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Full‐Textile Wireless Flexible Humidity Sensor for Human Physiological

Monitoring

Article  in  Advanced Functional Materials · October 2019

DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904549

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FULL PAPER
Yarn Sensor www.afm-journal.de

Full-Textile Wireless Flexible Humidity Sensor for Human

Physiological Monitoring
Liyun Ma, Ronghui Wu, Aniruddha Patil, Shuihong Zhu, Zhaohui Meng,
Haiqiang Meng, Chen Hou, Yifan Zhang, Qiang Liu, Rui Yu, Jun Wang,*
Naibo Lin,* and Xiang Yang Liu*

fields, such as physiological health moni-

Textile-based electronic techniques that can in real-time and noncontact
detect the respiration rate and respiratory arrest are highly desired for
human health monitoring. Yarn-shaped humidity sensor is fabricated
based on a sensitive fiber with relatively high specific surface area and
abnormal cross-section. The response and recovery time of the yarn-
shaped humidity sensor is only 3.5 and 4 s, respectively, with little
hysteresis, because of the hydrophobic property of these functional
fibers and the grooves on the surface of the fibers, which is much faster
than those of the commercial polyimide materials. Moreover, a battery-
free LC wireless testing system combined with the yarn-shaped sensor
is fabricated, which is further successfully imbedded into the intelligent
mask to detect human breath. Based on the detection of LC wireless
testing system, the frequency of 50.25 MHz under the exhaled condition
shifts to 50.86 MHz under the inhaled situation of humidity sensor. In
essence, the functional yarns with proper structure, would be an excellent
candidature to the yarn-shaped humidity sensor, in which there are good
performance and wide application possibilities, eventually offering a facile
method for the wireless detection of human physiological signals in the
field of electronic fabrics.
1. Introduction
The wearable devices based on the textile electronics tech-
nologies exhibit not only the knittability and flexible adjust-
ability, but also the wearability and washable property,[1] which
are absorbing enormous and continuous attention in the
toring,[2] sport health monitoring,[3] and
so on. As one of the important wearable
devices, flexible fiber or yarn-shaped
sensors can monitor the human physi-
ological signals of the pressure, tem-
perature, and others.[4] Water molecules
are an important component of respira-
tion, which affect the relative humidity
(RH) around the mouth and nose while
exhale and inhale during human respi-
ration. However, it is still a challenge
in real-time and noncontact detection
of the concentration of water molecules
releasing from the human, which is
directly related to vital signs, i.e., respira-
tion arrest and respiratory rate.
Humidity sensors are mainly cat-
egorized into two types based on the
mechanisms of the capacitive type and
resistive type. Humidity sensitive mate-
rials in humidity sensors are susceptible
to the adsorption and desorption of water
molecules at atmosphere, which affects
the capacitance value or resistance value,
thereby generating different humidity
response signals. Flexible humidity sensors fabricated with
humidity-sensitive materials,[5] interdigital electrode param-
eters,[6] and flexible substrates[7] have a special role in pro-
moting the development of the wearable devices, however, a
certain limitations need to be overcome, such as the difficulty
to detect the humidity generated from different directions of

L. Ma, R. Wu, Dr. A. Patil, S. Zhu, Z. Meng, H. Meng, C. Hou, L. Ma, R. Wu, Prof. J. Wang
Y. Zhang, Q. Liu, Dr. R. Yu, Prof. N. Lin, Prof. X. Y. Liu Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology
Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Ministry of Education
College of Materials College of Textiles
College of Physical Science and Technology Donghua University
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
Materials Research E-mail: junwang@dhu.edu.cn
Jiujiang Research Institute L. Ma
Xiamen University College of Textile and Clothing
Xiamen 361005, P. R. China Xinjiang University
E-mail: linnaibo@xmu.edu.cn; phyliuxy@nus.edu.sg Urumqi 830000, P. R. China
R. Wu, Prof. X. Y. Liu
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
Department of Physics
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201904549.
Faculty of Science
National University of Singapore
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904549 Singapore 117542, Singapore

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904549 1904549  (1 of 9) © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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the human body and the impermeability of the substrate. In
this concern, the humidity sensor in a strip shape is incor-
porated into the textile by weaving,[8] pasting,[9] or sewing[10]
to solve the problems mentioned.[11] Recently, suspension
coating, drop coating, and spinning coating methods are used
to attach humidity sensitive material (poly(vinyl alcohol),
polyimide, carbon nanotube, etc.) or electrode material
(carbon nanotube, graphene, polyaniline, etc.) to fiber,
yarn, or fabric to fabricate a textile-based flexible humidity
sensor.[11b,12] Although those approaches represent significant
progress toward fabricating textile-based humidity sensors,
there are major challenges yet to overcome. For instance, the
effects of the strip-shaped humidity sensor, the durability of
the sensor performance prepared by coating method, etc.[13]
To overcome the limitation mentioned above, an instinct
humidity fiber/yarn-shaped sensor is expected to satisfy
textile requirements. Here we present a yarn-shaped humidity
sensor imbedded into ordinary mask for wireless and battery-
free monitoring of human breath. The yarn-shaped humidity
sensor with a biaxial-type yarn wrapping structure is twice
wound on copper wire by using homemade wrapping device,
where the yarn with relatively high specific surface area and
abnormal cross-section is used as capacitance dielectric layer.
The special surface structure enables them a good water
molecules transport capacity on the surfaces and helps in the
capillary action on the yarn. That novel, simple, and scalable
method offers stable performance of humidity response, short
response time, and recovery time.
Figure 1.  Fabrication process steps for the humidity yarn–shaped sensor.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904549
www.afm-journal.de
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Strategy of the Fabrication of Humidity Yarn–Shaped Sensor
For a capacitance-type humidity sensor, the capacitance (Csensor)
can be described by the following parameters: electrode area
(S), dielectric thickness (d), and permittivity of the dielectric (εe)
ε eS
Csensor = (1)
4 π kd
where k is electrostatic force constant. In Equation (1), when
S and d are fixed, Csensor is proportional to εe. The dielectric
permittivity of all polymers is ≈5, while pure water has a far
larger value of around 80 (78.54).[14] When the water molecules
come into the dielectric layer, the value of permittivity of the
dielectric will increase due to the high dielectric constant of
water. Thus, the capacitance value of the humidity sensor would
change along with humidity, which is a quantity representing
the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or in a gas.
Based on the above principle, we fabricated this yarn-shaped
humidity sensor. In our yarn-shaped humidity sensors, the
yarn as dielectric layer is combined with two copper wire elec-
trodes to form a biaxial-sheathed structure (Figure 1). It needs
to mention that sensitive yarns are carefully selected as the
dielectric layer. The functional yarns play an important role in
sports’ fabrics and special equipment because they have the
perfect humidity transmission.[15] Here, we fabricate four types
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Figure 2.  SEM images of sensitive fibers. a,b) Coolmax fibers, d,e) Pentas fibers, g,h) Cleancool fibers, j,k) polyimide fibers, and c,f,i,l) corresponding
cartoon drawings. Scale bars: a,g,j) 50 µm; g) 20 µm; b,e,h,k) 10 µm.
of yarn-shaped sensors, named as Coolmax yarn–shaped sensor
(CMYS), Pentas yarn–shaped sensor (PTYS), Cleancool yarn–
shaped sensor (CCYS), and polyimide yarn–shaped sensor
(PIYS).
2.2. Humidity Response Mechanism of the Dielectric Layer
Polyimide is a typical polymer material, which is used as the
dielectric layer of the capacitive humidity sensor. In physical
adsorption process, the interaction between the carbonyl
groups of polyimides and the water molecules is van der Waals
force (dipole–dipole interaction), and the water absorption of
polyimide is very low, and hence the interaction among water
molecules is negligible.[14] In other words, the adsorption activa-
tion energy is little, while the adsorption equilibrium is fast. The
functional yarns act as the dielectric layer of the yarn-shaped
humidity sensor. The chemical compositions of these yarns
are polyester (Coolmax, Pentas, and Cleancool) and polyimide,
which have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy. Figure S1 in the Supporting Information
shows that polyester yarns also have carbonyl group, which
can interact with water molecules by van der Waals force, so
polyester yarns can adsorb water molecules like polyimide.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904549
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The surface morphology and cross-section of polyimide,
Coolmax, Pentas, and Cleancool fibers are examined by scan-
ning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. From Figure  2a–i,
Coolmax, Pentas, and Cleancool are abnormal cross-section;
Coolmax is same as dumbbell, Pentas is leafy shape, Cleancool
is cross-shaped, and the three polyester fibers are all with some
lengthwise groove. Polyimide fibers have smoother surface
morphology and circular cross-section.
The groove morphologies endow the fiber relatively high
specific surface area (SS), which influence the humidity absorp-
tion and desorption, where the specific surface area SS is
showed in Equation (2)
2
d 
π ⋅d ⋅l + 2⋅ π ⋅ 
Sf circular P ⋅ l + 2Af  2  4 2 4 (2)
SS = ⇒ = = + ≈
Vf Vf π 2 d l d
⋅d ⋅l
4
Here, P is fiber’s cross-section perimeter, l is the length
of fiber, Af is the cross-section area, Vf is the fiber’s volume,
and d is the circular fiber’s diameter. Obviously, the diameter
of the fiber directly affects its SS. If the fiber cross-section is
circular, the specific surface area formula could simplify.[16]
Equivalent diameter is calculated by Photoshop software from
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SEM images. The obtained equivalent diameter of the fibers
are 14.05 µm (Coolmax), 14.22 µm (Pentas), and 11.71 µm
(Cleancool), moreover the specific surface area are 0.285 µm−1
(Coolmax), 0.281 µm−1 (Pentas), and 0.341 µm−1 (Cleancool),
respectively, according to formula (2). As the water molecules
can only interact with the polar groups on the surfaces of fibers,
thereby, the larger specific surface area of the fiber is, the easier
it is for moisture absorption and desorption.
The water molecules transport capacity of those three types
of fibers are related to humidity response, which was in situ
investigated by dynamic contact angle goniometer (Figure  3a).
The fibers were placed in the environment of 90% RH, the
droplets on the surface of circular polyester were uniformly
assembled at 5 s, and were still uniformly arranged on the
fiber surface in 15 s. However, larger droplets were observed
on the surface of polyester fibers with grooves at the same time,
indicating that water molecules were transported along the
surface grooves to condense into droplets at a fast speed. Com-
pared with the other three fibers, Cleancool fiber has the largest
condensation droplets and the least number of droplets at the
same time, indicating the strongest transport capacity for water
molecules through the surface grooves.[17]
These groove morphologies not only directly influence
the single fiber, but also impact the yarns, which consist of
large amount of fibers. From the SEM, a series of gaps are
formed because of the closely spaced fiber surface channels,
which helps in a capillary action.[18] Take the Coolclean yarn
as an example (Figure 3b), the fibers with cross-shaped cross-
section are close to form gaps along with grooves running
lengthwise. Based on the wick structure, the water mole-
cules can be easily transferred from humid side to dry side
and evaporate rapidly. Meanwhile, the water molecules are

Figure 3. Performance and schematic mechanism of water transport. a) In situ observation of directional water movement on fibers (polyester,
Coolmax, Pentas, and Cleancool) in 90% RH condition. b) Schematic mechanism of water molecular transportation on the surface of fiber and yarn.

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delivered along the fiber gaps and spread out into a wider sur-
face area, and thus increase the rate of evaporation.[15a] Those
structures and results indicate the little adsorption activa-
tion energy and the fast adsorption equilibrium of Cleancool
fiber, which would help to improve the performance of the
capacitive humidity sensor.
2.3. Humidity Response of the Yarn-Shaped Sensor
2.3.1. Sensitivity
The real samples of yarn sensor are shown in Figure  4a. In
order to test the sensing behavior of four yarn-shaped humidity

Figure 4.  Humidity performances of biaxial-sheathed humidity yarn sensors. a) Image of biaxial-sheathed yarn sensors. b) The capacitance curve of
four different sensors. c) The sensitivity comparison of four different sensors. d) Repeatability of the Cleancool yarn sensor exposed to 33% and 69%
RH from 6% RH. e) Response and recovery time of Coolclean yarn sensor. f,g) Comparison of response and recovery time of four different sensors.
h) The capacitance of the Cleancool yarn sensor upon exposure to various RH levels. i) Absorption and desorption curves of Coolclean yarn sensor.
j) The flexible humidity yarn sensor conformed well to a human finger, demonstrating its possible use as textile electronics. k) Relative capacitance
change of yarn sensor during 1000 bending cycles.

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sensors, their electrical capacitance values were measured, and
the RH-dependent capacitance values are shown in Figure 4b.
The capacitance values of four yarn sensors measured at 6%
RH are 0.676 pF (PIYS), 2.093 pF (CMYS), 2.297 pF (PTYS),
and 3.301 pF (CCYS). The clear increase in the sensors’
response is observed with the increase of RH value in the
measuring range of 6% to 97%. The capacitance of PIYS raises
from 0.676 pF (6% RH) to 8.816 pF (97% RH), which is the
lowest capacitance change among the four types of yarn sen-
sors, while CCYS has the largest variation range from 3.301 to
7502.330 pF.
To explore the humidity sensitivity of yarn sensors, the
definition of sensitivity needs to be clear first. Here, sensi-
tivity (S) is defined as S  =  ΔC/ΔRH (unit: pF/% RH), where
ΔC is the sensor response, i.e., the change in capacitance, and
ΔRH is the change of RH.[19] Figure 4c shows the humidity
sensitivity comparison among the four sensors, the sensi-
tivity of the CCYS is considerably higher than those of others.
Those results indicate the effect of the special surface groove
structures.
2.3.2. Repeatability and Responsiveness
Figure 4d illustrates the repeatability performance of the
sensors exposed to 33% and 69% RH from 6% RH over two
cycles. At the same time, the response and recovery time of
sensors are important parameters relating to responsiveness,
which is consistent with the above surface area calculation
result; Cleancool fiber has the biggest surface area among
these three fibers, enabling it more sensitive and less response
time to humidity variation. To measure the response and
recovery time (the time to achieve 90% of the total change in
the curve),[20] the sensor is first placed into a bottle with RH
6% for 200 s, then transferred to a bottle of RH 33% for 200 s,
and the process is then repeated for one time. From RH 6%
to RH 33%, the response and recovery time of CCYS are 3.5
and 4 s, respectively (Figure 4e). Figure 4f,g and Figures S2–S4
in the Supporting Information depict that the response and
recovery time exhibited by PIYS, CMYS, and PTYS is longer
than that of CCYS.
2.3.3. Reversibility and Hysteresis Characteristics
In order to explore the capacitance response of the sensor to
different RH levels, yarn sensors were examined through expo-
sure/recovery cycles under different RHs. Each exposure cycle
is performed by an exposure interval of 180 s to a given RH
(6%, 11%, 23%, 33%, 43%, 59%, 69%, 75%, 85%, and 97%),
and followed by a recovery interval of 180 s at 6% RH. From
Figure 4h and Figures S2–S4 in the Supporting Information,
the larger capacitances of CCYS correspond to the higher RHs,
and the capacitances exhibit a broad range among the four sen-
sors from 6% to 97% RH. Within the cycle from 6% to 97%
RH, the capacitances change by ≈2457-fold of magnitude.
Those results indicate that more water molecules absorbed in
CCYS will lead to an increase of the dielectric constant and
capacitance of the sensors.[19,21]
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As noted in Figure 4i, the hysteresis characteristics study
were performed by analyzing the adsorption and desorption
cycles. For this characteristic, CCYS is stored at 6% RH for 24 h,
and then the RHs rise from 6% to 97%, and back from 97% to
6% RH. The capacitances of the sensor were recorded against
each humidity level during adsorption and desorption cycles. It
can be observed that, during the 6-43% RH, the capacitances
of the adsorption and desorption are almost overlapping, which
show little hysteresis.
In view of the current demand for flexible wearable
products, it should be based on the functionalization of tra-
ditional wearable textiles without sacrificing clothing com-
fort and fabric style. The reasonable structural design of this
biaxial-sheathed yarn sensor gives it a function of humidity
sensitivity as well as a good cloth comfort. Figure 4j shows
the image of biaxial-sheathed yarn sensor, which can conform
well to arbitrary curvilinear surfaces, such as a finger. After
1000 cycles of bending, the yarn was still stable, and the capac-
itances only slightly increased by 2.1% (Figure 4k). Further-
more, the durability of the sensor under 33% RH condition
has been tested for 7 consecutive days, in which the sensor
responds steadily (Figure S5, Supporting Information). The
sensitive yarns are mounted on the surface of copper wires,
and this wrapped design prevents direct contact between the
electrode material and the skin, and also served as a wrapping
material that hold the two electrodes.
2.4. Human Respiratory Monitoring
Real-time monitoring of human respiration in a noninvasive
way, such as monitoring respiratory rate and arrest, is a much-
needed technique which helps assess the health situation of
a person in daily life. The key factor here is the water mole-
cules, which are a lot in the breathing air. In this regard, our
humidy sensor with high sensitivity and quick-response ability
offers accurate, reproducible, reliable, and facile recording of
human respiration via noncontact and real-time determination
of moisture variation around mouth. This yarn-shaped sensor
is suited for weaving into mask or textile garment, worn
around the nose and mouth, and can touch to the breath air
directly. Our sensor is stitched to an ordinary 3M mask to fab-
ricate a smart mask (Figure 5a), which can transmit signals to
mobile terminals or upload the data to cloud servers, through
wireless transmission technology for real-time human res-
piratory monitoring (Figure 5b). When a person breathes out,
the exhaled airflow reaches the sensor and the RH increases
immediately, thus generating an exhaled signal (orange part of
the curve in Figure 5d). In reverse, when a person inhales, the
dry air comes to the sensor, and the inhaled signal is generated
(blue part of the curve in Figure 5d). As shown in Figure 5c,
the respiratory signals including a series of respiratory sig-
nals are recorded. Accordingly, it could be a warning signal
of the health problem if a straight-line signal or an abnormal
signal occurs. Comparison between commercial sensor and
yarn-shaped smart sensor is illustrated in Figure S6 in the
Supporting Information, the capacitance variation of the yarn-
shaped smart sensor is consistent with the humidity response
detected by the commercial sensor.
© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.advancedsciencenews.com www.afm-journal.de

Figure 5. Application of CCYS in real-time monitoring of human breathing. a) Actual photograph of the human respiratory monitoring mask.
b) The electric circuit for the electric signals amplification and processing. c) Raw respiratory signal received in 90 s under normal breathing
condition and the corresponding exhaled air RH value and inhaled air RH value. d) Amplification signal of one respiratory cycle. e) Optical image of
the yarn-shaped humidity sensor with a fiber inductor coil for LC wireless monitoring. f) Simulated S11 return loss for LC testing system under the
human breath condition.

An LC wireless testing system was also developed to combine 3. Conclusion

the yarn-shaped sensor (Figure 5e). An inductance–capacitance–
resistance (LCR) resonator circuit wherein the sensor, which
was connected in series with a fiber inductor coil, was sewed
in the cotton fabric substrate. Humidity caused capacitance
change results in a shift of the resonance frequency (f0) of the
LCR resonator, which was calculated by f = 1/2π LC . The shift
is monitored wirelessly through the inductor coil coupling with
an external reader coil, on the ports of which the input trans-
mission coefficient S11 is measured by vector network analyzer
(Figure 5f). As a result, the humidity affects the capacitance and
the resonance frequencies of the resonance circuit. Figure 5f
shows the effect of human respiration on resonance frequen-
cies, in which case the frequencies of the sensor shift from
50.25 MHz under the exhaled condition to 50.86 MHz under the
inhaled situation.
In this work, an LC wireless human breath monitoring system
is designed, which combines the yarn-shaped humidity sensor
with LC wireless sensing system. CCYS with biaxial-sheathed
yarn-shaped structure is fabricated by a homemade machine,
where the dielectric layer is yarn with abnormal cross-section,
and copper wires are electrodes. Because of the grooves on the
surface of the polyester fibers (dielectric layer), the water mole­
cule can be transferred and evaporated through the grooves
quickly. The response and recovery time of CCYS is only 3.5 and
4 s and with little hysteresis. CCYS for monitoring of human
respiration has a good stability. The frequencies of humidity
sensor detected by LC wireless testing system are 50.25 MHz
under the exhaled condition and 50.86 MHz under the inhaled
situation. Taking advantage of the characteristics of functional

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904549 1904549  (7 of 9) © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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yarns with proper yarn structure, the yarn-like humidity sensor
provides a facile method for the wireless detection of human
physiological signals in the field of electronic fabrics.
4. Experimental Section
Material: Copper wires were bought from Hua Tian Hardware
Company. The humidity sensitive materials were functional yarns:
Coolmax yarn (Haiyan Jinyi Textile Co., Ltd.), PENTAS yarn (Toray
Synthetic Fiber Co., Ltd.), Cleancool yarn (Shanghai Xingnuo Kanglun
Co., Ltd.), polyimide yarn (Aoshen Co., Ltd.). Lithium bromide (LiBr),
lithium chloride (LiCl), potassium acetate (CH3COOK), magnesium
chloride (MgCl2), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium bromide
(NaBr), potassium iodide (KI), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium
chloride (KCl), and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) were purchased from
Xiqiao Chemical Co., Ltd.
Fabrication of Biaxial-Sheathed Yarn-Shaped Sensor: As can be seen in
Figure 1, the copper wire and sensitive yarn were rinsed with alcohol
and deionized water individually for 10 min at room temperature.
The yarn-shaped humidity sensor was fabricated on a copper wire
substrate. The sensitive yarn was vertically wrapped on the surface of
the copper wire by a homemade wrapping machine, which combined
two mechanically rotating motors that allowed the core copper wire
to rotate. The two ends of the pretreated copper wire were fixed
between two motors, and one end of the sensitive yarn was stabilized
on the copper wire. The two motors were corotated at a same
speed of 1200 rpm. The sensitive yarn was then wrapped vertically
along the copper wire, which was controlled by the lateral moving
screw in parallel at a constant speed. The yarn with a core-and-sheath
structure was then obtained, which was further placed in parallel with
a copper wire, and both ends were fixed at the two motors for the
second wrapping with the sensitive yarn. At last, the biaxial-sheathed
yarn sensor was fabricated.
Measurement: Yarn samples were characterized by Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (Nicolet IN10, Thermo Fisher, China). The surface
and cross-section of the fibers sputtered with gold were observed
using scanning electron microscopy (ΣIGMA-HD, ZEISS, Germany)
at an acceleration voltage of 8 kV. The diameter was calculated
using Photoshop software. In water molecules transport capacity
characterization, the humidity can be created by an ultrasonic humidifier
using deionized water, and the relative humidity was calibrated by a
commercial hygrometer (Vaisala, HMP110, Finland, with a measure
accuracy ±1.5% RH and ±0.2  °C). Dynamic contact angle goniometer
(DSA100, Dataphysics, Germany) was used to observe the moving of
water-drop on the surface of fibers.
The sensing responses of the humidity sensors were measured
using saturated salt solutions. The solutions were prepared by
dissolving LiBr (RH 6%), LiCl (RH 11%), C2H3KO2 (RH 23%), MgCl2
(RH 33%), K2CO3 (RH 43%), NaBr (RH 59%), KI (RH 69%), NaCl
(RH 75%), KCl (RH 85%), and K2SO4 (RH 97%) into deionized water
in test bottle at 25 °C.[13] The commercial hygrometer was applied in
this test bottle to calibrate the relative humidity and temperature. The
capacitance values were measured by an inductance–capacitance–
resistance meter (TH2829, Tonghui, Wuxi, China), with a working
frequency of 10 kHz and experimental voltage of 1 V. The test system
was maintained at isothermal condition of 25 °C. The LC wireless
testing system was measured with a circular tin wire reading coil,
which was connected with the ZND vector network analyzer (R&S
ZND, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) to measure the energy loss in S11
mode.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or
from the author.
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904549 1904549  (8 of 9)
www.afm-journal.de
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the NUS AcRF Tier 1 (R-144-000-416-114),
the “111” project (B16029), the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Nos. U1405226, 51502253, 51773171, and 21503175), the Natural
Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2016A030310369),
Doctoral Fund of the Ministry of Education (20130121110018), the
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2017J01104),
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
(Grant Nos. 20720160127, 20720190033, and 20720180013), the Science
and Technology Project of Xiamen City (3502Z20183012), the 1000 Talents
Program funding from the Xiamen University, and the Science and
Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2018B030331001).
The authors also thank the technical supports from Likun Yang, Hao Wang,
and Yun Yang. A minor typographical error was corrected on October 24,
2019 after initial online publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Keywords
humidity sensor, wireless passive system, yarn-shaped sensor
Received: June 7, 2019
Revised: July 10, 2019
Published online: August 21, 2019
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