Example (Lfron © Tibshirani) The Pateh nuedieat Buel subje patelies designe bad his blood leve Eight subjects blood stream patches: a placebo pateh eontaining uo hormone new" pateh manafactured at 2 newly-opened pl three bloor-level meastiements for each subject The purpose of the patch experiment was ro s had already heen approved for sale hy the F Faeility did not vequize a fall nese PDA investi Data infuse a certain naturally-« Is of the hormone meastred a and “old patel!” mianafact ant. The first three eohumns on. They swan be approve vd and Drug Administration (FDA). Patches Ulan they were bisequivalent to those from the old facility. The FDA criterion for bivequivalenc te expected value of te new pateles match that of the old patelues inthe sense that (ou) < 020, (lareby © Tn other words, the FDA wants the new facility to match the old facility within 20% of the llormione the old drug suds to placebo blood levels, Let @ be the paranteter E (uow) = B(old) ECD — E@lacch) ce only consider the bias and standard ervor of the plug-in estimate 8. Later we will do Tae Tran T6AT Thon wae (epee [on ga [or pe [= So peo PW T saul a showy thy 3 i 1 t ¢ Tn the patel data example, we are intereste subjects 24 sold pared me ys =bew patch a © Assume that the pairs ay = (yis2s). # = 1, bivariate distribution F, F 2 = (x, © The plug-in estimator of @ is given xs than 0.20 in absolute hie is i tyvo statisties 2g ard yy +24)" then the parameter 8 is Be (uy) Ex (2) 6 _ 452.3 SE = sons wed for each of the eigitBootstrap procedure to estimate the bias in iron & Tibshivani's pateh data L. Sample X],X5..0..X§ from (Xa... Xu) with replacement 2. Calenlate = £ using (X1,¥G,-XSh 3. Repeat (1) and (2) B tines L. The bootsteap estimate af Hw bias is given # Lnplementing the above procedure, we estimat Uitte (8) = © General rule of tha: A bias of less than 01.25 standard errors ci be ignored. Bias is “small” sine 4 = ~0.0670 ~ (0.0713) = 0.0043, 0.0043 Sas = O41 < 0.25, Improved estimation of the bias «There is an improved estimator ofthe bias which applies when 6's the plug-in estimator of 8 @ Let X= (Xtye0, Xp) ad X7 = (Xf... XT) Define alse the following # of Xys equal to X pp = Bot Ke canal 10% = oportion of Xis equal te Xi Pf = defined sina P # The vector P* is called the ws then P* = (Rs Rome Bod Beam) wvetor Ty illustrate, if X* = (X1, Xn, Xe, Nps Xr ts Xa Xa)" # White =7(P") This ma 6 depens on the Pfs ehusen fo Ns i Po= (2B...) te # Thow ate B Pts: PY, P,P. Now lt BY = 5 # The improved bootstrap estimator of the bins is