Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): Differential equation having only one independent variable is
called ordinary differential equation.
Example:
��
• ��
+ �=3
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Differential equation having two or more independent variables is
called Partial differential equation.
Example:
�2 � �2 �
• ��2
+ ��2 = 0
Order: The order of a differential equation is the highest order of the derivatives involving to the
equation.
Examples:
�3 � ��
��3
+ �� = � [Order of the equation is 3]
Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the degree or power of the highest derivative in the
equation.
2
�3 � �2 � ��
�� 3 + ��2
+ �� = 5 [Order of the equation is 3 and degree of the equation is 1]
General Solution: The relation containing n arbitrary constants which satisfies an ODE of n-th order is
called its general solution or complete primitive.
Particular Solution: Solution obtained by giving particular values to independent arbitrary constants in
the general solution is called particular solution.
�2 �
For Example, � = �� + � is a general solution of the differential equation ��2 = 0 where as � = 2� + 3
is a particular solution.
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
Ex-4: Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their
centres on the x-axis.
Ex-5: Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their
centres on the y-axis.
[Try Yourself]
Ex-6: Form the differential equation that represents all parabolas each of which has a latus rectum
�� and whose axes are parallel to x-axis.
��
Ex-3: Solve �� = ��−� + �� �−� .
Solution: Given that,
��
= ��−� + �2 �−�
��
��
⇒ = �� . �−� + �2 �−�
��
��
⇒ = �−� �� + �2
��
��
⇒ −� = �� + �2 ��
�
⇒ �� �� = �� + �2 ��
⇒ ���� = �� + �2 ��
�3 �� �� = �� + �
∴ �� �
=� + +�
3
��
Ex-5: Solve � − � �� � = �.
Solution: Given that,
��
�−� �=�
��
��
⇒ �� − �2 =�
��
��
⇒ �� − � = �2
��
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
��
⇒ � � − 1 = �2
��
⇒ �2 �� = � � − 1 ��
1 �−1
⇒ �� = 2 ��
� �
1 1 1
⇒ �� = − ��
� � �2
1 1 1
⇒ �� = − ��
� � �2
1
⇒ ln � = ln � − − + �'
�
1
⇒ ln � − ln � = + �'
1
�� = ln � + �
�
�
� 1
��+1
⇒ ln = ln �� + ln � �� �� = +�
� �+1
� 1
ln �� = ln � + ln �
⇒ ln = ln ���
�
� 1
⇒ = ���
�
1
∴ � = ����
��
Ex-6: Solve ��
= ��� (� + �) + ��� (� + �) .
Solution: Given that,
��
= sin (� + �) + cos (� + �)
��
Let,
�+�=�
�� ��
⇒ 1+ =
�� ��
�� ��
∴ = −1
�� ��
Now the given equation becomes,
��
− 1 = sin � + cos �
��
��
⇒ = sin � + cos � + 1
��
��
⇒ �� =
1+ sin � + cos �
��
⇒ �� = � �
1 + cos 2. + sin 2. 1 + cos 2� = 2 cos2 �
2 2
�� sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �
⇒ �� = � � �
2 cos2 + 2 sin cos
2 2 2
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
��
⇒ �� = �
� sin
2 cos2 1+ 2
2 �
cos
2
1 2
�
sec
2 2 ��
⇒ �� = �
1 + tan
2
1 �
sec2
2 2 ��
⇒ �� = �
1 + tan
2
�
⇒ � = ln |1 + tan | + �
2
�+�
∴ � = ln | 1 + tan |+�
2
� ��
Ex-7: Solve � − � ��
= �� .
Solution: Given that,
2
��
�−� = �2
��
Let,
�−�=�
�� ��
⇒ 1− =
�� ��
�� ��
∴ =1−
�� ��
Now the given equation becomes,
��
�2 1 − = �2
��
�� �2
⇒1− =
�� �2
�� �2
⇒ =1− 2
�� �
�� �2 − �2
⇒ =
�� �2
�2
⇒ �� = 2 ��
� − �2
�2
⇒ �� = 1 + 2 ��
� − �2
��
⇒ �� = �� + �2
� − �2
2
1 �−� �� 1 �−�
⇒ � = � + �2 . ln +� �2 −�2
= 2� ln �+�
+�
2� � + �
� �−�−�
⇒ � = � − � + ln +�
2 �−�+�
� �−�−�
∴ � = ln +�
2 �−�+�
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
� ��
Ex-8: Solve � + � ��
= �� .
Solution: Given that,
2
��
�+� = �2
��
Let,
�+�=�
�� ��
⇒ 1+ =
�� ��
�� ��
∴ = −1
�� ��
Now the given equation becomes,
��
�2 − 1 = �2
��
�� �2
⇒ −1= 2
�� �
�� �2
⇒ = +1
�� �2
�� �2 + �2
⇒ =
�� �2
�2
⇒ �� = 2 ��
� + �2
�2
⇒ �� = 1 − 2 ��
� + �2
��
⇒ �� = �� − �2
� + �2
2
1 �
⇒ � = � − �2 . tan−1 + �
�� 1 �
= � tan−1 � + �
� � �2 +�2
�+�
⇒ � = � + � − � tan−1 +�
�
�+�
∴ � = � tan−1 −�
�
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
�� � �,�
A differential equation of the form ��
= �1(�,�) , where both �1 (�, �) and �2 (�, �) are homogeneous
2
functions of � and � of the same degree is called homogeneous differential equation.
�� �2 +2��
Ex: �� = �2 Homogeneous Function: A function
�(�, �) is called homogeneous of
Solution Technique: degree �, if � ��, �� = ��� �, � .
�� ��
Put � = ��, �� = � + � �� .
Separate the variables � and �.
�� ��
Ex-3: Solve �� + �� �� = �� ��
Solution: Given that,
�� ��
�2 + �2 = ��
�� ��
��
⇒ �2 = �� − �2
��
�� �2
⇒ =
�� �� − �2
Let,
� = ��
�� ��
⇒ =�+�
�� ��
The equation becomes,
�� �2 �2
�+� = 2
�� �� − �2
�� �2
⇒�+� =
�� � − 1
�� �2
⇒� = −�
�� � − 1
�� �2 − �2 + �
⇒� =
�� �−1
�� �
⇒� =
�� � − 1
�� � − 1
⇒ = ��
� �
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
�� 1
⇒ = 1 − ��
� �
�� 1
⇒ = 1 − ��
� �
⇒ ln � = � − ln � + �'
⇒ ln � + ln � = � + �'
⇒ ln � + ln � = ln �� + ln �
⇒ ln (��) = ln ���
⇒ �� = ���
� �
⇒ �. = ���
�
�
∴ � = ���
�� �+ ��+��
Ex-4: Solve �� = �
Solution: Given that,
�� � + �2 + �2
=
�� �
Let,
� = ��
�� ��
⇒ =�+�
�� ��
The equation becomes,
�� �� + �2 + �2 �2
�+� =
�� �
�� �� + � 1 + �2
⇒�+� =
�� �
��
⇒�+� = � + 1 + �2
��
��
⇒� = 1 + �2
��
�� ��
⇒ =
� 1 + �2
�� ��
⇒ =
� 1 + �2
�� ��
⇒ =
� �2 + 1 ��
= ln � + �2 + �2 + �
⇒ ln � = ln (� + �2 + 1) + �' �2 +�2
⇒ ln � − ln (� + �2 + 1) = ln �
�
⇒ ln = ln �
� + �2 + 1
�
⇒ =�
� + �2 + 1
⇒ � = �(� + �2 + 1)
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
� �2
⇒�=� + +1
� �2
� � 2 + �2
⇒�=� +
� �2
� �2 + �2
⇒�=� +
� �
�
⇒�= � + �2 + �2
�
∴ �2 = � � + �2 + �2
Ex-5: Solve �� ��� − �� + �� �� = �
Solution: Given that,
�2 ��� − �3 + �3 �� = 0
�� �2 �
⇒ = 3
�� � + �3
Let,
� = ��
�� ��
⇒ =�+�
�� ��
The equation becomes,
�� ��3
�+� = 3
�� � + �3 �3
�� �
⇒�+� =
�� 1 + �3
�� �
⇒� = −�
�� 1 + �3
�� − �4
⇒� =
�� 1 + �3
�� 1 + �3
⇒ =− ��
� �4
�� 1 1
⇒ =− 4 �� − ��
� � �
1
⇒ ln � = 3 − ln � + �
3�
1
⇒ ln � + ln � = 3 + �
3�
1
⇒ ln �� = 3 + �
3�
� 1
⇒ ln . � = 3 + �
� 3�
�3
3
�
∴ ln � = 3 + �
3�
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
Ex-6: Solve �� ��� − �� �� = �� ��
��
[Try yourself] [Answer: �� � = ��� + �]
�� �� +����
Ex-7: Solve �� = ��+����
Solution: Given that,
�� �3 + 3�2 �
=
�� �3 + 3��2
Let,
� = ��
�� ��
⇒ =�+�
�� ��
The equation becomes,
�� �3 �3 + 3��3
�+� = 3
�� � + 3�2 �3
�� �3 + 3�
⇒�+� =
�� 1 + 3�2
�� �3 + 3�
⇒� = −�
�� 1 + 3�2
�� �3 + 3� − � − 3�3
⇒� =
�� 1 + 3�2
�� 2� − 2�3
⇒� =
�� 1 + 3�2
�� 2 � − 2�3
⇒� =
�� 1 + 3�2
�� 1 + 3�2
⇒2 = ��
� � − �3
�� 1 + 3�2
⇒2 = ��
� � 1 − �2
�� 1 + 3�2
⇒2 = ��……(�)
� � 1 + � (1 − �)
Now let,
1 + 3�2 � � �
= + + ……(��)
� 1 + � (1 − �) � 1 + � 1 − �
Multiplying both sides by �(1 + �)(1 − �) we get,
1 + 3�2 = � 1 + � 1 − � + �� 1 − � + ��(1 + �)
If � = 0 then, � = 1
If � = 1 then, � = 2 and
If � =− 1 then, � =− 2
From equation (ii) we get,
1 + 3�2 1 2 2
= − +
� 1 + � (1 − �) � 1 + � 1 − �
��
A differential equation of the form �� + �� = �, where � amd � are the function of � only or constant is
called a linear differential equation.
��
Ex: �� + �2 � = 2
Solution Technique:
���
Integrating Factor: �. � = �
Format of the solution:
� × �. � = (� × �. �) �� + �
��
Ex-1: Solve � − �� ��
− �� = �
Solution: Given that,
��
1 − �2 − �� = 1
��
�� � 1
⇒ − �=
�� 1 − �2 1 − �2
� 1
Here, � =− 1−�2 and � = 1−�2
Integrating Factor,
�
− ��
�. � = � 1−�2
1 2�
− ��
= �2 1−�2
1 2
= �2 ln 1−�
1
1−�2 2
= �ln
1
= 1 − �2 2
= 1 − �2
Hence the solution is
�� �
= sin−1 + �
�2 −�2 �
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
1
� 1 − �2 = . 1 − �2 �� + �
1 − �2
1
⇒ � 1 − �2 = �� + �
1 − �2
∴ 1 − �2 = sin−1 � + �
��
Ex-2: Solve � �� + �� = � ��� �
Solution: Given that,
��
� + 2� = � log �
��
�� 2
⇒ + � = log �
�� �
2
Here, � = � and � = log �
Integrating Factor,
2
��
�. � = � �
1
= �2 � ��
= �2 ln �
2
= �ln �
= �2
Hence the solution is
��2 = log � . �2 �� + �
�
⇒ �2 � = log � �2 �� − log � �2 �� �� + �
��
�3 1 �3
⇒ �2 � = log � . − . �� + �
3 � 3
2
�3 1
⇒ � � = log � − �2 �� + �
3 3
�3 1 �3
⇒ �2 � = log � − . + �
3 3 3
1 3 1
∴ � � = � log � − �3 + �
2
3 9
�� �
Ex-3: Solve �� + � � = ��
Solution: Given that,
�� 2
+ � = �4
�� �
2
Here, � = � and � = �4
Integrating Factor,
2
��
�. � = � �
1
= �2 � ��
= �2 ln �
2
= �ln �
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
= �2
Hence the solution is
��2 = �4 . �2 �� + �
⇒ �2 � = �6 �� + �
�7
∴ �2 � =
+�
7
��
Ex-4: Solve �� − � �� − ��� − � � = �� − ��� + �
Solution: Given that,
��
�3 − � − 3�2 − 1 � = �5 − 2�3 + �
��
�� 3�2 − 1 �5 − �3 − �3 + �
⇒ − 3 �=
�� � − � �3 − �
�� 3�2 − 1 �3 �2 − 1 − �(�2 − 1)
⇒ − 3 �=
�� � − � �3 − �
2
�� 3� − 1 (� − 1)(�3 − �)
2
⇒ − 3 �=
�� � − � �3 − �
2
�� 3� − 1
⇒ − � = �2 − 1
�� �3 − �
3�2 −1
Here, � =− �3 −� and � = �2 − 1
Integrating Factor,
3�2 −1
− ��
�. � = � �3−�
3
= �−ln (� −�)
−1
= �ln �3 −�
−1
= �3 − �
1
= 3
� −�
Hence the solution is
1 1
�. = �2 − 1 . �� + �
�3 −� −� �3
� 1
⇒ 3 = �2 − 1 . 2 �� + �
� −� �(� − 1)
� 1
⇒ 3 = �� + �
� −� �
�
∴ 3 = ln � + �
� −�
�� �
Ex-5: If �� + �� ��� � = ��� � and if � = � when � = �, then find the solution.
Solution: Given that,
��
+ 2� tan � = sin �
��
Here, � = 2 tan � and � = sin �
Integrating Factor,
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
�. � = � 2 tan � ��
= �2 ln sec �
2
= �ln sec �
= sec2 �
Hence the solution is
� sec2 � = sin � sec2 � �� + �
1
⇒ � sec2 � = sin � �� + �
cos2 �
sin � 1
⇒ � sec2 � = �� + �
cos � cos �
⇒ � sec2 � = sec � tan � �� + �
∴ � sec2 � = sec � + �
�
When � = 0, � = 3
,
�
0 = sec + �
3
⇒0=2+�
∴ � =− 2
Hence the solution is
� sec2 � = sec � − 2
1 2
⇒�= −
sec � sec2 �
∴ � = cos � − 2 cos2 �
��
Ex-6: Solve � � − � ��
− � = �� � − � �
�� �+�+��
Ex-7: Solve � + � ��
+ �� = �+� �
Solution: Given that,
�� 1 + � + �2
1+� + 3� =
�� 1+� 3
�� 3 1 + � + �2
⇒ + �=
�� 1 + � 1+� 4
3 1+�+�2
Here, � = 1+� and � = 1+� 4
Integrating Factor,
3
��
�. � = �
1+�
1
= �3 1+� ��
= �3 ln 1+�
3
= �ln 1+�
= 1+� 3
Hence the solution is
1 + � + �2
3
� 1+� = . 1 + � 3 �� + �
1+� 4
1 + � + �2
⇒ � 1+� 3 = �� + �
1+�
1 � + �2
⇒ � 1+� 3 = + �� + �
1+� 1+�
1 � 1+�
⇒ � 1+� 3 = + �� + �
1+� 1+�
1
⇒ � 1+� 3 = + � �� + �
1+�
�2
∴ � 1 + � 3 = ln (1 + �) + + �
2
�� �
Ex-8: Solve � �� − �� = �� + ��� ��
Solution: Given that,
�� 1
�− 2� = �2 + sin 2
�� �
�� 2 1 1
⇒ − � = � + sin 2
�� � � �
2 1 1
Here, � =− � and � = � + � sin �2
Integrating Factor,
2
− ��
�. � = � �
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
1
= �−2 ���
= �−2 ln �
−2
= �ln �
= �−2
1
= 2
�
Hence the solution is
1 1 1 1 1
�.
2 = � + sin 2 . 2 �� + � Let, �2 = �
� � � �
2 ��
� 1 1 1 ⇒− = ��
⇒ 2= + sin 2 �� + � �3
� � �3 � 1 1
� 1 1 1 ∴ �� =− 2 ��
�3
⇒ 2= �� + 3
sin 2 �� + �
� � � �
� 1 1
⇒ 2= �� − sin � �� + �
� � 2
� 1
⇒ 2 = ln � − cos � + �
� 2
� 1 1
∴ 2 = ln � − cos 2 + �
� 2 �
Bernoulii Equation:
��
A differential equation of the form �� + �� = ��� , where � amd � are the function of � only or constant
is called a linear differential equation.
�� � ��
Ex-1: Solve: �� + � � = ��
Solution: Given that,
�� 2 �3
+ �= 3
�� � �
−3 �� 2 −2 1
⇒ � �� + � � = �3 [Dividing by �3 ]
Let,
�−2 = �
�� ��
⇒− 2�−3 =
�� ��
�� 1 ��
∴ �−3 =−
�� 2 ��
The equation becomes,
1 �� 2 1
− + �= 3
2 �� � �
�� 4 2
⇒ − � =− 3
�� � �
Integrating Factor,
4
�. � = � −� ��
= �−4 ln �
−4
= �ln �
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
1
= �−4 =
�4
Hence the solution is
1 2 1
�. 4 = − 3 . 4 �� + �
� � �
�
⇒ 4 =− 2 �−7 �� + �
�
� �−6
⇒ 4 =− 2. +�
� −6
�−2 �−6
⇒ 4 = +�
� 3
1 1
∴ 4 2= 6=�
� � 3�
��
Ex-2: Solve �� + �� = ���
Solution: Given that
��
+ �� = ��2
��
��
⇒ �−2 �� + ��−1 = � [Dividing by �2 ]
Let,
�−1 = �
�� ��
⇒− �−2 =
�� ��
�� ��
∴ �−2 =−
�� ��
The equation becomes,
��
− + �� = �
��
��
⇒ − �� =− �
��
Integrating Factor,
−� ��
�. � = �
�2
= �− 2
Hence the solution is
�2 �2
�2
�. �− 2 = −� �− 2 �� + � Let, − =�
2
�2 2� ��
− ⇒− = ��
⇒ �. � 2 = ���� + � 2
�2 ∴− ��� = ��
⇒ �. �− 2 �
=� +�
�2 �2
⇒ �−1 �− 2 = �− 2 + �
�2
⇒ �−1 = 1 + �� 2
�� �
Ex-3: Solve �� − �� = �� �−�
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
Solution: Given that,
�� 2
�� − = �3 �−�
��
�� 2
⇒− + �� = �3 �−�
��
�� 2
⇒ − �� =− �3 �−�
��
�� 2
⇒ �−3 �� − ��−2 =− �−� [Dividing by �3 ]
Let,
�−2 = �
�� ��
⇒− 2�−3 =
�� ��
�� 1 ��
∴ �−3 =−
�� 2 ��
The equation becomes,
1 �� 2
− − �� =− �−�
2 ��
�� 2
⇒ + 2�� = 2�−�
��
Integrating Factor,
�. � = � 2� ��
2
= ��
Hence the solution is
2 2 2
�. �� = 2 �−� �� �� + �
2
⇒ �. �� = 2 �� + �
2
⇒ �. �� = 2� + �
2
∴ �−2 �� = 2� + �
��
Ex-4: Solve �� = �� �� − ��
Solution: Given that,
��
= �3 �3 − ��
��
��
⇒ + �� = �3 �3
��
��
⇒ �−3 �� + ��−2 = �3 [Dividing by �^3]
Let,
�−2 = �
�� ��
⇒− 2�−3 =
�� ��
�� 1 ��
∴ �−3 =−
�� 2 ��
The equation becomes,
1 ��
− + �� = �3
2 ��
Differential Equations Course Code: MATH 05411203
Course Title: Mathematics II
��
⇒ − 2�� =− 2�3
��
Integrating Factor,
�. � = � −2� ��
2
= �−�
Hence the solution is
2 2
�. �−� = −2 �3 �−� �� + �
2 2
∴ �−2 �−� = −2 �3 �−� �� + �
Home Work:
�
�� � �� � �
i) Solve � �� − � = �� [Answer: � =− ��−� + � ]
��
ii) Solve � − �� �� + ��� �� = � [Answer: �
= � − �� �]