1) Creating Primary Load Case

)Loading ------ Load Case( ‫يمكن اضافة الحمل من قائمة‬

)Spreadsheet --------- Load Cases( ‫او من‬

)Spreadsheet(‫) تظهر معلومات الحمل الجديد المتكون في الـ‬Load Case( ‫عند اختيار‬
Page 1 of 43
‫يتم تغيير االسم للحمل من (‪ )Load Case 1 ----- Dead Load‬و فئة الحمل (‪ )Category‬الى(‪)Dead‬‬

‫من قائمة (‪ )Loading------ Load Case‬نختار حمل جديد و فئة (‪)Live‬‬

‫‪Page 2 of 43‬‬
‫نختــار حمــل جديــد (‪ )Snow General‬ونالحــظ انــه في بعض االحمــال يوجــد نــوعين حمــل معــرف(‬
‫‪ )Definition‬و عام (‪ )General‬الحمل المعرف يتم تعريفه مسبقا اما الحمل العــام يعــرف باضــافة االحمــال‬
‫مباشرة من البرنامج‬
‫‪2) Modeling self-weight‬‬

‫لتحديد وزن المنشأ (‪)Loading ----- Load case---- Dead Load‬‬

‫ثم نضغط على ايقونة ‪Self-White‬‬

‫‪Page 3 of 43‬‬
 ‫نالحظ ان (‪ )Dead‬اصبح رقمها (‪ )1-‬في خانة ‪Y‬‬
‫‪3) Modeling nodal loads in STAAD Pro Physical Modeler‬‬

‫نختار الجزء المطلوب ويكون في هذه الحالة االختيار للـ(‪ )Member‬و الـ(‪ )Node‬ثم من الشريط العلوي نختار ( ‪)Node---Nodal Load‬‬

‫‪Page 4 of 43‬‬
‫تظهر القائمة في الصورة ونحدد نوع الحمل =(‪ )Dead load‬ونختار البوصلةـ (‪ )WCS‬نظام االحداثيات‬
‫العالمي و نحدد االتجاه (‪ ) Parallel to axes—OR—Pointing to origin‬ثم القوة والعزم حسب‬
‫االحداثي المطلوب‬

‫بعد اعطاء قيمة (‪ )fy =-5 kn‬للنقاط ومن ايعاز (‪ )Separated sheet‬نختار ايعاز (‪Point Loads and‬‬
‫‪ )Moments‬لكي يظهر جدول بالنقاط ارقامها و قيمة الحمل المسلط عليها كما في الصورة ادناه‬

‫‪Page 5 of 43‬‬
4) Modeling Distributed Member Loads in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler

Page 6 of 43
‫) ونتبع‬Tools--- Member---Add Member Distributed load ( ‫) نحدد الحمل المسلط عليه‬Members( ‫بعد اختيار‬
) Load case--Load type—Direction --Magnitude( ‫كل الخطوات‬

)Select ---- Spreadsheet--- Member---Distributed Load (

5) Modeling Partial Distributed Member Loads in the STAAD.Pro Physical

Modeler

Page 7 of 43
 ‫بعد تحديد االعضاء المطلوبة نذهب الى (‪ )View--- Local Axis‬لغرض تحديد (‪Local coordinate for‬‬
‫‪ )each Member‬لبيان البداية و النهاية للعضو مع مقدار االحمال المسلطة على النهايتين الن اتجاه المحور‬
‫(‪ )X-X‬يحدد نقطة بداية و نقطة نهاية العضو‪.‬ـ‬

‫في حال كان احد االعضاء نقطة بدايته و نهايته تختلف عن البقية يمكن تغيير نقطة البداية بالنهاية وبالعكس‬
‫عن طريق ايعاز (‪ )Member ---- Exchange Connectivity‬كما في الصورة اعاله‬

‫الختيار الحمل المنتشر بشكل غير نظامي نضغط (‪ )Member -- Distributed‬ومن ايعاز (‪)Help‬‬
‫الموجود اسفل الصفحة المنبثقة نجد المعلومات الخاصة بكل نوع حمل كما في الصورة‬

‫‪Page 8 of 43‬‬
‫الحمل بمقدار (‪)Fy=-8‬من بداية الجسر (‪ )ft 0.0‬الى مسافة (‪ )ft 12‬من الجسر بحمل مقداره (‪)Fy=-4‬‬
‫فيكون شكل الحمل كما في الصورةـ ادناه‬

‫الضافة حمل جديد على نفس الجسور – نحددها ثم نضغط ( ‪, )Member -- Distributed‬‬
‫الحمل بمقدار (‪)Fy=-4‬من بداية الجسر (‪ )ft 12.0‬الى مسافة (‪ )ft 24‬من الجسر بحمل مقداره‬
‫‪Page 9 of 43‬‬
 )Spreadsheet(‫) فيكون شكل الحمل كما في الصورةـ ادناه و حسب ما يظهر في الـ‬Fy=-4(

6) Modeling Point Loads on Members in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler

Page 10 of 43
‫الختيار الحمل المركز (‪ )Member --- Concentrated‬تظهر النافذة المنسدلة ومنها نختار نوع حمل الثلج‬
‫باتجاه (‪ )Fy‬و ناخذها بشكل نسبة مئوية وليس مسافة عـن نقطة البداية ‪ ,‬كما في الصورة اعاله‪.‬‬

‫نضغط (‪ )As percentage ---Loads‬تظهر القائمة المنسدلة كما في اعاله‪,‬‬

‫نمأل الجدول كما في اعاله (‪) %75 ---- 5- / %50 ---- 5- /%25 --- 5-‬‬

‫‪Page 11 of 43‬‬
 .‫) يظهر جدول االحمال‬Spreadsheet( ‫اعاله شكل الحمل المضاف ومن‬

7) Modeling Panel Loads in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler

Model --- Panel( ‫ من المسار التالي‬, ‫) هو قوة متوزعة بشكل مساحة على الجسور‬Panel Load(
)Load
Page 12 of 43
 ‫نحدد المساحة اعاله باخذ النقاط االربعة المحيطة بهذه المساحة‬

‫ونكمل اختيار باقي المناطق كما في الصورة اعاله‬

‫لتحديد الحمل نتبع المسار ( ‪ )Panel --- Assign Uniform Pressure & Direction‬تظهر القائمة المنبثقة‬
‫اعاله (‪ )Add Panel Load‬ومنها (‪)Global Y --- Magnitude = -0.2 kn/m2‬‬

‫‪Page 13 of 43‬‬
 ‫تظهر النتيجة كما في اعاله‬

‫الظهار الحمل موزع على الجسور نتبع المسار (‪ )Panel ---- Distributed Pressure‬ليكون الشكل كما‬
‫في ادناه‬

‫‪Page 14 of 43‬‬
‫هــذا للحمــل ‪ Tow –Way‬للحمــل ‪ One-Way‬نختــار المســار (‪Spreadsheet ---- Panel Loaded‬‬
‫‪ )Edges‬ادناه‬

‫ثم نرفع عالمة التاشير من الحافة االولى و الثالثة للبنال ‪ 1‬في قائمة (‪ )Spreadsheet‬ثم‬
‫(‪ )Panel ---- Distribution pressure‬كما في ادناه‪ ,‬و يمكن تكرار االمر‬

‫‪8) Copying Loads in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler‬‬

‫كيفية اضافة احمال من حمل معرف قديم الى حمل جديد‬

‫‪Page 15 of 43‬‬
 ‫من قائمة (‪ )LOADING‬نختار الحمل المطلوب اضافة االحمال له وهنا الحمل الحي‬

‫من االيعاز (‪ )Add Loads‬تظهر القائمة (‪ )Add Loads‬ونختار الحمل امــا من (‪ )Load Group‬او من (‬
‫‪ )Load Case‬هنا تم اختيار (‪ )Load Case ----- Dead Load‬وبهذا اصبحت كــل احمــال الحمــل الميت‬
‫نفسها اضيفت للحمل الحي‬

‫‪9) Editing Loads in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler‬‬

‫‪Page 16 of 43‬‬
 ‫(‪ )Loading --- Load Case ---- Live Load‬وبهذا تكون كل االحمال الظاهرة هي احمال حية‬

‫لتغيـير الحمــل النقطي ( ‪ ) Spreadsheet --- Nodal Load‬فتظهـر كــل االحمـال النقطيـة على المنشــأ في‬
‫الجدول‬
‫مع القيم و االتجاهات‬

‫‪Page 17 of 43‬‬
‫لتغيير قيم الحمــل النقطي نــذهب للجــدول ونختــارـ اول حمــل و نغــير قيمــة (‪ )Fy‬من (‪ )5-‬الى(‪ )8-‬ثم نؤشــر الخليــة الــتي تم‬
‫تغييرهاثمـ من شريط المهام نختار ايعاز ( ‪ )Data --- Fill Column‬فيتغيرـ الحمل في العمود بالكامل (‪--- 5-‬ـ ‪ )8-‬كما في‬
‫اعاله‬

‫ونغير قيمة الـ(‪)Distrusted Loads‬بنفس الطريقة‬

‫‪Page 18 of 43‬‬
 )Data --- Fill Selection( ‫في حال اختيار سطرين فقط نختار‬

10)Generating Static Seismic Loads in STAAD.Pro

11) Modeling Reference Loads in the STAAD.Pro Analytical Modeler

Page 19 of 43
Loading---- Definition ---- Reference Load Definition

‫) كما في اعاله‬Reference Load Case( ‫نختار‬

Page 20 of 43
 ‫‪Create New Definition --- Add‬‬

‫بعد اضافة الحمل التعريفي نضغط (‪ )Add‬الضافة االحمال الرئيسية (االحمال الميتة فقط حسب المثال)‬

‫‪Page 21 of 43‬‬
 ‫الحمل المضاف االول (‪ ) Self-weight Load‬باتجاه (‪ )Y‬و (‪)Factor = -1‬‬

‫الحمل المضاف الثاني (‪ )Member load/ Uniform‬باتجاه (‪ )GY‬بقيمة (‪)5.0 -‬‬

‫‪Page 22 of 43‬‬
 ‫) لتعريف الحمل للمنشأ‬Primary Load( ‫نتبع نفس خطوات‬
Self-weight ---- Assign To View --- Assigns

)(‫و كذلك للـ‬

UNI GY -5.0 ----- Select—Member --- Parallel Z --- Assign To Selected Beams
Page 23 of 43
‫نختار حمل الزالزل المعرف و من ثم (‪ )Add‬لغرض اضافة االحمال المطلوبة له‬

‫من القائمة نختار (‪)Reference Loads---- R1: Reference DL‬‬

‫‪Page 24 of 43‬‬
 ‫نضغط (‪ )Add‬فينتقل الحمل المعرف الى جهة حمل الزالزل ولكن نغير قيمة الـ(‪ )Factor‬الن الحمل‬
‫المعرف بقيمة (‪ )Y= -1‬وحمل الزالزل القيمة تكون بدون اشارة سالب فنضرب الحمل الكلي بـ(‪ )1-‬ليكون‬
‫موجب العالمة في الحمل الزلزالي‬

‫نضغط (‪ )Add‬فينتقل الحمل المعرف الى الحمل الزلزالي‬

‫‪Page 25 of 43‬‬
‫) الضافة االحمال له‬Add( ‫) ثم نضغط‬DEAD LOAD( ‫ولتعريف الحمل الميت نؤشر‬

Repeat Load --- Reference Load--- R1: Reference Dead

Page 26 of 43
 Factor‫نضيف الحمل المعرف الى الحمل الميت كما في اضافته لحمل الزالزل ولكن بدون تغيير الـ‬
)Y -( ‫الن الحمل الميت يكون باتجاه‬

12)Generating Load Combinations in STAAD.Pro

13)Specifying Direct Analysis Commands in the STAAD.Pro Physical Modeler

14)REFERENCE LOADS

Reference Loads is a powerful tool in STAAD.Pro that expands users’ options for setting up load cases
and improves their overall efficiency. Reference Loads are useful because they are not explicitly solved

Page 27 of 43
during the analysis, but rather exist only as building blocks to be included in creating primary load cases. In
this sense one can think of Reference Loads as “load definitions.”

They are particularly helpful for large models, which often contain many load cases that do not require
analysis in their own right, including seismic, wind, or live load acting alone. Users can create multiple
reference loads and then have STAAD.Pro solve only a limited number of “real” load cases. By limiting the
loads examined, the user can significantly reduce the time required for analysis.>

Reference Loads are defined in the General -> Load & Definitions page of the Modeling Mode, which can
be accessed by clicking the appropriate tabs on the left-hand side of the screen (circled in Figure 1):

Figure 1

In the Definitions section, the Reference Loads are listed as follows:

Page 28 of 43
 To add a new Reference Load case, select "Reference Load Definitions" in the Load & Definition dialog
box and click Add. Inputting the title for the Reference Load case and the number is done in the same
manner as when creating primary load cases.

Once a Reference Load case has been created, follow these steps to input load items. This process, too, is
exactly the same as for primary load cases:

1. Select a Reference Load to highlight it,

2. Click Add to open the Add New Reference Load Items dialog box,
3. Define the load items, selecting from the list of loads on the left,
4. Assign the load item to the appropriate entities (nodes/members/etc.) in the model.

At this point the Reference Load definition is complete. The next step is to include the Reference Loads in
primary load cases, as follows:
Page 29 of 43
1. Select a primary load case and click Add,
2. Click the load item Repeat Load -> Reference Load,
3. Select the required defined Reference Load cases and click [>] to include them in the current primary load case.
Clicking [>>] will include all defined Reference Load cases. You can add appropriate combination factors for each
reference load.

The format of the definition of a Reference Load (i) in the data file is as follows:

DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

LOAD R(i) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE REF LOAD CASE 1

(Load items)

....

END DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

The format of a reference to a Reference Load in a primary load (j) case is as follows:

LOAD (j) LOADTYPE (type) TITLE LOAD CASE 1

REFERENCE LOAD

R(i) 1.0

Reference Loads are very helpful when creating a seismic load definition. Consider, for example, a
situation in which the dead loads have been defined as Reference Loads. Instead of manually inputting the
dead loads a second time in the seismic definition, you can simply refer to the Reference Load case, which
is listed in the seismic definition dialog box as seen below.
Page 30 of 43
Reference Load is just like any other load case but with a significant difference. It is NOT a primary load
case and STAAD will not analyze the Reference Load Case. The Reference Load Case can later be used
to define primary load cases and also to define masses (related to rigid diaphragms and seismic/dynamic
analysis).

The advantage of using the reference load case in models having non-linear analysis like a P-Delta or
Member Tension/Compression is that it can be used to make the program analyze the combinations
(REPEAT LOADs) directly without analyzing the individual component cases specified as Reference Load
Cases. This can result in significant saving of time and computer resources.

14. Seismic Analysis - Specifying seismic weights

through Reference load cases

A problem that users have had to face in the past is the following:

Since the weights specified for seismic definition are used only for the lateral load analysis, it used to be
necessary to re-specify all or most of these weights once again in load cases for the gravity analysis. So,
the MEMBER WEIGHT data had to be re-specified through MEMBER LOADS, JOINT WEIGHTS thru
JOINT LOADs, and so on. In other words, all the WEIGHTS in the seismic definition had to be provided
once again as LOADS for the gravity analysis through the means of DEAD, LIVE, and other such load
cases.

So, the question that naturally comes up is: Since the weights for the seismic definition originate from the
same set of loads that are specified under the types Dead, Live, etc., why can't we instruct the program to
use the data in those load cases to generate the seismic weights automatically?

Solution

Page 31 of 43
The Reference Load feature of the program can be used to overcome this problem. The load information
contained in Reference load types can be used as the feeder data with which to assemble the seismic
weights.

To illustrate this method, let us assume that there are four reference load types defined in the manner
shown below.

DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

LOAD R1 LOADTYPE None  TITLE DL1

SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 1101

 LOAD R2 LOADTYPE None  TITLE DL2 - EQUIPMENT

MEMBER LOAD

42 60 78 92 CON GY -6 3.0

1 TO 31 41 TO 73 UNI GY -0.025

273 282 324 336 349 410 426 548 UNI GY -0.028

JOINT LOAD

44 56 78 90 FY -12

LOAD R3 LOADTYPE None  TITLE LL1 - LIVE LOAD

ONEWAY LOAD

YRANGE 4.69 4.71 ONE -2.5 XRANGE -1 13  ZRANGE -1 11  GY

YRANGE 4.69 4.71 ONE -3.5 XRANGE 12.9 23.1  ZRANGE -1 11  GY

JOINT LOAD

69 78 81 84 95 FX 3.5

 LOAD R4 LOADTYPE None  TITLE LL2 - OPERATING LIVE LOAD

ELEMENT LOAD

Page 32 of 43
1029 TO 1277 PR GY -2.1

JOINT LOAD

69 78 81 84 95 FZ 3.5

 END DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS

The various loads described under these reference loads can then be used to provide the seismic weights
for the seismic definition in the following manner.

DEFINE 1893 LOAD

ZONE 0.36 RF 3 I 1 SS 1 ST 1 DM 0.05

REFERENCE LOAD Y

R1 1.0 R2 1.0 R3 0.25 R4 0.25

 The term "Y" in the expression "REFERENCE LOAD Y" instructs the program that among the various load
items that are contained in the reference load cases, only those load items acting along the Y direction
should be used for creating the seismic weights. Terms specified along X and Z (such as those present in
reference load cases 3 and 4) should not be used.

So, the seismic load case in the model will look like this

LOAD 1 EQ IN X

1893 LOAD X 1.0

and, the gravity load case will look like this

Page 33 of 43
 * COMBINATION LOAD CASE FOR CONCRETE DESIGN

LOAD 7

REFERENCE LOAD

R1 1.2 R2 1.2 R3 1.5 R4 1.5

Thus, the load data has to be specified only once in the model, and can be used for lateral as well as
gravity analysis.

A sample model that illustrates this method can be downloaded from

What should I put in the load and definition in STAAD.Pro for the
?design of a residential building
When you give support to your structure

Then you will go in load and definition

In load & definition there is a load cases details select and click to add

Then there is a primary load cases give title

 Self weight click add

 Wall load click add
 Floor load click add

Then again go to load details go to define combination there is a default value in box write 1.5 and select
all load cases and close it.

Then select

1. Self wt
self wt and click add there is a self weight load as -1 add it

Page 34 of 43
2) wall load

Then select wall load and click add

Then go to member load there is a first option uniform force assign value

For outer walls of house assign -12 kn/m load

For inner walls of house assign -6 kn/m load

For parapet wall of house assign -3 kn/m load

3) floor load

Select floor load and click add

There is a floor load option in load items assign value -6 kn/sqm pressure then go to define y range write
your range from 0 to 3 or 0 to 6 whatever it is .

In this way these 3 loads is define for residential building

EX

LOAD COMB 18 GENERATED

NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 7
3 1.68 4 0.5 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 19 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 8
3 1.38 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 20 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 9
Page 35 of 43
3 1.38 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 21 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 10
3 0.42 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 22 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 11
3 0.42 2 1.0
*SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION
LOAD COMB 23 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 1 (DL + LL)
3 1.0 4 1.0
LOAD COMB 24 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 2 (DL + 0.75LL)
3 1.0 4 0.75
LOAD COMB 25 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 3
3 1.0 4 0.75 1 0.536
LOAD COMB 26 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 4
3 1.0 4 0.75 2 0.536

Page 36 of 43
LOAD COMB 27 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 5
3 0.6
LOAD COMB 28 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 6
3 0.6 1 0.714
LOAD COMB 29 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 7
3 0.6 2 0.714
LOAD COMB 30 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 8
3 1.0 4 1.0 1 0.714
LOAD COMB 31 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 9
3 1.0 4 1.0 2 0.714
*LOAD COMBINATION
LOAD COMB 32 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD (1.4DL)
3 1.4

Page 37 of 43
LOAD COMB 33 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 2 (1.2DL +
1.6LL)
3 1.2 4 1.6
LOAD COMB 34 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 3 (1.2DL +0.5LL)
3 1.2 4 0.5
LOAD COMB 35 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 4
3 1.2
LOAD COMB 36 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 5
3 1.2 4 0.5 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 37 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 6
3 1.2 4 0.5 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 38 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 7
3 0.9
LOAD COMB 39 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 8
Page 38 of 43
3 0.9 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 40 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 9
3 0.9 2 1.0
1 – EX
2 – EZ
3 – DL
4 – LL

LOAD COMB 18 GENERATED

NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 7
3 1.68 4 0.5 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 19 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 8
3 1.38 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 20 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 9
3 1.38 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 21 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 10
3 0.42 1 1.0
Page 39 of 43
LOAD COMB 22 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 USD/LRFD +EV 11
3 0.42 2 1.0
*SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION
LOAD COMB 23 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 1 (DL + LL)
3 1.0 4 1.0
LOAD COMB 24 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 2 (DL + 0.75LL)
3 1.0 4 0.75
LOAD COMB 25 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 3
3 1.0 4 0.75 1 0.536
LOAD COMB 26 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 4
3 1.0 4 0.75 2 0.536
LOAD COMB 27 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 5
3 0.6
LOAD COMB 28 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 6
Page 40 of 43
3 0.6 1 0.714
LOAD COMB 29 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 7
3 0.6 2 0.714
LOAD COMB 30 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 8
3 1.0 4 1.0 1 0.714
LOAD COMB 31 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 SERVICE 9
3 1.0 4 1.0 2 0.714
*LOAD COMBINATION
LOAD COMB 32 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD (1.4DL)
3 1.4
LOAD COMB 33 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 2 (1.2DL +
1.6LL)
3 1.2 4 1.6
LOAD COMB 34 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 3 (1.2DL +0.5LL)
3 1.2 4 0.5
Page 41 of 43
LOAD COMB 35 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 4
3 1.2
LOAD COMB 36 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 5
3 1.2 4 0.5 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 37 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 6
3 1.2 4 0.5 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 38 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 7
3 0.9
LOAD COMB 39 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 8
3 0.9 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 40 GENERATED
NSCP_2015 BASIC USD 9
3 0.9 2 1.0
1 – EX
2 – EZ
3 – DL
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4 – LL

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