated in the following examples.

EXAMPLE 7 Using Tabular Integration

Evaluate

x 2e x dx.
L
Solution With ƒsxd = x and gsxd = e x , we list:
2

ƒ(x) and its derivatives g(x) and its integrals

x2 s+d ex
2x s-d ex
2 s+d ex
0 ex

We combine the products of the functions connected by the arrows according to the opera-
tion signs above the arrows to obtain

x 2e x dx = x 2e x - 2xe x + 2e x + C.
L
Compare this with the result in Example 4.

EXAMPLE 8 Using Tabular Integration

Evaluate

x 3 sin x dx.
L
Solution With ƒsxd = x 3 and gsxd = sin x, we list:

ƒ(x) and its derivatives g(x) and its integrals

x3 s+d sin x
2
3x s-d -cos x
6x s+d -sin x
6 s-d cos x
0 sin x

Again we combine the products of the functions connected by the arrows according to the
operation signs above the arrows to obtain

x 3 sin x dx = -x 3 cos x + 3x 2 sin x + 6x cos x - 6 sin x + C .

L

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8.2 Integration by Parts 567

The Additional Exercises at the end of this chapter show how tabular integration can
be used when neither function ƒ nor g can be differentiated repeatedly to become zero.

Summary
When substitution doesn’t work, try integration by parts. Start with an integral in which
the integrand is the product of two functions,

ƒsxdgsxd dx.
L
(Remember that g may be the constant function 1, as in Example 3.) Match the integral
with the form

u dy
L
by choosing dy to be part of the integrand including dx and either ƒ(x) or g(x). Remember that
we must be able to readily integrate dy to get y in order to obtain the right side of the formula

u dy = uy - y du.
L L
If the new integral on the right side is more complex than the original one, try a different
choice for u and dy.

EXAMPLE 9 A Reduction Formula

Obtain a “reduction” formula that expresses the integral

cosn x dx
L
in terms of an integral of a lower power of cos x.

Solution We may think of cosn x as cosn - 1 x # cos x. Then we let

u = cosn - 1 x and dy = cos x dx,
so that
du = sn - 1d cosn - 2 x s -sin x dxd and y = sin x.
Hence

cosn x dx = cosn - 1 x sin x + sn - 1d sin2 x cosn - 2 x dx

L L

= cosn - 1 x sin x + sn - 1d s1 - cos2 xd cosn - 2 x dx,

L

= cosn - 1 x sin x + sn - 1d cosn - 2 x dx - sn - 1d cosn x dx.

L L
If we add

sn - 1d cosn x dx
L

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568 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

to both sides of this equation, we obtain

n cosn x dx = cosn - 1 x sin x + sn - 1d cosn - 2 x dx.

L L
We then divide through by n, and the final result is
cosn - 1 x sin x n - 1
cosn x dx = n + n cosn - 2 x dx.
L L
This allows us to reduce the exponent on cos x by 2 and is a very useful formula. When n
is a positive integer, we may apply the formula repeatedly until the remaining integral is
either

cos x dx = sin x + C or cos0 x dx = dx = x + C.

L L L

EXAMPLE 10 Using a Reduction Formula

Evaluate

cos3 x dx.
L

Solution From the result in Example 9,

cos2 x sin x 2
cos3 x dx = + cos x dx
L 3 3L
1 2
= cos2 x sin x + sin x + C.
3 3

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568 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

EXERCISES 8.2

Integration by Parts
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 1–24.
13. sx 2 - 5xde x dx 14. sr 2 + r + 1de r dr
x L L
1. x sin dx 2. u cos pu du
L 2 L
15. x 5e x dx 16. t 2e 4t dt
L L
3. t 2 cos t dt 4. x 2 sin x dx
L L p>2 p>2
2 e 17. u 2 sin 2u du 18. x3 cos 2x dx
5. x ln x dx 6. 3
x ln x dx L0 L0
L1 L1 2 1>22
19. t sec-1 t dt 20. 2x sin-1 sx2 d dx
7. tan-1 y dy 8. sin-1 y dy L2>23 L0
L L

x sec2 x dx 4x sec2 2x dx 21. e u sin u du 22. e -y cos y dy

L L
9. 10.
L L

11. x 3e x dx 12. p 4e -p dp 23. e 2x cos 3x dx 24. e -2x sin 2x dx

L L L L

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8.2 Integration by Parts 569

Substitution and Integration by Parts 33. Finding volume Find the volume of the solid generated by re-
volving the region in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 25–30 by using a substitution prior
axes, the curve y = e x , and the line x = ln 2 about the line
to integration by parts.
x = ln 2 .
1
25. e 23s + 9 ds 26. x21 - x dx 34. Finding volume Find the volume of the solid generated by re-
L L0 volving the region in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate
p>3
axes, the curve y = e -x , and the line x = 1
27. x tan2 x dx 28. ln sx + x 2 d dx
L0 L a. about the y-axis. b. about the line x = 1 .
35. Finding volume Find the volume of the solid generated by re-
29. sin sln xd dx 30. zsln zd2 dz
L L volving the region in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate
axes and the curve y = cos x, 0 … x … p>2 , about
Theory and Examples a. the y-axis. b. the line x = p>2 .
31. Finding area Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve 36. Finding volume Find the volume of the solid generated by re-
y = x sin x and the x-axis (see the accompanying figure) for volving the region bounded by the x-axis and the curve
a. 0 … x … p b. p … x … 2p c. 2p … x … 3p . y = x sin x, 0 … x … p , about
d. What pattern do you see here? What is the area between the a. the y-axis. b. the line x = p .
curve and the x-axis for np … x … sn + 1dp, n an arbitrary (See Exercise 31 for a graph.)
nonnegative integer? Give reasons for your answer. 37. Average value A retarding force, symbolized by the dashpot in
the figure, slows the motion of the weighted spring so that the
mass’s position at time t is
y
y = 2e -t cos t, t Ú 0.
10 y ⫽ x sin x

5 Find the average value of y over the interval 0 … t … 2p .

x
0 ␲ 2␲ 3␲
y
–5

32. Finding area Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve
y = x cos x and the x-axis (see the accompanying figure) for
a. p>2 … x … 3p>2 b. 3p>2 … x … 5p>2 0
c. 5p>2 … x … 7p>2. y Mass
d. What pattern do you see? What is the area between the curve
and the x-axis for
Dashpot
a bp … x … a bp ,
2n - 1 2n + 1
2 2

n an arbitrary positive integer? Give reasons for your answer.

10
y ⫽ x cos x 38. Average value In a mass-spring-dashpot system like the one in
Exercise 37, the mass’s position at time t is

x y = 4e -t ssin t - cos td, t Ú 0.

0 ␲ 3␲ 5␲ 7␲
2 2 2 2
Find the average value of y over the interval 0 … t … 2p .
–10

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570 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

Reduction Formulas Use the formula

In Exercises 39–42, use integration by parts to establish the reduction
ƒ -1sxd dx = xƒ -1sxd - ƒs yd dy y = ƒ -1sxd (4)
L L
formula.

39. x n cos x dx = x n sin x - n x n - 1 sin x dx to evaluate the integrals in Exercises 43–46. Express your answers in
L L terms of x.
40. x n sin x dx = -x n cos x + n x n - 1 cos x dx
L L 43.
L
sin-1 x dx 44.
L
tan-1 x dx

x ne ax n
41. x ne ax dx = a - a x n - 1e ax dx, a Z 0 45. sec-1 x dx 46. log2 x dx
L L L L
42. sln xdn dx = xsln xdn - n sln xdn - 1 dx Another way to integrate ƒ -1sxd (when ƒ -1 is integrable, of
L L course) is to use integration by parts with u = ƒ -1sxd and dy = dx to
rewrite the integral of ƒ -1 as
Integrating Inverses of Functions
xa
Integration by parts leads to a rule for integrating inverses that usually d -1
ƒ -1sxd dx = xƒ -1sxd - ƒ sxdb dx. (5)
gives good results: L L dx

y = ƒ-1sxd, x = ƒs yd Exercises 47 and 48 compare the results of using Equations (4) and (5).
ƒ -1sxd dx = yƒ¿s yd dy
L L dx = ƒ¿s yd dy
47. Equations (4) and (5) give different formulas for the integral of
Integration by parts with cos-1 x :
= yƒs yd - ƒs yd dy
L u = y, dy = ƒ¿s yd dy
a. cos-1 x dx = x cos-1 x - sin scos-1 xd + C Eq. (4)
L
= xƒ sxd -
-1
ƒs yd dy
L b. cos-1 x dx = x cos-1 x - 21 - x 2 + C Eq. (5)
L
The idea is to take the most complicated part of the integral, in this
Can both integrations be correct? Explain.
case ƒ -1sxd , and simplify it first. For the integral of ln x, we get
48. Equations (4) and (5) lead to different formulas for the integral of
y = ln x, x = e y
ln x dx = ye y dy dx = e y dy
tan-1 x :
L L
= ye y - e y + C a. tan-1 x dx = x tan-1 x - ln sec stan-1 xd + C Eq. (4)
L
= x ln x - x + C .
b. tan-1 x dx = x tan-1 x - ln 21 + x 2 + C Eq. (5)
For the integral of cos -1
x we get L
Can both integrations be correct? Explain.
cos-1 x dx = x cos-1 x - cos y dy y = cos-1 x
L L Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 49 and 50 with (a) Eq. (4) and (b)
Eq. (5). In each case, check your work by differentiating your answer
= x cos-1 x - sin y + C with respect to x.
= x cos-1 x - sin scos-1 xd + C .
49. sinh-1 x dx 50. tanh-1 x dx
L L

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