p and i day 6

Parasiticides
● Cide/cidal
○ This means to “kill”.
● These are chemicals that we use that are more toxic to parasites than to the host.
● Some are safe and some are between the margin of killing the parasite and harming the
host.

Ectoparasiticides
● These are the ones that control the external parasites

Endoparasiticides
● These kill the internal parasites.

Endectosides
● When we administer the products, They will kill the external and internal parasites.

Two Regulatory Bodies in the United States

● FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
○ They oversee anything that goes into your mouth like food and drugs.
○ They review the safety studies on ingested agents.
● EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
○ They are concerned about the products that we place on the animals and how
these agents potentially are going to affect the environment.

External Parasiticides
● Applied in Different Ways
○ Sprays
○ Dips
○ Topical Spot-on
○ Powders
○ Impregnated Ear Tabs
● There are flying insects that aren’t necessarily on the animals.
○ Sometimes we have to treat the environment.
○ Sometimes we target the places where they are breeding, laying their eggs to
control them.
● We have to think about environmental concerns in economics.
○ This is like treating a very large area against a single animal.
○ We have to think about the ecological consequences that would affect other
species in the area.

Insecticides
● These kill insects.

Acaricides
● These kill the mites and ticks
● There is a huge overlap between Insecticides and Acaricides.
● Usually, if the products kill one, they kill the other most of the time.

IGR (Insect Growth Regulators)

 ● These products don't kill the adults but they will kill the egg stage, and larval stage and
maybe target the pupil stage.
● Sometimes these products contain adulticides and kill the adults.

Mode of Action
● Most act on the Insect’s nervous system.
● Some of them are contact poison.
○ This is when the insect or parasite touches the product.
● Some of them are ingested.
○ We apply them on the animals and these parasites take a bite and ingest the
product.
● Natural Products
○ These are products that are derived from plants.
■ Parasites want the leaves, their fruit, and their flowers.

OTC (Over-the-Counter)
● It means you do not need a prescription for these drugs or these products.
● Rotenone
○ We find it in the trade product Goodwinol Ointment.
○ This can be used in localized demodicosis.
● Limonene
○ This is a common product found on shampoos, sprays and more.
Pyrethrins
● These are derived from the Chrysanthemum flower or all the other flowers related to
Chrysanthemums.
● It has a rapid knockdown of insects when they say knockdown.
● This is widely used in agriculture and it comes in a lot of different forms.
● Pyrethroids(Synthetic Pyrethrin)
○ It's common in some of the fly repellents because they have some repellent
activity.
○ These were more potent and had a greater knockdown of insects than just the
natural pyrethrins.
○ Neurotoxins
■ They work on the nerve receptors of these insects and they get jumpy
and twitchy, then they can't bite.
■ They can't stay on this because they could become paralyzed.
○ They can contaminate water sources.
○ This can kill fish and can contaminate drinking sources for humans.

Permethrin
● It was the first generation.
● It kills a lot of their different parasites.
● It will kill and it will repel ticks.
● No tick transmit
● When these parasites touch this product, it can stop them from attaching and feeding.
● We don't have to worry about skin allergies, skin reactions, or itchiness.

Permethrin Toxicity in Cats

● We can find fleas on the cat.
● It's always a cat with fleas.
 ● This was a problem that several years ago mandated there be some warning on the
label.
● Usually, the signs start within 30 minutes to three days.
● With the skinny cat, we will probably see it a lot quicker than a heavy cat.
● The cat will start drooling.
● The cat will either have hyper or hypothermia.
● The body temperature changes., either it will become high or really low.
● They may start vomiting then they become hyper-excitable.
● Like insects, they would start twitching, trimming and they'll have ataxia
○ Ataxia means an unsteady date.
● They will have seizures and then die.
● Every hospital has done the dishwashing soap method.
○ This would cut the grease.
○ After bathing the cat, we administer activated charcoal by mouth.
■ This goes through their GI system and absorbs any of this because cats
grow.
Insecticides
● Etofenprox
○ Similar to Pyrethroids, this motive action works on the neurologic system.
○ This is another common one that you can find in over-the-counter products.
○ Foggers
■ They're little cans, you set it off and it sprays and makes like a mister of
fog in the room to kill insects.
● Indoxacarb
○ Activyl
■ That is a topical spot-on we administer to the dog or cat's coat.

Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides

● Neurotoxin
○ It causes paralysis and then death.
● They're being removed from the market because they're just not that effective.
● There are toxicity reactions.
● You can still find them out there and some of the cheap flea collars, powders and
sprays.
● This is toxic to cats, young and lean animals, young, skinny, puppies, and sighthounds.
○ Greyhound, Afghan Hound, Orzoia
● Some cattle breeds are very sensitive to these organophosphates and carbonates.
● There was an anecdote to this that we would use in the hospital.
● These animals are sensitive to it.
● It has a mild neurotoxic effect.

Amitraz
● This is a formamidine
○ There's only one that has been approved in the United States.
○ There are others in Europe and other countries.
● Neurotoxin
○ This causes a nervous shaking activity, then they become paralyzed and die.
○ It is fatal.
○ It is still used very commonly in the livestock industry but can't use it on horses.
○ We cannot use it in:
■ Cats
 ■ Rabbits
■ Young Animals
■ Toy Breeds
● Mange
○ We use this a lot on puppies, like demon dogs.
○ There are a lot of puppies that would be lethargic for a few days after sipping this
product.
● Tacktic
○ We use it on large animals.
○ This is mixed with water and used as a spray or dip as a sponge for cattle and
swine then it will kill ticks, mites and lice.
● We have some veterinary collars for the dogs that have amitraz in them.

Neonicotinoids
● This is also called “Vanex”.
● This is very safe.
● This is very effective for killing fleas.
● This is also a huge group of insecticides used in agriculture.
● This has been banned in Europe for many years.
● We do use them on small animals.
● Imidacloprid
○ This is topical.
○ It comes with K9 Advantix II, Advantage II, Seresto flea and ticks collar and
Advantage Multi.
● Dinotefuran
○ This is topical.
○ This is Vectra and First Shield.
● Nitenpyram
○ This is oral flea adulticide.
○ You can administer these little tablets and the fleas will start falling off within 30
minutes.
○ Its trade name is CapStar.
○ This is used off-label to kill fleas and maggots.
○ If you're dealing with these feral cats that come from the cat colonies and they
either need to be treated, spayed or neutered, you can’t touch them.
○ Labeling
■ They develop a product and to get it passed, they have to do all these
safety studies.
■ It is really expensive and time-consuming for these safety studies and
they have to do it for every species.
■ Europe is much less strict with their drugs than we are.
■ Sometimes they have drugs available to them for years before we get
them or they're using them for other usages that have not been approved
here but we know Canada and Europe are doing it.
■ Europe is way stricter with what goes into their pet food than we are.

Spinosyns
● This was not entirely understood.
● There was a study on soil fungus that had a natural Insecticide.
○ That was very effective and very safe.
● A lot of these products have been derived from bacterial cultures and fumbled cultures.
 ● Trifexis
○ This is a combination.
○ It got walamycin in there.
● Cheristin
○ Topical flea control for cats.
● Comfortis
○ This is an oral flea adulticide.

Fipronil
● This controls fleas, ticks and chewing lice.
● This is a topical spot-on.
● Neurotoxin
○ They get twitchy and then die.
● The spray can be used for Sarcoptes.

Isoxazolines
● This has the same mode of action as Fipronil.
● This kills fleas and ticks.
● It is used off-label for Demodex and Sarcoptes.
● This was the first oral medication we had in the United States for ticks.
● Bravecto
○ It's an oral three months but it lasts one month also for the puppies.
● Sarolaner
○ Simparica
■ It is a monthly oral intake.
● Lotilaner
○ Credelio
■ This is a monthly chew tablet.

Rabbits
● Fipronil
○ This is toxic to rabbits.
○ They are washed with “Dawn” dishwashing soap to get the product off of them.
■ We use Dawn because these products have oil in them, so they stick to
the coat and get absorbed through the skin.
■ We want to cut the oil and cut grease to get them off the animals.
■ After washing, we administer activated charcoal.
● Permethrin/Pyrethrin
○ If these over-the-counter sprays and spot-ons are used in bunnies, they will stop
eating.
○ The bunnies will become lethargic and they can become neurologic at the same
time.
● Vitamin C and E have some antioxidant effects that can help these patients recover a
little bit quicker.
○ Ivermectin
○ Selamectin
■ Revolution
○ Moxidectin
■ Advantage Multi
● Some of the lice can be treated with Fipronil.
Insect Growth Regulators
● Two Classifications
○ Compounds that mimic the juvenile growth hormone.
■ Methoprene
■ When we administer this, it mimics the growth hormone.
■ It stops or rests on larval development.
■ The parasite doesn't go on to the pupil stage.
■ You can also find this product pre-mixed in the cattle feed.
■ This is a good way of helping to control those flies on the
premises.
■ Pyriproxyfen
■ This will hold the larval and the pupil's bones.
■ It stops the life cycle at two stages.
■ It is used for fleas and ticks.
■ You can only find this in combination products.
○ Compounds that inhibit Chitin
■ Chitin is a very important building block in the exoskeleton.
■ Lufenuron
■ This controls fleas in dogs and cats.
■ It was first marketed under a program.
■ It also came as an injection for cats that lasted three or six
months.
■ Sentinel
■ It's used in combination with milbemycin
■ Milbemycin is a heartworm.
■ Cyromazine and Diflubenuron
■ These control the blow flies, house flies and stable flies.
■ They are pre-mixed in the feed for horses and chickens and
deposited in their stool.
■ When these flies are breeding or trying to lay their eggs in these
areas, they don't develop.
■ There are premise treatments for the fly larvae and areas that you
can spray around the livestock areas.

Vectra 3D
● When you look at the label of this particular product, there are three different chemicals
in there.
○ Dinotefuran
■ It has 4.95%.
■ This is an insecticide that kills adult fleas.
○ Pyriproxyfen
■ It is 0.44%.
■ This is an IGR that halts larval development.
■ It's affecting the life stage of any of these insects.
○ Permethrin
■ It has 36.08%.
■ This will kill or repel all of these parasites.
■ These are fleas, transmitted diseases, chicks, mosquitoes, and all
of these transmitted diseases.
■ This also will repel or get rid of biting and sucking life.
Endectosides
● Macrolytic Lactones
○ Avermectins and Milbemycin
○ They are also neurotoxins, but they're very specific for the invertebrate nerve and
muscle cells.
○ It also doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier.
■ It means it doesn't get into the central nervous system.
○ It's very user-friendly.
○ It can be given orally.
○ These products can be put on the skin, they can be injected.

Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine

● Anti-Tick Vaccine
○ This vaccine simply just took the ticks, ground them up, they just extracted
protein and made the vaccine.
○ Gavac
■ This is used in cattle.
■ This helps protect against ticks Rhipicephalus and Boophilus.
■ We can't see a reduction in Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis.
● Some of these products are not advised to use in seizure patients, like Nexgard,
Bravecto and that whole classification.

Zoonotic Diseases
● Zoonoses
○ It is important to protect yourself because we can get some of these diseases,
and help prevent them.
○ You should only advise your capacity if you are licensed.
○ DVMs, Veterinary Technicians/Nurses should not provide medical advice for
medical treatment or care.
○ K9 Scabies
■ They irritate our skin,
■ They cause old-itchy rations.
○ The definition of zoonosis is animal to human.
○ This is when you are informed that you or your family can get diseases from
fleas.

Vector-Borne Diseases
● These are diseases transmitted by blood-feeding Ectoparasites and mainly to squeeze
the mosquitoes, some flies can transmit some diseases.
● Plague
○ This is caused by “Yersinia pestis”.
○ The Black Plague
■ They didn't know it was a bacteria carried by the flea.
■ This indicates The Black Death, The Great Pestilence, and The Bubonic
Plague.
■ It is described in the Old Testament of the Bible.
○ Endemic Areas
■ Endemic means it is present all the time.
○ Sylvatic Cycle or The Wild Cycle
■ This is a plague that just goes out in the wild.
● These vector-borne diseases are easily killed with antibiotics.
 ○ They are specific antibiotics.
● Veterinarians are phenomenally trained in zoonosis.
● The Bubonic Plague
○ It affects the lymph nodes.
○ The lymph nodes in ancient times were called buboes.
● Septicemic Plague
○ This is a generalized blood infection.
● Pneumonic Plague
○ This affects the lungs.
Typhus
● It is also called “murine” or “endemic” typhus.
● The cat fleas and the rodent fleas carry this.
○ This is when they bite and it’s irritating and you scratch.
● We are phenomenally endemic in Southern California.
● We have at least 200 to 300 cases a year between L.A. and Orange County.
Typhus Life Cycle
● This cycle is when a cat flea or the rodent flea gets picked up by the cat or the cat has it
and then they bite you.
● Flea-Borne Typhus in Human
○ Rickettsia
■ This is the stool that contains bacteria.
■ Usually, you inoculate your skin from scratching but it can get in through
other body openings too.
○ It is very mild.
○ Your immune system can deal with it.
○ A diagnosis by symptoms and a blood test and appropriate antibiotics, responds
well.

Bartonella Henselae
● This is a bacteria that is transmitted in their feces.
● It can also be transmitted through cat bites.
● Cats have Bartonella.
● It is the cat’s natural reservoir.
● PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
○ It picks up the DNA of the organism.
● This is spread through cat-flayed fighting.
● It is called “Cat Scratch Disease”.