WASTE TO ENERGY

Subject Code: 20CEO531T

 WASTE TO ENERGY

Waste is defined as unwanted and

unusable materials and is regarded as a
substance which is of no use. Wastes
are materials that are not prime
products for a producer & have no
further use in the process as such are
required to be discarded / recovered.

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 WASTE TO ENERGY

Sources of Waste:

Sources of waste can be

broadly classified into four
types:

•Industrial,
•Commercial,
•Domestic,
• Institutional and
•Agricultural.
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Industrial Waste:
These are the wastes created in
factories and industries. Most
industries dump their wastes
in rivers and seas which cause
a lot of pollution.
Example: GGBS, glass, etc.

Commercial & Institutional

Waste:
Commercial wastes are
produced in schools, colleges,
shops, and offices.
Example: plastic, paper, etc.
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Domestic Waste:
The different household
wastes which are collected
during household activities
like cooking, cleaning, etc.
are known as domestic
wastes.
Example: leaves, vegetable
peels, excreta, etc.

Agricultural Waste:
Various wastes produced in
the agricultural field are
known as agricultural
wastes.
Example: cattle waste,
weed, husk, etc. 5
Types of Waste:
Commonly waste is classified into two types:
Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable Waste

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Biodegradable waste:
These are the wastes that come from our
kitchen and it includes food remains, garden
waste, etc. Biodegradable waste is also known
as moist waste. Biodegradable wastes
decompose themselves over a period of time
depending on the material.

Non-biodegradable waste:
These are the wastes which include old
newspapers, broken glass pieces, plastics, etc.
Non-biodegradable waste is known as dry
waste. Dry wastes can be recycled and can be
reused. Non-biodegradable wastes do not
decompose by themselves and hence are major
pollutants.

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LEC-IV 17
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MATERIALS RECOVERY
⚫ Most of the materials thrown in the garbage can be used
and processed in ways other than being destroyed. This is
what is called recovering.

⚫ Reusing, recycling and composting are the most frequently

used methods for recovering waste.

⚫ waste—there is one last option before throwing them

away: scrap dealers, recycling workers and recoverers.

⚫ Another alternative is recovering the energy stored in

residual material.
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What can you recovered?
⚫ The Following Hazardous Household Waste Can Be
Recovered By Recycling Components.

⚫ Computers, televisions and other electronic devices

⚫ Cell phones
⚫ Left-over paint
⚫ Printer cartridges
⚫ Rechargeable batteries
⚫ Car batteries and batteries
⚫ Used oil, their containers and filters
⚫ Unused tires
⚫ CD and DVD
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
⚫ LCA evaluates these impacts throughout a product’s
entire lifespan, from raw material extraction through
materials processing, manufacturing, distribution, use,
repair and maintenance, and eventual disposal or
recycling.

⚫ ISO provides a succinct definition of “Life Cycle

Assessment,” describing it as a technique for assessing
the environmental aspects and potential impacts
associated with a product.

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Life Cycle Assessment Iterative Process

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Need To Conduct LCAs
⚫ Assurance-helps users have confidence in the results.
⚫ Greening the global economies with sustainable
materials management.
⚫ Regional adoption of a global standard.
⚫ Economies of scale.

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LCA is carried out in four basic interdependent stages

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Commonly used LCA metrics
⚫ Cumulative Energy Demand (CED): Total energy consumed
over the whole life cycle in delivering the functional unit
(including end-of-life waste management).

⚫ Cumulative Fossil Energy Demand (CFED): This is a subset

of CED and describes the total life cycle fossil fuel-based energy
consumed in delivering the functional unit (including
end-of-life waste management). Fossil fuels include coal, crude
oil and its derivatives, natural gas, peat.

⚫ Cumulative Renewable Energy Demand (CRED): This is a

subset of CED and describes the total life cycle renewable
(non-fossil fuel)-based energy consumed in delivering the
functional unit (including end-of-life waste management).
Renewable energy includes solar, photovoltaic,hydro, wind,
wave, geothermal.
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⚫ Global Warming Potential (GWP), also referred to as
Carbon Footprint: A category that reflects climate change
impact over a fixed time period, normally 100 years, in
terms of the total emissions of greenhouse gases.

⚫ Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): A category that

reflects the relative effect of total emissions of gases that
deplete stratospheric ozone across the life cycle of a
product used to deliver a unit of service (the functional
unit), including endof- life waste management.

⚫ Acidification Potential (AP): A category that reflects

the relative effect of total emissions of acidic gases (e.g.,
sulphur xides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrochloric
acid (HCl), hydroflouric acid (HF), ammonia (NH4)) to air.

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UNIT-I COMPLETED

THANK YOU

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COMPOSTING

When we buy fruits or

vegetables, we often throw
away the useless bits without
realising that they can be put
to better use. A countertop
composter is an easy way to
stash away your compostable
food scraps for later use in
your garden. After all, you're
paying for the whole fruit or
vegetable, so why not use the
inedible parts as well?

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 Composting
Composting helps to ensure environmental
sustainability, as it helps to hold the soil
particles together, thereby preventing
erosion. It helps to keep wastes in a
controlled environment and recycled to a
useful product. They help in the
bioremediation of polluted soil. They also
increase biodiversity in the soil by
attracting different insects, bacteria, fungi,
etc. that are beneficial to the crop. They
are treated in a controlled environment
where they do not stay forever.
They also help to suppress diseases in
plants and enrich the soil
Conventional
Conventional waste management methods
(open dump, river and ocean dumping,
sanitary landfills, and incineration)
pollutes the soil, air, and water bodies.
They release odors and create bad sights.
In addition, they cause contamination of
underground water when wastes are
buried.
They (animal feeding, incineration, open
dump, river and ocean dumping) host
pest,pathogens and insects, which have a
bad impact on human and animal health.
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They help to reduce greenhouse effects
by mitigating the production of gases
They contribute majorly to the
like methane. Though CO2 is release
greenhouse effect. This is as a result of
during composting, lesser compared to
the combustion of wastes.
other (combustion) modes of waste
management.

Wastes (open dump, river and ocean

Reduces the volume of wastes dumping,) are usually piled and
drastically therefore increasing in volume of
wastes.

Recalcitrant substances, such as It (incineration) can treat plastics,

polythene bags, plastics among others polythene bags, etc., though they pose
cannot be composted. an environmental pollution threat.

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 Landfill Gas

• Landfill gas is composed of a mixture of hundreds of

different gases. By volume, landfill gas typically contains 45%
to 60% methane and 40% to 60% carbon dioxide.

• Landfill gas produced from Three processes—bacterial

decomposition, volatilization, and chemical reactions.

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Component Percent by Characteristics
Volume

Methane 45-60 Methane is a naturally

occurring gas. It is
colorless and odorless.
Landfills are the single
largest source of
man-made methane
emissions.
carbon dioxide 40-60 Carbon dioxide is
naturally found at small
concentrations in the
atmosphere (0.03%). It
iscolorless, odorless,
and slightly acidic. 33
 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF
INCINERATION

• Incineration could reduce waste volume by 90%

• Produces Heat and Electricity
• Metals can be extracted from ash
• Recyclables could end up in the incinerator

Major Impacts Which Includes

• Dioxins
• Acid gases
• Nitrogen Oxide
• `Heavy Metals
• Particulates 34
MEASURES FOR REDUCING THE IMPACTS

General Approaches Include 

• Source Reduction,
• Material Elimination,
• Recycling,
• Product Substitution;
• Technology Or Process Change,
• Use Of Good Operating Practices,
• Segregation Of Wastes.

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LANDFILL GAS GENERATION AND UTILIZATION

&

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❖ Landfill gas is a mix of different gases created by the
action of micro organisms within a landfill as they
decompose organic waste.

❖ Landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent

methane, with the remainder being mostly carbon
dioxide.

❖ Landfill gases have an influence on climate change.

❖ Landfills are the third-largest source of methane in the US.

❖ Because of the significant negative effects of these gases,

leads to the monitoring of landfill gases.

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LANDFILL GASES ARE THE RESULT OF THREE PROCESSES:

❖ Evaporation of volatile organic compounds

❖ Chemical reactions between waste components
❖ Microbial action, especially methanogenesis.

The first two depend strongly on the nature of the waste.

The dominant process in most landfills is the third process

whereby anaerobic bacteria decompose organic waste to
produce biogas.

LANDFILL GAS MONITORING:

❖ Both valuable and sometimes hazardous

❖ Flame ionization detectors can be used to measure
methane levels
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 Landfill Gas Utilization
❖ It is a process of gathering, processing, and treating the
methane or another gas emitted from decomposing
garbage to produce electricity, heat, fuels, and various
chemical compounds.
❖ It is important not only to control its emission but,
where conditions allow, use it to generate energy.

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Landfill gas collection is typically accomplished through the
installation of wells installed vertically and/or horizontally in the
waste mass.

Efficient gas collection can be accomplished at both open and

closed landfills, but closed landfills have systems that are more
efficient.

On average, closed landfills have gas collection systems that

capture about 84% of produced gas, compared to about 67% for
open landfills.

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Energy Production from Waste Plastics

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PROCESS OF E-WASTE RECYCLING

Step 1: Collecting and Transporting

Step 2: Shredding and Sorting

Step 3: Dust Extraction

Step 4: Magnetic Separation

Step 5: Water Separation

Step 6: Purification of Waste Stream

Step 7: Preparing Recycled Materials For Sale

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THE CRISIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

The current waste management practice in India involves

collecting waste from sources through a community collective
bin system, after which it gets transported to a low-lying landfill
system with intermediate processing of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW).

The open dumping practice is leading to various problems like

pollution and health hazards. Both surface and groundwater are
affected by this; in fact, groundwater is in a critical state.
Current procedures are not ideal, hence, the solid waste
management crisis.

In 2001 India generated 46 million tonnes of waste and by 2048

this number is predicted to reach an estimate of 125 million
tonnes, making India the largest waste contributor of the world.

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The major problems affecting solid waste management are
unscientific treatment, improper collection of waste, and
ethical problems. This in turn leads to hazards like
environmental degradation, water pollution, soil pollution, and
air pollution.

Challenges for India to battle its waste management crisis, is

about the technologies pursued in developed countries such
as bio-composting and incineration – converting waste to
energy. Recycling should be followed with parallel emphasis
on source segregation and quality-cost ratio control.

When considering solutions, no matter how advanced the

solution is, unless and until it is applied to the ground zero
level, it will not be effective.”

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