Part 1 Southeast Asia and The Pacific Domestic Economy

Part 1.
Southeast and the Pacific: The Domestic Economy
Figure Number
Figure 1.1 Composition of Final Demand by Economy, 2000 and 2018 (% of GDP)
Figure 1.2 Sector Value-Added by Subregion, 2000 and 2018 (in US$ millions and % of GVA)
Figure 1.3 Sector Value-Added by Subregion, 2000 and 2018 (in US$ millions and % CAGR)
Fiugre 1.4 Shares of Total Economy Value-Added by Economy-Sector, 2000 and 2018 (% of GVA)
Figure 1.5 Aggregate Measures of Value-Added Economic Diversification by Economy, 2000 and 2018
Figure 1.6 Drivers of Output Changes by Sector, 2000-2007 and 2010-2018 (% Output Growth)
Figure 1.7 Impacts of Technological Changes on Output by Sector, 2000–2007 and 2010–2018 (% Output Growth
Figure 1.8 Correlation between Aggregate Measures of Economic Complexity, 2000–2018
Figure 1.9 Rank Correlation between Gross Domestic Product and Select Measures of Interrelatedness, 2007–201
Figure 1.10 Aggregate Measures of Complexity, 2009 and 2018 Indexed Values (%)
Figure 1.11 Direct and Indirect Production by Sectors in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
Figure 1.12 Forward and Backward Linkages in Asia and the Pacific, 2000 and 2018
Figure 1.13 Dispersion of Impacts from Direct Linkages in Asia and the Pacific, 2000–2018
Figure 1.14 Impacts of the Hypothetical Extraction of Key Sectors in Asia and the Pacific, 2018 (%)
Figure 1.15 Impacts of the Hypothetical Insertion of New Sectors in Asia and the Pacific, 2018 (%)
Table Number
Table 1.2: Important Coefficients and their Respective Upper Thresholds, 2018
Table 1.3: Simple Output Multipliers in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
Sheet Name
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8
Figure 1.9
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.11
Figure 1.12
Figure 1.13
Figure 1.14
Figure 1.15
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
South and Central Asia
Private Consumption Government Consumption
BAN (2018) 57.6% 5.2%
BAN (2000) 66.2% 3.9%
BHU (2018) 35.1% 11.3%
BHU (2000) 35.6% 16.2%
IND (2018) 49.7% 9.8%
IND (2000) 57.7% 11.2%
KAZ (2018) 41.7% 8.9%
KAZ (2000) 43.2% 8.5%
KGZ (2018) 51.3% 10.1%
KGZ (2000) 46.0% 14.0%
MLD (2018) 32.2% 9.2%
MLD (2000) 20.0% 13.9%
NEP (2018) 58.7% 9.1%
NEP (2000) 59.6% 7.7%
PAK (2018) 68.3% 10.3%
PAK (2000) 66.5% 7.6%
SRI (2018) 52.4% 6.7%
SRI (2000) 51.8% 7.6%
Southeast Asia and the Pacific

BRU (2018) 14.5% 17.0%
BRU (2000) 49.0% 0.4%
CAM (2018) 49.2% 3.4%
CAM (2000) 60.0% 3.6%
FIJ (2018) 40.5% 12.3%
FIJ (2000) 46.6% 13.5%
INO (2018) 45.7% 7.0%
INO (2000) 44.2% 5.2%
LAO (2018) 47.5% 8.9%
LAO (2000) 66.0% 4.7%
MAL (2018) 35.2% 7.7%
MAL (2000) 21.4% 5.3%
PHI (2018) 54.0% 8.8%
PHI (2000) 56.1% 8.5%
SIN (2018) 17.3% 5.4%
SIN (2000) 20.9% 5.4%
THA (2018) 37.0% 11.1%
THA (2000) 40.7% 10.4%
VIE (2018) 37.1% 3.8%
VIE (2000) 45.5% 4.0%
East Asia
HKG (2018) 42.4% 6.3%
HKG (2000) 40.2% 6.4%
JPN (2018) 47.1% 16.6%
JPN (2000) 51.3% 15.4%
KOR (2018) 34.0% 11.6%
KOR (2000) 40.5% 8.5%
MON (2018) 33.1% 8.0%
MON (2000) 49.2% 10.0%
PRC (2018) 32.9% 13.3%
PRC (2000) 39.0% 13.3%
Figure 1.1: Composition of Final Dem
Gross Capital Formation Exports

25.6% 7.3% a. South
19.7% 10.7% SRI (2000)
34.0% 19.5% SRI (2018)
35.9% 12.3% PAK (2000)
28.0% 12.5% PAK (2018)
20.0% 11.0% NEP (2000)
NEP (2018)
21.8% 27.6%
MLD (2000)
13.8% 34.5% MLD (2018)
18.4% 20.2% KGZ (2000)
14.0% 26.0% KGZ (2018)
17.2% 41.3% KAZ (2000)
16.0% 50.1% KAZ (2018)
28.1% 4.0% IND (2000)
IND (2018)
17.5% 15.1%
BHU (2000)
14.0% 7.3% BHU (2018)
15.2% 10.7% BAN (2000)
27.2% 13.6% BAN (2018)
20.2% 20.5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40
Gross Capital Formation Exports

31.9% 36.6% b. Southeast
6.9% 43.6%
VIE (2000)
17.3% 30.1% VIE (2018)
13.8% 22.6% THA (2000)
14.9% 32.3% THA (2018)
13.5% 26.4% SIN (2000)
SIN (2018)
29.8% 17.4%
PHI (2000)
20.2% 30.4% PHI (2018)
19.0% 24.5% MAL (2000)
9.8% 19.5% MAL (2018)
LAO (2000)
14.6% 42.5%
LAO (2018)
14.2% 59.2% INO (2000)
19.2% 18.0% INO (2018)
13.0% 22.5% FIJ (2000)
13.6% 63.7% FIJ (2018)
CAM (2000)
15.0% 58.7%
CAM (2018)
15.9% 36.0% BRU (2000)
16.6% 32.3% BRU (2018)
13.6% 45.4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40
20.2% 30.3%
c
Gross Capital Formation Exports PRC (2000)
14.0% 37.2% PRC (2018)
18.9% 34.5% MON (2000)
20.8% 15.6% MON (2018)
23.3% 10.1% KOR (2000)
KOR (2018)
22.7% 31.7%
JPN (2000)
25.0% 25.9% JPN (2018)
25.5% 33.5% HKG (2000)
15.4% 25.4% HKG (2018)
36.5% 17.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 4
29.4% 18.3%
Private Consumption Government C
Note: GDP = gross domestic product; BAN = Ban

= Cambodia; FIJ = Fiji; HKG = Hong Kong, China
Kazakhstan; KGZ = Kyrgyz Republic; KOR = Rep
MAL = Malaysia; MLD = Maldives; MON = Mongo
= People’s Republic of China; SIN = Singapore; S
= Viet Nam
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regiona
e 1.1: Composition of Final Demand by Economy, 2000 and 2018 (% of GDP)
a. South and Central Asia
% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
b. Southeast Asia and the Pacific
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
c. East Asia
% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Private Consumption Government Consumption Gross Capital Formation Exports
oss domestic product; BAN = Bangladesh; BHU = Bhutan; BRU = Brunei Darussalam; CAM
J = Fiji; HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; INO = Indonesia; JPN = Japan; KAZ =
Z = Kyrgyz Republic; KOR = Republic of Korea; LAO = Lao People’s Democratic Republic;
; MLD = Maldives; MON = Mongolia; NEP = Nepal; PAK = Pakistan; PHI = Philippines; PRC
ublic of China; SIN = Singapore; SRI = Sri Lanka; TAP = Taipei,China; THA = Thailand; VIE
evelopment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

Gross Value-Added by Sector Primary Low tech
East Asia (2018) $ 1,996,179 $ 3,397,443
East Asia (2000) $ 360,903 $ 1,177,773
Southeast Asia and the Pacific (2018) $ 398,388 $ 521,772
Southeast Asia and the Pacific (2000) $ 100,660 $ 107,073
South and Central Asia (2018) $ 152,118 $ 94,936
South and Central Asia (2000) $ 152,118 $ 94,936
High and medium tech Business services Public and personal services
$ 3,690,675 $ 8,357,493 $ 3,600,701
$ 1,074,500 $ 2,996,513 $ 1,221,737
$ 341,428 $ 1,159,479 $ 342,810
$ 98,868 $ 226,117 $ 66,796
$ 48,407 $ 211,431 $ 99,350
$ 48,407 $ 211,431 $ 99,350
Figure 1.2: Sector Value-Added by Subregion, 2000 and 2018
(in US$ millions and % of GVA)
South and Central Asia (2000) $152,118 $94,936 $48,407 $211,431 $
South and Central Asia (2018) $152,118 $94,936 $48,407 $211,431 $
Southeast Asia and the Pacific (2000) $100,660 $107,073 $98,868 $226,117
Southeast Asia and the Pacific (2018) $398,388 $521,772 $341,428 $1,159,479
East Asia (2000)

$360,903
$1,177,773 $1,074,500 $2,996,513 $1
East Asia (2018)

$1,996,179$3,397,443 $3,690,675 $8,357,493 $3
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Primary Low tech High and medium tech

Business services Public and personal services
GVA = gross value-added; South and Central Asia include Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Maldives,
Republic, Kazakhstan, India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh; Southeast Asia and the Pacific include Vi
Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Maldives, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia
Cambodia, and Brunei Darussalam; East Asia includes Mongolia, the Republic of Korea, Japan,
People's Republic of China.
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
gion, 2000 and 2018
VA)
07 $211,431 $99,350
07 $211,431 $99,350
8 $226,117 $66,796
$1,159,479 $342,810
$2,996,513 $1,221,737
$8,357,493 $3,600,701
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
High and medium tech
a, Pakistan, Nepal, Maldives, the Kyrgyz

sia and the Pacific include Viet Nam,
mocratic Republic, Indonesia, Fiji,
e Republic of Korea, Japan, and the
es (accessed July 2020).
d
Gross Value Added by Region and by Sector
South and Central Asia 2000 2018 Spacing
Primary $152,118 $569,761 2
Low tech $94,936 $489,713 4
High and medium tech $48,407 $252,878 5
Business services $211,431 $1,528,762 1
Public and personal services $99,350 $545,426 3
Southeast Asia and the Paci 2000 2018 Spacing

Primary $100,660 $398,388 3
Low tech $107,073 $521,772 2
High and medium tech $98,868 $341,428 4
Business services $226,117 $1,159,479 1
Public and personal services $66,796 $342,810 5
East Asia 2000 2018 Spacing

Primary $360,903 $1,996,179 5
Low tech $1,177,773 $3,397,443 3
High and medium tech $1,074,500 $3,690,675 4
Business services $2,996,513 $8,357,493 1
Public and personal services $1,221,737 $3,600,701 2
Figure 1.3: Sector Value-Added by
Delta CAGR (in US$ millions and
417,644 7.2%
394,777 9.0% a. South and Centr
CAGR
204,472 9.1%
High and medium tech 9.1% 3 3
1,317,332 11.0%
446,076 9.4%
Low tech 9.0% 2 2

Delta
297,728 7.5%
414,699 8.7% Public and personal services 9.4% 5 5
242,560 6.7%
933,361 9.0%
Primary 7.2% 1 1
276,013 9.0%
Delta 4
Business services 11.0%
1,635,275 9.4%
2,219,670 5.7%
2,616,175 6.7% b. Southeast Asia and
5,360,980 5.5%
2,378,964 5.9%
Public and personal services 9.0% 5 5
High and medium tech 7.5% 3 3
Primary 7.5% 1 1
Low tech 8.7% 2 2
Business services 9.0% 4
c. East Asi
Primary 9.4% 1
High and medium tech 6.7% 3
Low tech 5.7% 2
Public and personal services 5.9% 5
$45,000 $1,7
2000 201
Public and personal services 5.9% 5
$45,000 $1,7
2000 201
CAGR = Compounded annual growth rate

Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tabl
Sector Value-Added by Subregion, 2000 and 2018
(in US$ millions and % CAGR)
a. South and Central Asia
3 3
2 2
5 5
1 1
4 4
b. Southeast Asia and the Pacific
5 5
3 3
1 1
2 2
4 4
c. East Asia
1 1
3 3
2 2
5 5
4 4
$45,000 $1,715,000 $3,385,000 $5,055,000 $6,725,000 $8,395,000
2000 2018
5 5
4 4
$45,000 $1,715,000 $3,385,000 $5,055,000 $6,725,000 $8,395,000
2000 2018
gional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

Economy Sector 2000 2018 Figure 1.4: Shares of Total Econ
BAN AHF 25.5% 13.8%
BAN MIN 1.0% 1.8%
BAN LMF 12.0% 13.9% 50%
BAN HMF 3.2% 5.1%
BAN UTL 1.3% 1.4%
BAN CON 7.7% 8.0%
BAN TRD 12.8% 13.1%
BAN HRS 0.6% 1.0% 40%
BAN TSP 7.9% 8.5%
BAN TEL 0.7% 1.2%
BAN FIN 1.6% 3.9%
BAN BUS 9.2% 9.0%
BAN PAD 2.7% 4.2% 30%
BAN EHS 4.7% 5.1%
Share in 2018
BAN OSV 8.9% 9.9%
BHU AHF 27.4% 18.3%
BHU MIN 1.6% 4.5%
BHU LMF 5.5% 5.0%
20%
BHU HMF 2.9% 2.7%
BHU UTL 11.7% 13.9%
BHU CON 14.3% 16.7%
BHU TRD 4.6% 8.6%
BHU HRS 0.5% 2.2%
BHU TSP 7.3% 7.5% 10%
BHU TEL 2.0% 2.0%
BHU FIN 3.9% 5.1%
BHU BUS 3.3% 3.1%
BHU PAD 9.2% 6.5%
BHU EHS 5.4% 3.4% 0%
0% 10%
BHU OSV 0.5% 0.4%
BRU AHF 0.9% 1.0%
BRU MIN 33.6% 45.0%
BRU LMF 2.2% 0.6% 45-degree line All
BRU HMF 13.8% 13.3% Heavy manufacturing Lig
BRU UTL 0.5% 1.0%
BRU CON 0.8% 2.5% GVA = gross value-added.
BRU TRD 6.1% 4.8% Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional In
BRU HRS 0.4% 1.0%
BRU TSP 3.6% 1.6%
BRU TEL 0.1% 1.4%
BRU FIN 2.7% 5.0% 0 0
BRU BUS 14.1% 5.7% 1 1
BRU PAD 14.2% 11.5%
BRU EHS 6.2% 4.7%
BRU OSV 0.9% 1.0%
CAM AHF 37.9% 23.7%
CAM MIN 0.3% 1.9%
CAM LMF 15.2% 15.8%
CAM HMF 1.7% 1.8%
CAM UTL 0.4% 0.6%
CAM CON 5.5% 14.6%
CAM TRD 11.3% 10.1%
CAM HRS 3.9% 4.8%
CAM TSP 4.7% 5.8%
CAM TEL 2.2% 2.5%
CAM FIN 1.3% 2.1%
CAM BUS 6.4% 7.1%
CAM PAD 2.8% 1.4%
CAM EHS 3.9% 4.5%
CAM OSV 2.6% 3.2%
FIJ AHF 16.5% 10.5%
FIJ MIN 0.9% 0.8%
FIJ LMF 11.4% 10.9%
FIJ HMF 2.1% 1.5%
FIJ UTL 2.8% 1.6%
FIJ CON 4.3% 3.1%
FIJ TRD 11.3% 14.2%
FIJ HRS 4.0% 7.2%
FIJ TSP 9.7% 8.3%
FIJ TEL 5.7% 5.9%
FIJ FIN 5.6% 8.8%
FIJ BUS 7.2% 9.7%
FIJ PAD 5.8% 8.6%
FIJ EHS 7.6% 8.7%
FIJ OSV 5.1% 0.3%
HKG AHF 0.1% 0.1%
HKG MIN 0.0% 0.0%
HKG LMF 4.1% 0.9%
HKG HMF 0.6% 0.1%
HKG UTL 2.9% 1.4%
HKG CON 4.9% 5.1%
HKG TRD 21.6% 21.5%
HKG HRS 2.9% 3.3%
HKG TSP 7.3% 5.7%
HKG TEL 3.7% 3.8%
HKG FIN 12.8% 18.9%
HKG BUS 20.1% 21.0%
HKG PAD 5.3% 5.8%
HKG EHS 8.2% 8.7%
HKG OSV 5.4% 3.7%
IND AHF 22.4% 14.0%
IND MIN 2.2% 1.7%
IND LMF 7.9% 6.7%
IND HMF 7.0% 7.1%
IND UTL 2.3% 1.7%
IND CON 5.8% 6.2%
IND TRD 12.9% 20.5%
IND HRS 1.3% 1.4%
IND TSP 5.9% 5.7%
IND TEL 1.5% 1.0%
IND FIN 5.3% 5.4%
IND BUS 8.4% 12.2%
IND PAD 8.9% 7.5%
IND EHS 5.6% 6.2%
IND OSV 2.5% 2.8%
INO AHF 14.5% 13.3%
INO MIN 11.3% 8.5%
INO LMF 14.7% 11.6%
INO HMF 12.2% 9.4%
INO UTL 0.9% 1.3%
INO CON 4.9% 10.9%
INO TRD 16.4% 13.6%
INO HRS 3.0% 2.8%
INO TSP 3.6% 5.7%
INO TEL 1.1% 2.9%
INO FIN 5.0% 4.3%
INO BUS 4.1% 5.0%
INO PAD 3.5% 3.8%
INO EHS 3.1% 4.4%
INO OSV 1.8% 2.4%
JPN AHF 1.6% 1.3%
JPN MIN 0.3% 0.2%
JPN LMF 8.0% 6.1%
JPN HMF 13.7% 13.1%
JPN UTL 2.4% 1.7%
JPN CON 7.3% 6.9%
JPN TRD 14.1% 13.4%
JPN HRS 2.8% 3.0%
JPN TSP 4.3% 4.3%
JPN TEL 2.1% 2.3%
JPN FIN 5.7% 4.4%
JPN BUS 18.3% 20.7%
JPN PAD 6.5% 8.2%
JPN EHS 8.7% 10.3%
JPN OSV 4.3% 4.3%
KAZ AHF 6.3% 5.5%
KAZ MIN 10.7% 16.2%
KAZ LMF 7.9% 4.4%
KAZ HMF 35.0% 8.8%
KAZ UTL 3.1% 2.2%
KAZ CON 2.9% 5.6%
KAZ TRD 10.0% 19.4%
KAZ HRS 0.4% 0.9%
KAZ TSP 7.4% 8.7%
KAZ TEL 1.2% 1.9%
KAZ FIN 2.0% 3.2%
KAZ BUS 7.6% 14.8%
KAZ PAD 1.9% 2.2%
KAZ EHS 2.8% 3.1%
KAZ OSV 0.9% 3.1%
KGZ AHF 36.6% 14.6%
KGZ MIN 0.6% 1.6%
KGZ LMF 8.2% 4.6%
KGZ HMF 11.1% 9.1%
KGZ UTL 6.8% 3.2%
KGZ CON 4.5% 10.1%
KGZ TRD 13.0% 21.8%
KGZ HRS 0.8% 2.1%
KGZ TSP 2.4% 4.6%
KGZ TEL 1.6% 4.2%
KGZ FIN 0.5% 0.9%
KGZ BUS 3.1% 5.8%
KGZ PAD 4.1% 7.0%
KGZ EHS 5.5% 8.6%
KGZ OSV 1.2% 1.8%
KOR AHF 4.4% 2.2%
KOR MIN 0.3% 0.2%
KOR LMF 7.7% 4.6%
KOR HMF 22.0% 25.4%
KOR UTL 2.4% 2.7%
KOR CON 6.0% 5.8%
KOR TRD 9.6% 8.2%
KOR HRS 3.0% 2.6%
KOR TSP 4.2% 3.4%
KOR TEL 1.1% 1.0%
KOR FIN 5.7% 5.9%
KOR BUS 15.8% 15.2%
KOR PAD 6.1% 7.5%
KOR EHS 7.2% 10.2%
KOR OSV 4.5% 5.1%
LAO AHF 48.5% 17.9%
LAO MIN 0.2% 6.8%
LAO LMF 7.7% 6.9%
LAO HMF 1.2% 1.4%
LAO UTL 4.6% 12.4%
LAO CON 5.3% 7.7%
LAO TRD 14.7% 13.7%
LAO HRS 0.0% 2.9%
LAO TSP 2.0% 1.5%
LAO TEL 2.1% 1.4%
LAO FIN 1.5% 3.5%
LAO BUS 0.0% 8.1%
LAO PAD 3.1% 10.5%
LAO EHS 4.6% 3.4%
LAO OSV 4.3% 1.8%
MAL AHF 9.2% 7.2%
MAL MIN 11.8% 9.4%
MAL LMF 9.7% 6.5%
MAL HMF 21.5% 14.7%
MAL UTL 3.5% 2.5%
MAL CON 4.4% 4.9%
MAL TRD 12.0% 16.7%
MAL HRS 2.3% 3.2%
MAL TSP 3.8% 3.5%
MAL TEL 3.2% 2.8%
MAL FIN 1.4% 7.7%
MAL BUS 8.1% 6.3%
MAL PAD 3.3% 6.6%
MAL EHS 4.5% 6.0%
MAL OSV 1.2% 2.0%
MLD AHF 5.9% 2.5%
MLD MIN 0.1% 0.0%
MLD LMF 5.6% 4.1%
MLD HMF 0.1% 0.4%
MLD UTL 2.0% 1.0%
MLD CON 5.7% 31.9%
MLD TRD 3.7% 3.6%
MLD HRS 31.7% 21.6%
MLD TSP 8.2% 5.0%
MLD TEL 6.1% 3.6%
MLD FIN 2.7% 3.6%
MLD BUS 14.2% 4.6%
MLD PAD 8.6% 12.4%
MLD EHS 4.6% 5.2%
MLD OSV 0.9% 0.7%
MON AHF 30.9% 12.2%
MON MIN 10.9% 26.5%
MON LMF 6.3% 8.6%
MON HMF 1.2% 1.7%
MON UTL 2.7% 2.4%
MON CON 2.5% 3.6%
MON TRD 10.7% 10.8%
MON HRS 1.0% 1.4%
MON TSP 8.7% 5.3%
MON TEL 3.0% 2.0%
MON FIN 2.8% 5.8%
MON BUS 8.0% 8.6%
MON PAD 4.3% 4.2%
MON EHS 6.2% 5.8%
MON OSV 0.6% 0.9%
NEP AHF 33.7% 30.1%
NEP MIN 0.5% 0.6%
NEP LMF 7.3% 4.7%
NEP HMF 1.8% 1.3%
NEP UTL 1.4% 1.0%
NEP CON 9.0% 7.5%
NEP TRD 15.6% 15.5%
NEP HRS 2.1% 1.4%
NEP TSP 6.0% 6.9%
NEP TEL 1.5% 1.7%
NEP FIN 2.8% 4.5%
NEP BUS 8.5% 10.3%
NEP PAD 1.3% 2.4%
NEP EHS 5.3% 8.6%
NEP OSV 3.2% 3.3%
PAK AHF 25.9% 24.4%
PAK MIN 2.3% 2.3%
PAK LMF 11.0% 9.7%
PAK HMF 3.7% 3.3%
PAK UTL 3.9% 1.5%
PAK CON 2.5% 2.4%
PAK TRD 16.1% 17.8%
PAK HRS 1.4% 1.5%
PAK TSP 9.9% 9.5%
PAK TEL 1.4% 1.3%
PAK FIN 1.6% 2.1%
PAK BUS 5.2% 11.8%
PAK PAD 6.2% 5.8%
PAK EHS 3.9% 3.6%
PAK OSV 5.1% 3.0%
PHI AHF 12.7% 9.3%
PHI MIN 0.6% 0.8%
PHI LMF 14.5% 12.1%
PHI HMF 17.3% 6.9%
PHI UTL 3.4% 3.1%
PHI CON 3.8% 7.7%
PHI TRD 13.1% 18.5%
PHI HRS 1.6% 1.8%
PHI TSP 4.3% 3.6%
PHI TEL 2.5% 2.3%
PHI FIN 4.9% 8.4%
PHI BUS 8.8% 12.8%
PHI PAD 7.9% 4.5%
PHI EHS 2.5% 5.7%
PHI OSV 2.1% 2.3%
PRC AHF 15.2% 8.8%
PRC MIN 5.0% 4.9%
PRC LMF 15.6% 11.0%
PRC HMF 16.6% 16.1%
PRC UTL 2.6% 1.9%
PRC CON 5.6% 6.8%
PRC TRD 8.2% 9.9%
PRC HRS 2.2% 1.9%
PRC TSP 5.8% 4.4%
PRC TEL 1.8% 2.2%
PRC FIN 4.1% 6.8%
PRC BUS 6.5% 10.8%
PRC PAD 3.5% 5.1%
PRC EHS 4.6% 6.2%
PRC OSV 2.7% 3.2%
SIN AHF 0.1% 0.0%
SIN MIN 0.0% 0.0%
SIN LMF 3.6% 2.6%
SIN HMF 22.5% 18.8%
SIN UTL 1.7% 1.2%
SIN CON 6.3% 3.5%
SIN TRD 13.9% 18.0%
SIN HRS 1.7% 2.1%
SIN TSP 11.7% 6.9%
SIN TEL 2.3% 4.1%
SIN FIN 10.1% 12.9%
SIN BUS 14.4% 18.2%
SIN PAD 5.7% 2.7%
SIN EHS 2.6% 6.1%
SIN OSV 3.3% 2.9%
SRI AHF 19.9% 8.8%
SRI MIN 5.8% 2.9%
SRI LMF 1.5% 15.4%
SRI HMF 0.2% 1.7%
SRI UTL 1.3% 1.0%
SRI CON 18.1% 8.3%
SRI TRD 10.1% 11.8%
SRI HRS 1.4% 1.8%
SRI TSP 10.9% 11.3%
SRI TEL 0.6% 1.0%
SRI FIN 4.0% 6.1%
SRI BUS 7.0% 8.1%
SRI PAD 5.3% 6.3%
SRI EHS 4.2% 4.6%
SRI OSV 9.6% 10.8%
TAP AHF 2.0% 1.7%
TAP MIN 0.2% 0.1%
TAP LMF 6.9% 4.6%
TAP HMF 19.9% 27.3%
TAP UTL 2.2% 1.9%
TAP CON 3.2% 2.6%
TAP TRD 17.4% 16.9%
TAP HRS 2.0% 2.8%
TAP TSP 3.9% 2.8%
TAP TEL 2.5% 1.4%
TAP FIN 8.4% 7.1%
TAP BUS 12.2% 13.2%
TAP PAD 8.1% 6.4%
TAP EHS 6.8% 7.4%
TAP OSV 4.2% 4.0%
THA AHF 7.5% 7.6%
THA MIN 0.5% 0.5%
THA LMF 13.1% 9.4%
THA HMF 13.9% 13.7%
THA UTL 3.9% 3.8%
THA CON 2.4% 1.9%
THA TRD 19.7% 19.0%
THA HRS 4.9% 10.5%
THA TSP 5.6% 3.2%
THA TEL 1.4% 1.3%
THA FIN 3.3% 6.4%
THA BUS 8.8% 8.1%
THA PAD 6.0% 5.9%
THA EHS 6.0% 5.9%
THA OSV 2.9% 2.8%
VIE AHF 26.7% 11.3%
VIE MIN 10.0% 4.4%
VIE LMF 13.3% 20.3%
VIE HMF 4.8% 11.8%
VIE UTL 3.2% 4.2%
VIE CON 5.6% 6.2%
VIE TRD 10.7% 11.9%
VIE HRS 3.4% 2.9%
VIE TSP 2.2% 3.4%
VIE TEL 1.9% 1.0%
VIE FIN 1.3% 4.1%
VIE BUS 5.1% 5.5%
VIE PAD 2.8% 2.9%
VIE EHS 5.0% 8.3%
VIE OSV 3.9% 1.8%
BAN AHF 25.5% 13.8%
BHU AHF 27.4% 18.3%
BRU AHF 0.9% 1.0%
CAM AHF 37.9% 23.7%
FIJ AHF 16.5% 10.5%
HKG AHF 0.1% 0.1%
IND AHF 22.4% 14.0%
INO AHF 14.5% 13.3%
JPN AHF 1.6% 1.3%
KAZ AHF 6.3% 5.5%
KGZ AHF 36.6% 14.6%
KOR AHF 4.4% 2.2%
LAO AHF 48.5% 17.9%
MAL AHF 9.2% 7.2%
MLD AHF 5.9% 2.5%
MON AHF 30.9% 12.2%
NEP AHF 33.7% 30.1%
PAK AHF 25.9% 24.4%
PHI AHF 12.7% 9.3%
PRC AHF 15.2% 8.8%
SIN AHF 0.1% 0.0%
SRI AHF 19.9% 8.8%
TAP AHF 2.0% 1.7%
THA AHF 7.5% 7.6%
VIE AHF 26.7% 11.3%
BAN BUS 9.2% 9.0%
BHU BUS 3.3% 3.1%
BRU BUS 14.1% 5.7%
CAM BUS 6.4% 7.1%
FIJ BUS 7.2% 9.7%
HKG BUS 20.1% 21.0%
IND BUS 8.4% 12.2%
INO BUS 4.1% 5.0%
JPN BUS 18.3% 20.7%
KAZ BUS 7.6% 14.8%
KGZ BUS 3.1% 5.8%
KOR BUS 15.8% 15.2%
LAO BUS 0.0% 8.1%
MAL BUS 8.1% 6.3%
MLD BUS 14.2% 4.6%
MON BUS 8.0% 8.6%
NEP BUS 8.5% 10.3%
PAK BUS 5.2% 11.8%
PHI BUS 8.8% 12.8%
PRC BUS 6.5% 10.8%
SIN BUS 14.4% 18.2%
SRI BUS 7.0% 8.1%
TAP BUS 12.2% 13.2%
THA BUS 8.8% 8.1%
VIE BUS 5.1% 5.5%
BAN HMF 3.2% 5.1%
BHU HMF 2.9% 2.7%
BRU HMF 13.8% 13.3%
CAM HMF 1.7% 1.8%
FIJ HMF 2.1% 1.5%
HKG HMF 0.6% 0.1%
IND HMF 7.0% 7.1%
INO HMF 12.2% 9.4%
JPN HMF 13.7% 13.1%
KAZ HMF 35.0% 8.8%
KGZ HMF 11.1% 9.1%
KOR HMF 22.0% 25.4%
LAO HMF 1.2% 1.4%
MAL HMF 21.5% 14.7%
MLD HMF 0.1% 0.4%
MON HMF 1.2% 1.7%
NEP HMF 1.8% 1.3%
PAK HMF 3.7% 3.3%
PHI HMF 17.3% 6.9%
PRC HMF 16.6% 16.1%
SIN HMF 22.5% 18.8%
SRI HMF 0.2% 1.7%
TAP HMF 19.9% 27.3%
THA HMF 13.9% 13.7%
VIE HMF 4.8% 11.8%
BAN LMF 12.0% 13.9%
BHU LMF 5.5% 5.0%
BRU LMF 2.2% 0.6%
CAM LMF 15.2% 15.8%
FIJ LMF 11.4% 10.9%
HKG LMF 4.1% 0.9%
IND LMF 7.9% 6.7%
INO LMF 14.7% 11.6%
JPN LMF 8.0% 6.1%
KAZ LMF 7.9% 4.4%
KGZ LMF 8.2% 4.6%
KOR LMF 7.7% 4.6%
LAO LMF 7.7% 6.9%
MAL LMF 9.7% 6.5%
MLD LMF 5.6% 4.1%
MON LMF 6.3% 8.6%
NEP LMF 7.3% 4.7%
PAK LMF 11.0% 9.7%
PHI LMF 14.5% 12.1%
PRC LMF 15.6% 11.0%
SIN LMF 3.6% 2.6%
SRI LMF 1.5% 15.4%
TAP LMF 6.9% 4.6%
THA LMF 13.1% 9.4%
VIE LMF 13.3% 20.3%
Figure 1.4: Shares of Total Economy Value-Added by Economy-Sector, 2000 and 2018
(% of GVA)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Share in 2000
45-degree line All sectors Agriculture Business services
Heavy manufacturing Light manufacturing 45 degree line
evelopment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

Year: 2000 Year: 2018
Rank Country HH TH GN HH TH GN
1 PRC 0.04 0.17 0.20 0.02 0.13 0.19
2 MAL 0.04 0.20 0.21 0.03 0.13 0.19
3 INO 0.04 0.22 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.20
4 FIJ 0.03 0.13 0.19 0.03 0.18 0.16
5 SRI 0.06 0.27 0.21 0.03 0.18 0.19
6 BAN 0.07 0.27 0.22 0.03 0.18 0.20
7 PHI 0.04 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.18 0.21
8 VIE 0.06 0.22 0.22 0.04 0.18 0.21
9 THA 0.04 0.20 0.21 0.04 0.19 0.20
10 LAO 0.22 0.37 0.29 0.04 0.20 0.21
11 IND 0.04 0.19 0.20 0.04 0.20 0.20
12 BHU 0.07 0.27 0.22 0.05 0.21 0.21
13 KGZ 0.13 0.33 0.25 0.05 0.21 0.21
14 JPN 0.04 0.20 0.21 0.05 0.22 0.21
15 KAZ 0.11 0.30 0.23 0.05 0.22 0.22
16 MON 0.08 0.27 0.22 0.06 0.24 0.22
17 KOR 0.05 0.21 0.20 0.06 0.24 0.22
18 CAM 0.14 0.33 0.25 0.07 0.26 0.23
19 PAK 0.07 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.27 0.23
20 TAP 0.05 0.23 0.21 0.08 0.29 0.23
21 SIN 0.06 0.29 0.21 0.07 0.31 0.21
22 NEP 0.11 0.31 0.24 0.09 0.29 0.23
23 HKG 0.07 0.29 0.21 0.09 0.35 0.21
24 MLD 0.09 0.30 0.21 0.12 0.35 0.23
25 BRU 0.12 0.38 0.24 0.19 0.36 0.28
Figure 1.5: Aggregate Measures of Value-Adde
Index Difference 1 Difference 2

0.40 - 0.17 - 0.06
0.40 - 0.16 - 0.06 - 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.05
0.40 - 0.14 0.02
0.40 - 0.16 - 0.01
0.40 - 0.16 - 0.01
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.03
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.03
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.01
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.01
0.40 - 0.16 - 0.00
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.00
0.40 - 0.17 - 0.01
0.40 - 0.16 0.01
0.40 - 0.17 0.00
0.40 - 0.16 0.02
0.40 - 0.15 0.03
0.40 - 0.16 0.04
0.40 - 0.16 0.04
0.40 - 0.15 0.06
0.40 - 0.14 0.10
0.40 - 0.14 0.06
0.40 - 0.13 0.13
0.40 - 0.11 0.12
0.40 - 0.09 0.08
HH TH
Ligher shaded markers = 2000, darker shaded markers = 2019; h

Hirschman concentration index; TH = Theil concentration index; G
Bhutan; BRU = Brunei Darussalam; CAM = Cambodia; FIJ = Fiji;
= Japan; KAZ = Kazakhstan; KGZ = Kyrgyz Republic; KOR = Rep
MAL = Malaysia; MLD = Maldives; MON = Mongolia; NEP = Nepa
Republic of China; SIN = Singapore; SRI = Sri Lanka; TAP = Taip
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Ta
egate Measures of Value-Added Economic Diversification, 2000 and 2018
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
HH TH GN
arker shaded markers = 2019; higher values indicate greater concentration; HH = Herfindahl-
TH = Theil concentration index; GN = Gini concentration index; BAN = Bangladesh; BHU =
m; CAM = Cambodia; FIJ = Fiji; HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; INO = Indonesia; JPN
Z = Kyrgyz Republic; KOR = Republic of Korea; LAO = Lao People’s Democratic Republic;
s; MON = Mongolia; NEP = Nepal; PAK = Pakistan; PHI = Philippines; PRC = People’s
ore; SRI = Sri Lanka; TAP = Taipei,China; THA = Thailand; VIE = Viet Nam
k. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
AHF Pre-crisis Post-crisis
Changes in output due to structural changes in final demand (%) 7.0% 3.4%
Changes in output due to structural changes in consumption (%) 5.6% 2.8%
Changes in output due to structural changes in investment (%) 0.8% 0.7%
Changes in output due to structural changes in stock (%) 0.6% -0.1%
Changes in output due to structural changes in export 2.2% 1.1%
Changes in output due to import substitution on domestic final demand -0.5% -0.2%
Changes in output due to import substitution on intermediate demand -1.2% -0.6%
Changes in output due to technological changes 1.2% -0.3%
MIN
Changes in output due to structural changes in stock (%) 0.0% 0.4%
Changes in output due to import substitution on domestic final demand 0.9% 0.1%
Changes in output due to import substitution on intermediate demand -8.0% 2.2%
LMF
Changes in output due to import substitution on intermediate demand 0.0% -0.4%
Changes in output due to technological changes -0.1% 0.1%
HMF
Changes in output due to import substitution on domestic final demand 0.9% -0.2%
UTL
Changes in output due to structural changes in stock (%) -0.1% 0.1%
CON
TRD
Changes in output due to technological changes 0.1% 0.0%
HRS
TSP
TEL
FIN
Changes in output due to structural changes in stock (%) -0.1% -0.2%
BUS
PAD
Changes in output due to structural changes in stock (%) -0.7% -0.1%
Changes in output due to import substitution on domestic final demand -0.1% 0.1%
Changes in output due to import substitution on intermediate demand 0.0% 0.0%
EHS
Changes in output due to import substitution on intermediate demand 0.0% 0.0%
OSV
Note: AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; MIN = mining and quarrying; LMF = light manufacturing; HMF = heavy m
Pre-crisis Post-crisis Figure 1.6:
Consumption 5.6% 2.8%

Investment 0.8% 0.7%
Stock 0.6% -0.1%
Export 2.2% 1.1%
Agriculture, forestry, a
Import substitution -1.6% -0.8%
Technology 1.2% -0.3%
Consumpt

Investment 2.4% 1.2% 2.8%
Technology
Stock 0.0% 0.4%
Export 9.2% 2.5%
Import substitution -7.0% 2.3% -0.3%
-0.8%
Consumption 6.4% 2.8% Import substitution 1.1%

Stock 1.2% 0.1%
Export 3.8% 2.4%
Export
Technology -0.1% 0.1%
Light manufact
Stock 0.5% 0.1%
Export 5.3% 2.0%
Import substitution -1.1% 1.2% Consumpt
1.8%
Technology
Consumption 6.0% 3.6% -1.6%

Stock -0.1% 0.1%
Export 3.8% 2.5%
1.2%
Import substitution
2.0%
1.2%

Import substitution
2.0%
Export
Stock 0.6% 0.0%
Export 0.7% 0.6%
Import substitution 0.2% -0.2%
Business Services Consumpt

Stock -0.1% 0.1% 3.6%
Export 4.0% 1.9% Technology
Technology 0.7% 0.1% -0.2%
-0.3%
Investment 0.6% 0.4% Import substitution
2.5%
Stock -0.6% 0.0%
Export 4.1% 2.4%
Technology 1.2% 1.0% Export

Stock 0.4% 0.3%
Export 4.9% 1.8%
Technology 0.3% -0.5% Consump
3.8%
Technology

0.1%
Stock 0.2% 0.0%
-0.5%
Technology
0.1%
Export 3.6% 1.9%

-0.5%
Import substitution
1.9%
Consumption 12.2% 4.1% Export

Stock -0.1% -0.2%
Export 3.5% 1.8%
Technology 0.1% 0.2%
Pre-2008 crisis = 2000 to 2007; post-crisis
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Re

Stock -0.8% 0.1%
Export 3.4% 1.2%
Public and personal services

Stock -0.2% 0.0%
Export 1.1% 0.7%

Stock -0.1% 0.0%
Export 0.3% 0.3%

Stock 0.1% 0.0%
Export 1.7% 1.3%
= light manufacturing; HMF = heavy manufacturing; UTL = utilities; CON = construction; TRD = wholesale and retail trade; HRS = hotel and
Figure 1.6: Drivers of Output Changes by Sector, 2000-2007 and 2010-2018
(% of Output Growth)
Mining
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Consumption Consumption
2.8%
logy Investment 1.9%
Technology Investment
-0.3% 0.7% 1.2%

-3.4%
-0.8% -0.1% 0.4%

2.3%
ution 1.1% Stock Import substitution Stock

2.5%
Export Export
Light manufacturing Heavy manufacturing
1.8% 2.8%
logy Investment Technology Investment
1.7% 0.1% 0.7%

-1.6%
1.2% 0.1% -0.9% 0.1%
ution Stock Import substitution Stock

2.0% 2.4%
1.2% 0.1% -0.9% 0.1%
ution Stock Import substitution Stock

2.0% 2.4%
Export Export
Utilities Construction
3.6%
ogy Investment Technology 1.0% Investment
6.4%
-0.2% 0.8% 0.5%
-0.3% 0.1% -0.2% 0.0%
tion Stock Import substitution 0.6% Stock

2.5%
Export Export
Business services Public and personal services
3.8% 6.2%
0.1% 0.8% 0.1% 0.2%
-0.5% 0.1% -0.4% 0.0%

0.1% 0.8% 0.1% 0.2%
-0.5% 0.1% -0.4% 0.0%
ution Stock Import substitution 0.7% Stock

1.9%
Export Export
Pre-2008 crisis average growth rate

Post-2008 crisis average growth rate
= 2000 to 2007; post-crisis = 2010 to 2018.
Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
etail trade; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; TSP = transport services; TEL = post and telecommunications; FIN = finance and insuranc
Investment
2%
Stock
Investment
Stock
%
Stock
Investment
6.4%
Stock
Investment
%
Investment
Stock
ns; FIN = finance and insurance; BUS = business services including real estate; PAD = public administration; EHS = education and health s
ation; EHS = education and health services; OSV = other services
Average impact of the sector's technology Average impact of other sector
on other sectors' output technologies on the sector's out
Rank Country 2000-2007 2008-2018 2000-2007
1 CON 0.01% 0.05% -0.2%
2 HRS 0.08% 0.02% 0.0%
3 HMF 0.09% -0.02% 0.0%
4 TRD -0.01% -0.02% 0.0%
5 FIN 0.03% 0.01% 0.0%
6 BUS 0.03% -0.01% 0.0%
7 TSP 0.00% -0.05% 0.0%
8 EHS 0.01% 0.00% 0.0%
9 PAD -0.05% 0.00% 0.0%
10 OSV -0.05% 0.00% 0.0%
11 LMF -0.01% -0.03% 0.1%
12 TEL 0.15% -0.05% 0.1%
13 UTL -0.01% -0.04% 0.1%
14 AHF 0.04% -0.08% 0.0%
15 MIN -0.28% -0.09% 0.1%
age impact of other sectors'
logies on the sector's output
2008-2018 Index Difference 1 Difference 2
-0.05% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.06 0.002
-0.05% 0.00 - 0.16 - 0.06 0.002
-0.04% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.05 0.002
-0.04% 0.00 - 0.14 0.02 0.002
-0.01% 0.00 - 0.16 - 0.01 0.002
-0.02% 0.00 - 0.16 - 0.01 0.002
-0.06% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.03 0.002
-0.01% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.03 0.002
-0.01% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.01 0.002
0.01% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.01 0.002
-0.02% 0.00 - 0.16 - 0.00 0.002
-0.02% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.00 0.002
0.00% 0.00 - 0.17 - 0.01 0.002
0.01% 0.00 - 0.16 0.01 0.002
0.01% 0.00 - 0.17 0.00 0.002
Figure 1.7 : Impacts of Technological Changes on Output by Sector, 2000-2007 and 2010-20
(% Output Growth)
-0.40% -0.30% -0.20% -0.10% 0.00% 0.10%
Average impact of the sector's technology on other sectors' output Average impact of other sectors' technologies on the sector's o
Label
Lighter shaded markers = 2000-2007 (pre-2008 crisis); darker shaded markers = 2010-2018 (post-2008 crisis); AHF
hunting, forestry, and fishing; BUS = business services including real estate; CON = construction; EHS = education
services; FIN = finance and insurance; HMF = heavy manufacturing; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; LMF = lig
MIN = mining and quarrying; OSV = other services; PAD = public administration; TEL = post and telecommunication
wholesale and retail trade; TSP = transport services; UTL = utilities.
00-2007 and 2010-2018
0.10% 0.20%
technologies on the sector's output
post-2008 crisis); AHF = agriculture,

ion; EHS = education and health
ant services; LMF = light manufacturing;
nd telecommunications; TRD =
Year Country Percentage iAverage outpAverage of LAverage techn
Mean interme
Percentage o
2000 BAN -1.0620863 0.37016942 -1.6904069 -3.9359298 -1.2278796 -1.3556574
2000 BHU -1.4206359 0.24587472 -1.8087524 -4.1957616 -1.4877114 -1.2572173
2000 BRU -1.5527308 0.2740921 -1.7750358 -4.0804849 -1.3724347 -1.5040774
2000 CAM -1.1486088 0.35938906 -1.7099385 -3.9143844 -1.2063342 -1.1534205
2000 FIJ -0.7324546 0.6363482 -1.4136233 -3.4892502 -0.7812 -1.125641
2000 HKG -1.1254268 0.36356623 -1.6749813 -3.9460064 -1.2379562 -1.3556574
2000 IND -0.9058295 0.45721485 -1.6025092 -3.8342428 -1.1261926 -1.3217558
2000 INO -0.9530324 0.42860116 -1.6255191 -3.749744 -1.0416938 -1.3556574
2000 JPN -0.8324792 0.55883256 -1.4829878 -3.582528 -0.8744778 -1.1120353
2000 KAZ -0.7746562 0.53331 -1.5116868 -3.6571779 -0.9491277 -1.3052265
2000 KGZ -0.6456986 0.62282607 -1.5049186 -3.6401444 -0.9320942 -1.4087672
2000 KOR -0.8139596 0.52546705 -1.519086 -3.6481065 -0.9400563 -1.4842748
2000 LAO -1.5260556 0.24339566 -1.81635 -4.2972685 -1.5892183 -1.5242801
2000 MAL -1.1181741 0.44783141 -1.601543 -3.8375271 -1.1294769 -1.4842748
2000 MLD -1.2627006 0.38570459 -1.6545805 -3.9504788 -1.2424286 -1.3907487
2000 MON -1.0916063 0.46300276 -1.594784 -3.7450111 -1.0369609 -1.3730491
2000 NEP -0.9484751 0.4896828 -1.5916316 -3.663293 -0.9552428 -1.4648567
2000 PAK -0.8188898 0.49328232 -1.5738235 -3.6937687 -0.9857185 -1.3217558
2000 PHI -1.004971 0.41520177 -1.6423698 -3.8306496 -1.1225994 -1.3556574
2000 PRC -0.5466579 0.78215962 -1.2701531 -3.3848999 -0.6768497 -1.3217558
2000 SIN -1.0882368 0.43098494 -1.6064935 -3.8034086 -1.0953584 -1.5040774
2000 SRI -1.7189914 0.19416723 -1.8544279 -4.4639598 -1.7559096 -1.3052265
2000 TAP -1.0233179 0.42049154 -1.6249398 -3.8121106 -1.1040604 -1.4271164
2000 THA -0.8124379 0.54867962 -1.4954849 -3.5751115 -0.8670613 -1.1819939
2000 VIE -0.953066 0.37104662 -1.6908638 -3.9633625 -1.2553123 -1.2417131
2007 BAN -1.0742435 0.35924475 -1.700085 -3.9439549 -1.2359047 -1.3052265
2007 BHU -1.3442379 0.29755071 -1.7528327 -4.0478618 -1.3398116 -1.338563
2007 BRU -1.2127115 0.38052082 -1.6604306 -3.8545538 -1.1465036 -1.3052265
2007 CAM -1.1360489 0.36168267 -1.7023772 -3.9148142 -1.206764 -1.1534205
2007 FIJ -1.0234521 0.41958535 -1.6293101 -3.8024174 -1.0943672 -1.0593916
2007 HKG -1.1522711 0.3533268 -1.6854131 -3.9751564 -1.2671062 -1.4648567
2007 IND -0.9039598 0.42916139 -1.6293866 -3.8745434 -1.1664932 -1.4271164
2007 INO -0.9095452 0.48624464 -1.5653592 -3.6705952 -0.962545 -1.338563
2007 JPN -0.8334297 0.56780043 -1.4732788 -3.5701951 -0.8621449 -1.1819939
2007 KAZ -0.9629608 0.50010069 -1.5488748 -3.6979508 -0.9899006 -1.3217558
2007 KGZ -0.894499 0.47988502 -1.6169144 -3.902537 -1.1944868 -1.4842748
2007 KOR -0.7640851 0.5709723 -1.47139 -3.597977 -0.8899268 -1.4458085
2007 LAO -1.4279841 0.27103393 -1.7907554 -4.1473802 -1.43933 -1.4458085
2007 MAL -1.0165329 0.48115371 -1.5706054 -3.711447 -1.0033968 -1.3907487
2007 MLD -1.1582895 0.28344881 -1.7730762 -4.1544528 -1.4464026 -1.3730491
2007 MON -1.0726473 0.44606213 -1.6249594 -3.7177293 -1.0096791 -1.4458085
2007 NEP -1.1154492 0.41223078 -1.6607931 -3.797638 -1.0895878 -1.4271164
2007 PAK -0.9404094 0.43927735 -1.6286144 -3.7260469 -1.0179967 -1.338563
2007 PHI -0.9925622 0.41285738 -1.643339 -3.8123798 -1.1043296 -1.4087672
2007 PRC -0.5139085 0.80747286 -1.2407407 -3.3893689 -0.6813187 -1.3730491
2007 SIN -1.1471104 0.40019723 -1.6380149 -3.8424051 -1.1343549 -1.4648567
2007 SRI -1.1927122 0.33581943 -1.7117119 -3.9918028 -1.2837526 -1.1676052
2007 TAP -0.9928701 0.42899783 -1.6150897 -3.8081474 -1.1000972 -1.5040774
2007 THA -0.7016573 0.61489566 -1.4277825 -3.5244701 -0.8164199 -1.1965927
2007 VIE -0.8078835 0.47497 -1.5834077 -3.759342 -1.0512918 -1.338563
2008 BAN -1.0757351 0.35761498 -1.7013961 -3.9447129 -1.2366627 -1.2114078
2008 BHU -1.3040366 0.30572441 -1.7445515 -4.0261983 -1.3181481 -1.288966
2008 BRU -1.1554461 0.39338504 -1.6475261 -3.8413444 -1.1332942 -1.2729657
2008 CAM -1.1287937 0.37467197 -1.6946669 -3.8779187 -1.1698685 -1.1534205
2008 FIJ -1.153043 0.34356723 -1.7054534 -3.9531092 -1.245059 -1.0853671
2008 HKG -1.1350458 0.35884542 -1.6797485 -3.9695071 -1.2614569 -1.4648567
2008 IND -0.9081691 0.43006461 -1.6275824 -3.8739893 -1.1659391 -1.4271164
2008 INO -0.9291066 0.47981903 -1.5717268 -3.6854792 -0.977429 -1.338563
2008 JPN -0.8197721 0.57634501 -1.4647124 -3.5669087 -0.8588585 -1.1965927
2008 KAZ -0.9423309 0.54340687 -1.5062429 -3.6297271 -0.9216769 -1.2572173
2008 KGZ -1.0198839 0.40556003 -1.688439 -3.941505 -1.2334548 -1.4842748
2008 KOR -0.7857606 0.56628625 -1.4761876 -3.591933 -0.8838828 -1.4458085
2008 LAO -1.4390962 0.26766709 -1.7929323 -4.1690016 -1.4609514 -1.4648567
2008 MAL -0.9787954 0.48622417 -1.5646722 -3.6932763 -0.9852261 -1.3730491
2008 MLD -1.1064856 0.30669213 -1.7521057 -4.0982219 -1.3901717 -1.3217558
2008 MON -1.1268875 0.42023724 -1.6482203 -3.7675884 -1.0595382 -1.4458085
2008 NEP -1.1215231 0.40912473 -1.6633673 -3.8057956 -1.0977454 -1.4271164
2008 PAK -0.9203688 0.45073944 -1.615898 -3.7214331 -1.0133829 -1.338563
2008 PHI -0.9582492 0.42770497 -1.6289474 -3.7942194 -1.0861692 -1.3730491
2008 PRC -0.5088357 0.80545332 -1.2434645 -3.3848873 -0.6768371 -1.4842748
2008 SIN -1.3006722 0.37275041 -1.6656512 -3.9164272 -1.208377 -1.4648567
2008 SRI -1.1956153 0.33340538 -1.7150023 -3.9935627 -1.2855125 -1.1676052
2008 TAP -0.983421 0.43255797 -1.6116347 -3.8022986 -1.0942484 -1.5040774
2008 THA -0.7005391 0.62680863 -1.4167551 -3.5032521 -0.7952019 -1.1534205
2008 VIE -0.7545758 0.4855691 -1.5787829 -3.7639964 -1.0559462 -1.5040774
2009 BAN -1.0587969 0.36567105 -1.6929354 -3.9268133 -1.2187631 -1.2114078
2009 BHU -1.4008452 0.29246664 -1.7577774 -4.0600301 -1.3519799 -1.2729657
2009 BRU -1.2090575 0.35320122 -1.6882878 -3.9375843 -1.2295341 -1.2114078
2009 CAM -1.1034938 0.38797751 -1.6824168 -3.8547677 -1.1467175 -1.1394343
2009 FIJ -1.2836107 0.29996893 -1.7500044 -4.0624887 -1.3544385 -1.1676052
2009 HKG -1.1214935 0.36252064 -1.6759988 -3.9623765 -1.2543263 -1.4458085
2009 IND -0.8964386 0.43862525 -1.6188467 -3.8571853 -1.1491351 -1.4087672
2009 INO -0.867317 0.51290139 -1.5393627 -3.6428841 -0.9348339 -1.3730491
2009 JPN -0.8492478 0.57553742 -1.4672693 -3.561738 -0.8536878 -1.1819939
2009 KAZ -0.9669406 0.51795835 -1.5358032 -3.639681 -0.9316308 -1.2572173
2009 KGZ -0.8572043 0.62916267 -1.4505321 -3.652599 -0.9445488 -1.4271164
2009 KOR -0.7606123 0.58850045 -1.4535554 -3.563081 -0.8550308 -1.3556574
2009 LAO -1.2954511 0.28077956 -1.7799393 -4.1500619 -1.4420117 -1.5040774
2009 MAL -0.910828 0.51099827 -1.5378654 -3.661559 -0.9535088 -1.3217558
2009 MLD -1.293119 0.21226414 -1.8443008 -4.4112839 -1.7032337 -1.5040774
2009 MON -1.1074987 0.43017584 -1.6369039 -3.7598905 -1.0518403 -1.4271164
2009 NEP -1.1839461 0.37228966 -1.6995037 -3.8948764 -1.1868262 -1.4271164
2009 PAK -0.9759369 0.41245126 -1.6582788 -3.7982864 -1.0902362 -1.3730491
2009 PHI -0.8949183 0.47061669 -1.586123 -3.7343112 -1.026261 -1.4087672
2009 PRC -0.4862659 0.83563112 -1.2132585 -3.365351 -0.6573008 -1.4648567
2009 SIN -1.0263179 0.44649791 -1.5905403 -3.7494551 -1.0414049 -1.5242801
2009 SRI -1.2778208 0.27215134 -1.7776003 -4.1725467 -1.4644965 -1.1819939
2009 TAP -0.9898549 0.43871878 -1.6058312 -3.7858372 -1.077787 -1.4648567
2009 THA -0.6927746 0.62197116 -1.421548 -3.5191307 -0.8110805 -1.2264457
2009 VIE -0.7187184 0.522447 -1.5365486 -3.7152108 -1.0071606 -1.4271164
2010 BAN -1.0486452 0.37109422 -1.6894283 -3.920706 -1.2126558 -1.2572173
2010 BHU -1.2586419 0.31581875 -1.7340339 -4.0012208 -1.2931706 -1.2417131
2010 BRU -1.1607824 0.37967536 -1.6611234 -3.8682616 -1.1602114 -1.2417131
2010 CAM -1.1470683 0.36969758 -1.6998982 -3.8902081 -1.1821579 -1.1534205
2010 FIJ -1.1188566 0.36597456 -1.6826841 -3.8957419 -1.1876917 -1.0853671
2010 HKG -1.123848 0.35827287 -1.6803345 -3.9742029 -1.2661527 -1.4458085
2010 IND -0.8949525 0.43701294 -1.6209 -3.8655511 -1.1575009 -1.4648567
2010 INO -0.8987749 0.49383201 -1.558458 -3.6692912 -0.961241 -1.4087672
2010 JPN -0.8596292 0.55474432 -1.4876908 -3.5928953 -0.8848451 -1.1965927
2010 KAZ -1.0170444 0.44001238 -1.6134919 -3.7437331 -1.0356829 -1.2572173
2010 KGZ -1.0230231 0.50492307 -1.5518214 -3.8539526 -1.1459023 -1.5040774
2010 KOR -0.7606123 0.58850045 -1.4535554 -3.563081 -0.8550308 -1.3556574
2010 LAO -1.3759597 0.28485722 -1.7734357 -4.1372815 -1.4292313 -1.4458085
2010 MAL -0.9031262 0.51526936 -1.5351025 -3.6553993 -0.9473491 -1.3730491
2010 MLD -1.0943849 0.32014565 -1.7334095 -4.0539713 -1.3459211 -1.288966
2010 MON -1.0770774 0.44530822 -1.611183 -3.7367653 -1.0287151 -1.3052265
2010 NEP -1.1990481 0.38363388 -1.6879873 -3.8499059 -1.1418557 -1.4087672
2010 PAK -0.9277978 0.45043033 -1.6204167 -3.7149647 -1.0069145 -1.338563
2010 PHI -0.8875511 0.47410321 -1.5816412 -3.7295419 -1.0214917 -1.3907487
2010 PRC -0.4925901 0.82516316 -1.2233599 -3.3710318 -0.6629816 -1.4087672
2010 SIN -1.1205918 0.41654071 -1.6209983 -3.7963034 -1.0882532 -1.4842748
2010 SRI -1.21224 0.31216905 -1.7379912 -4.0380559 -1.3300057 -1.2572173
2010 TAP -0.965798 0.43341865 -1.6103247 -3.8061559 -1.0981057 -1.4458085
2010 THA -0.6778733 0.64753384 -1.3969208 -3.4863858 -0.7783356 -1.2114078
2010 VIE -0.7420225 0.52040524 -1.5375608 -3.6974392 -0.989389 -1.4648567
2011 BAN -1.0980819 0.33972681 -1.7199218 -3.9834841 -1.2754339 -1.2729657
2011 BHU -1.2918501 0.28492686 -1.7671296 -4.0857174 -1.3776672 -1.2417131
2011 BRU -1.158719 0.38269015 -1.6569913 -3.8630839 -1.1550337 -1.3052265
2011 CAM -1.1217582 0.38478186 -1.6854422 -3.860534 -1.1524838 -1.1394343
2011 FIJ -1.1337468 0.36691318 -1.6816658 -3.8922613 -1.1842111 -1.072295
2011 HKG -1.1125547 0.36134214 -1.6771984 -3.9636801 -1.2556299 -1.4458085
2011 IND -0.8840593 0.44025869 -1.616771 -3.8595743 -1.1515241 -1.4648567
2011 INO -0.9183064 0.485313 -1.5664737 -3.6825402 -0.97449 -1.4648567
2011 JPN -0.8612875 0.55340803 -1.4890497 -3.5979082 -0.889858 -1.2114078
2011 KAZ -1.0425359 0.42316886 -1.6348143 -3.7750985 -1.0670483 -1.3730491
2011 KGZ -0.9364454 0.56424068 -1.4984791 -3.7947588 -1.0867086 -1.4271164
2011 KOR -0.7748212 0.58114756 -1.4603365 -3.569058 -0.8610078 -1.3556574
2011 LAO -1.365009 0.2848449 -1.7724975 -4.1134638 -1.4054136 -1.338563
2011 MAL -0.8767866 0.52530049 -1.5268638 -3.6410619 -0.9330117 -1.338563
2011 MLD -1.088301 0.32659883 -1.723303 -4.035362 -1.3273118 -1.2729657
2011 MON -1.1547497 0.43241243 -1.6211222 -3.7574062 -1.049356 -1.2572173
2011 NEP -1.3578746 0.33570503 -1.7319431 -3.9716519 -1.2636017 -1.3556574
2011 PAK -0.8945264 0.47018417 -1.6004545 -3.7071762 -0.999126 -1.338563
2011 PHI -0.8769799 0.48075102 -1.5754037 -3.7190136 -1.0109634 -1.4087672
2011 PRC -0.4874967 0.82905053 -1.2189224 -3.3700746 -0.6620244 -1.4087672
2011 SIN -1.1565246 0.39631044 -1.6416031 -3.849412 -1.1413618 -1.3730491
2011 SRI -1.1893241 0.33943496 -1.7116605 -3.9850243 -1.276974 -1.2114078
2011 TAP -0.9535353 0.44571222 -1.5979857 -3.7832447 -1.0751945 -1.4842748
2011 THA -0.8554842 0.521907 -1.5256378 -3.621548 -0.9134978 -1.1394343
2011 VIE -0.7445546 0.50892589 -1.5498015 -3.7165754 -1.0085252 -1.4458085
2012 BAN -1.0875067 0.34009741 -1.7179194 -3.9742384 -1.2661882 -1.2572173
2012 BHU -1.1939142 0.30129448 -1.7535131 -4.0421668 -1.3341166 -1.3217558
2012 BRU -1.1715413 0.37620991 -1.6645268 -3.8753861 -1.1673359 -1.288966
2012 CAM -1.1180756 0.38220811 -1.6861508 -3.8682399 -1.1601897 -1.1819939
2012 FIJ -1.1178037 0.36524157 -1.6833605 -3.8977699 -1.1897197 -1.0986123
2012 HKG -1.1160284 0.35588849 -1.6827724 -3.983459 -1.2754088 -1.4271164
2012 IND -0.9301376 0.41693086 -1.6395395 -3.8886614 -1.1806112 -1.4271164
2012 INO -0.9247368 0.47996631 -1.5715815 -3.6870122 -0.978962 -1.4648567
2012 JPN -0.8642388 0.54730243 -1.4951096 -3.6082779 -0.9002277 -1.2264457
2012 KAZ -1.1235722 0.38946214 -1.6582824 -3.8366715 -1.1286213 -1.3052265
2012 MLD -1.0008335 0.3595173 -1.6897057 -3.96435 -1.2562998 -1.3217558
2012 MON -1.1273988 0.39704757 -1.6562362 -3.8476905 -1.1396403 -1.338563

2012 NEP -1.1106755 0.43563528 -1.6382763 -3.7521776 -1.0441274 -1.4271164
2012 PAK -0.8971383 0.46597637 -1.6045953 -3.7081916 -1.0001414 -1.338563
2012 PHI -0.9003981 0.46879694 -1.5873685 -3.734142 -1.0260918 -1.4087672
2012 PRC -0.4781945 0.84014353 -1.2080749 -3.3629184 -0.6548682 -1.4087672
2012 SIN -1.1747812 0.39512758 -1.6427064 -3.8405732 -1.132523 -1.288966
2012 SRI -1.0735556 0.4034708 -1.6461197 -3.9035676 -1.1955174 -1.2572173
2012 TAP -0.9529227 0.45404625 -1.5896136 -3.7633418 -1.0552916 -1.5040774
2012 THA -0.8224809 0.5368307 -1.510247 -3.6097172 -0.901667 -1.1819939
2012 VIE -0.7334264 0.52350875 -1.5352611 -3.6968795 -0.9888293 -1.4648567
2013 BAN -1.0387711 0.35880909 -1.7004146 -3.9469646 -1.2389144 -1.2572173
2013 BHU -1.2288123 0.29799208 -1.7554688 -4.0457559 -1.3377057 -1.288966
2013 BRU -1.1776301 0.3723791 -1.6683202 -3.8843272 -1.176277 -1.2729657
2013 CAM -1.1154588 0.38244115 -1.6828032 -3.869809 -1.1617588 -1.1819939
2013 FIJ -1.1306109 0.35651042 -1.692167 -3.9178302 -1.20978 -1.0986123
2013 HKG -1.1009036 0.35889776 -1.6796855 -3.9817069 -1.2736567 -1.4271164
2013 IND -0.939889 0.41043651 -1.645878 -3.9001846 -1.1921344 -1.4087672
2013 INO -0.9315923 0.47639381 -1.5752453 -3.688593 -0.9805428 -1.4271164
2013 JPN -0.8760101 0.53155627 -1.5114662 -3.6273977 -0.9193475 -1.1819939
2013 KAZ -1.105996 0.39766426 -1.6528561 -3.8227515 -1.1147013 -1.2114078
2013 KGZ -1.0500953 0.44469272 -1.6216884 -3.8844066 -1.1763564 -1.5040774
2013 KOR -0.7718917 0.5887568 -1.4530931 -3.5596399 -0.8515897 -1.4087672
2013 LAO -1.3654112 0.28766912 -1.768468 -4.1073505 -1.3993003 -1.3556574
2013 MAL -0.847363 0.54507224 -1.5061185 -3.6157806 -0.9077304 -1.3730491
2013 MLD -1.0199623 0.37006029 -1.6804912 -3.9237048 -1.2156546 -1.2729657
2013 MON -1.1281371 0.40508165 -1.6463189 -3.8306167 -1.1225665 -1.2417131
2013 NEP -1.2903616 0.35782061 -1.712189 -3.9155934 -1.2075432 -1.338563
2013 PAK -0.9182305 0.4579145 -1.613179 -3.7138148 -1.0057646 -1.338563
2013 PHI -0.8947106 0.47254065 -1.5835176 -3.7310408 -1.0229906 -1.3730491
2013 PRC -0.4668956 0.85521029 -1.1923364 -3.3562389 -0.6481887 -1.3907487
2013 SIN -1.1386012 0.3939296 -1.6439481 -3.8471466 -1.1390964 -1.3052265
2013 SRI -1.0263939 0.4352694 -1.6134334 -3.8054557 -1.0974055 -1.2729657
2013 TAP -0.9848867 0.43924686 -1.605562 -3.7857749 -1.0777247 -1.5040774
2013 THA -0.8093531 0.54502445 -1.5019346 -3.5990965 -0.8910463 -1.1676052
2013 VIE -0.7647455 0.50427549 -1.5536074 -3.7165636 -1.0085134 -1.4458085
2014 BAN -1.0450205 0.35475624 -1.7040372 -3.9507119 -1.2426617 -1.2417131
2014 BHU -1.2501645 0.30265384 -1.7497789 -4.0284067 -1.3203565 -1.338563
2014 BRU -1.1440682 0.37641267 -1.6643008 -3.8942007 -1.1861505 -1.3052265
2014 CAM -1.1261018 0.37625228 -1.6861158 -3.8853091 -1.1772589 -1.1819939
2014 FIJ -1.2432566 0.33254631 -1.7157294 -3.9748112 -1.266761 -1.072295
2014 HKG -1.09024 0.36258342 -1.6759127 -3.976143 -1.2680928 -1.4458085
2014 IND -0.9286007 0.41886579 -1.6364473 -3.8858917 -1.1778414 -1.4087672
2014 INO -0.9220639 0.48222859 -1.5690925 -3.6812536 -0.9732034 -1.4271164
2014 JPN -0.8895453 0.51997787 -1.523272 -3.6425843 -0.9345341 -1.1676052
2014 KAZ -1.151334 0.3912911 -1.6584067 -3.8195381 -1.1114879 -1.2114078
2014 KGZ -0.9453608 0.52000173 -1.5473156 -3.7807404 -1.0726902 -1.3907487
2014 KOR -0.7610559 0.59672098 -1.4451265 -3.5541316 -0.8460814 -1.3217558
2014 LAO -1.3563134 0.27150873 -1.782883 -4.1559967 -1.4479465 -1.5242801
2014 MAL -0.8787531 0.51761905 -1.5338546 -3.6515002 -0.94345 -1.3730491
2014 MLD -1.1269182 0.32248508 -1.7306808 -4.023235 -1.3151848 -1.3217558
2014 MON -1.1041176 0.38151231 -1.6711042 -3.8596516 -1.1516014 -1.288966
2014 NEP -1.3687414 0.32792519 -1.7386478 -3.9890046 -1.2809544 -1.338563
2014 PAK -0.9390529 0.45372606 -1.6166864 -3.7212254 -1.0131752 -1.338563
2014 PHI -0.8963701 0.47167141 -1.5844093 -3.7326627 -1.0246125 -1.3730491
2014 PRC -0.463413 0.86076384 -1.1865765 -3.3501308 -0.6420806 -1.3907487
2014 SIN -1.1375543 0.3971696 -1.6406294 -3.8394442 -1.131394 -1.338563
2014 SRI -1.2147819 0.325676 -1.7228744 -4.0175734 -1.3095232 -1.2264457
2014 TAP -0.9867216 0.43946675 -1.6051203 -3.781798 -1.0737478 -1.4648567
2014 THA -0.7936321 0.55534816 -1.4915139 -3.5864735 -0.8784233 -1.1819939
2014 VIE -0.7863032 0.49160823 -1.5655642 -3.7302604 -1.0222102 -1.4458085
2015 BAN -1.0226504 0.36847841 -1.6896604 -3.9215359 -1.2134857 -1.2729657
2015 BHU -1.4480751 0.25090669 -1.8007456 -4.1998831 -1.4918329 -1.338563
2015 BRU -1.1312405 0.38957669 -1.6509682 -3.8682401 -1.1601899 -1.3556574
2015 CAM -1.1121145 0.37839023 -1.6817151 -3.8805876 -1.1725374 -1.2264457
2015 FIJ -1.2590676 0.32741214 -1.7206129 -3.983309 -1.2752588 -1.0986123
2015 HKG -1.0913184 0.36691248 -1.671472 -3.9605458 -1.2524956 -1.4648567
2015 IND -0.8881651 0.44535268 -1.6101907 -3.8324521 -1.1244019 -1.3730491
2015 INO -0.8936537 0.49040891 -1.5616685 -3.6699814 -0.9619312 -1.4087672
2015 JPN -0.9081344 0.51023662 -1.5329845 -3.6601685 -0.9521183 -1.2264457
2015 KAZ -1.116367 0.40904994 -1.6414806 -3.7764238 -1.0683736 -1.2114078
2015 KGZ -0.9140807 0.56183247 -1.5065343 -3.7283499 -1.0202997 -1.4842748
2015 KOR -0.7451643 0.6072398 -1.4346209 -3.5423386 -0.8342884 -1.3730491
2015 LAO -1.2776848 0.29060499 -1.7630389 -4.0941711 -1.3861209 -1.4648567
2015 MAL -0.815809 0.56060635 -1.4897393 -3.5919322 -0.883882 -1.3556574
2015 MLD -1.0771711 0.3529503 -1.6950445 -3.9471893 -1.2391391 -1.1965927
2015 MON -1.1039011 0.39317545 -1.6606871 -3.8318635 -1.1238133 -1.2417131
2015 NEP -1.3612958 0.33112986 -1.7391292 -3.9830965 -1.2750463 -1.3730491
2015 PAK -0.9390529 0.45372606 -1.6166864 -3.7212254 -1.0131752 -1.338563
2015 PHI -0.913855 0.46171325 -1.593148 -3.7487171 -1.0406669 -1.3556574
2015 PRC -0.4637799 0.86582708 -1.1818367 -3.3424157 -0.6343655 -1.3907487
2015 SIN -1.0583793 0.42667705 -1.6104609 -3.7824845 -1.0744343 -1.3556574
2015 SRI -1.2015342 0.33262972 -1.7162156 -4.0034586 -1.2954084 -1.2264457
2015 TAP -1.0064453 0.42838636 -1.6163584 -3.7994929 -1.0914427 -1.4271164
2015 THA -0.7619 0.57708047 -1.4680753 -3.561499 -0.8534488 -1.1965927
2015 VIE -0.792617 0.48528915 -1.5709336 -3.7399615 -1.0319113 -1.4458085
2016 BAN -1.0066293 0.38085639 -1.6776449 -3.9027144 -1.1946642 -1.338563
2016 BHU -1.4926534 0.2348714 -1.8157701 -4.2550416 -1.5469914 -1.338563
2016 BRU -1.2814178 0.32114067 -1.721115 -3.9900392 -1.281989 -1.3217558
2016 CAM -1.0948665 0.38546184 -1.6729118 -3.864324 -1.1562738 -1.2572173
2016 FIJ -1.2529587 0.33006628 -1.7178927 -3.9758793 -1.2678291 -1.125641
2016 HKG -1.0888745 0.36073462 -1.6778066 -3.9828522 -1.274802 -1.4648567
2016 IND -0.9010936 0.42484051 -1.6295025 -3.8844791 -1.1764289 -1.3730491
2016 INO -0.8740534 0.47989602 -1.5724365 -3.68165 -0.9735998 -1.3556574
2016 JPN -0.8806798 0.53550732 -1.5075434 -3.6243654 -0.9163152 -1.2264457
2016 KAZ -1.1227131 0.40564595 -1.6446802 -3.7877905 -1.0797403 -1.2264457
2016 KGZ -0.8996069 0.56397182 -1.5060957 -3.7242275 -1.0161773 -1.4648567
2016 KOR -0.729461 0.61669886 -1.4250324 -3.5422981 -0.8342479 -1.3907487
2016 LAO -1.2922916 0.29146287 -1.7611641 -4.1007532 -1.392703 -1.4271164
2016 MAL -0.8048283 0.56621393 -1.4848526 -3.58386 -0.8758098 -1.3556574
2016 MLD -1.0920572 0.34874622 -1.6995304 -3.9555757 -1.2475255 -1.2114078
2016 MON -1.0824598 0.40563178 -1.6470226 -3.8093902 -1.10134 -1.3052265
2016 NEP -1.3482434 0.34308286 -1.7309218 -3.9472731 -1.2392229 -1.3907487
2016 PAK -0.9241541 0.46434404 -1.6070277 -3.7102714 -1.0022212 -1.3217558
2016 PHI -0.9250164 0.4556152 -1.598508 -3.7585817 -1.0505315 -1.3907487
2016 PRC -0.459952 0.86575723 -1.1810112 -3.3541609 -0.6461107 -1.3907487
2016 SIN -1.0139613 0.44510218 -1.5916379 -3.7501881 -1.0421379 -1.3217558
2016 SRI -1.2258623 0.32469676 -1.7238863 -4.0195695 -1.3115193 -1.2114078
2016 TAP -1.0438757 0.41207868 -1.6331855 -3.8257709 -1.1177207 -1.4087672
2016 THA -0.7416653 0.59088377 -1.4533726 -3.545978 -0.8379278 -1.2264457
2016 VIE -0.7988739 0.4794821 -1.5758369 -3.7488332 -1.040783 -1.4842748
2017 BAN -1.0164564 0.37548195 -1.6825777 -3.9139257 -1.2058755 -1.338563
2017 BHU -1.3386273 0.28077865 -1.7692343 -4.1084701 -1.4004199 -1.2417131
2017 BRU -1.243784 0.33539237 -1.7063613 -3.9590418 -1.2509916 -1.3556574
2017 CAM -1.0869717 0.38749045 -1.6700436 -3.8607194 -1.1526692 -1.2729657
2017 FIJ -1.3234451 0.29898013 -1.7567654 -4.0552135 -1.3471633 -1.0986123
2017 HKG -1.1018504 0.35101227 -1.6877553 -4.0089095 -1.3008593 -1.5040774
2017 IND -0.9392995 0.40237625 -1.6512262 -3.9152934 -1.2072432 -1.3730491
2017 INO -0.8792304 0.48489078 -1.5670061 -3.6786561 -0.9706059 -1.3730491
2017 JPN -0.8958539 0.52213167 -1.5211459 -3.6421727 -0.9341225 -1.1965927
2017 KAZ -1.0532656 0.44075326 -1.6100838 -3.7229828 -1.0149326 -1.2114078
2017 KGZ -0.9000304 0.57567655 -1.4864484 -3.7063216 -0.9982713 -1.3556574
2017 KOR -0.7427484 0.61264722 -1.4292059 -3.5397074 -0.8316572 -1.3907487
2017 LAO -1.3530481 0.28233953 -1.7701151 -4.1131603 -1.4051101 -1.3730491
2017 MAL -0.8276432 0.55438918 -1.4977519 -3.600555 -0.8925048 -1.338563
2017 MLD -1.1409408 0.33634167 -1.7113685 -3.9894568 -1.2814066 -1.2114078
2017 MON -1.1287307 0.36799828 -1.6849131 -3.8958481 -1.1877979 -1.288966
2017 NEP -1.2168129 0.3907073 -1.6855936 -3.8311117 -1.1230615 -1.3730491
2017 PAK -0.9371441 0.45904587 -1.6127104 -3.7217657 -1.0137155 -1.338563
2017 PHI -0.9438383 0.44517779 -1.6092704 -3.7743408 -1.0662906 -1.3907487
2017 PRC -0.4834274 0.82948053 -1.2180083 -3.3783504 -0.6703002 -1.3907487
2017 SIN -1.0898021 0.41171743 -1.6257216 -3.8076952 -1.099645 -1.288966
2017 SRI -1.2176726 0.32802208 -1.7207902 -4.0117081 -1.3036579 -1.2264457
2017 TAP -1.0583807 0.40239796 -1.6429096 -3.8441576 -1.1361074 -1.3730491
2017 THA -0.7781751 0.56007121 -1.485581 -3.5813085 -0.8732583 -1.1965927
2017 VIE -0.8173781 0.463288 -1.5906121 -3.774521 -1.0664708 -1.4458085
2018 BAN -1.0243347 0.37010335 -1.6873486 -3.9308471 -1.2227969 -1.3052265
2018 BHU -1.3321179 0.28212592 -1.7678784 -4.1057437 -1.3976935 -1.2264457
2018 BRU -1.2981333 0.30524139 -1.7369747 -4.0518324 -1.3437822 -1.3730491
2018 CAM -1.0815952 0.38838317 -1.6683191 -3.8592202 -1.15117 -1.2729657
2018 FIJ -1.3899169 0.27432285 -1.7748964 -4.1427397 -1.4346895 -1.0986123
2018 HKG -1.1191515 0.34735426 -1.6914946 -4.0126692 -1.304619 -1.5040774
2018 IND -0.9342932 0.40388791 -1.648955 -3.910304 -1.2022538 -1.3730491
2018 INO -0.9010272 0.46866847 -1.5830147 -3.7014886 -0.9934384 -1.4087672
2018 JPN -0.9079022 0.51241122 -1.5310282 -3.6556114 -0.9475612 -1.2114078
2018 KAZ -1.0637877 0.42762345 -1.6236834 -3.7513349 -1.0432847 -1.2114078
2018 KGZ -0.9108289 0.57333177 -1.4880844 -3.7027257 -0.9946755 -1.4087672
2018 KOR -0.7690886 0.59091698 -1.4512637 -3.5615153 -0.8534651 -1.3907487
2018 LAO -1.339822 0.28202055 -1.7701139 -4.1263338 -1.4182836 -1.338563
2018 MAL -0.8188864 0.56367208 -1.4861618 -3.5910732 -0.883023 -1.288966
2018 MLD -1.1142991 0.34960461 -1.6970321 -3.9567853 -1.2487351 -1.3052265
2018 MON -1.212069 0.32742211 -1.7257369 -3.9970436 -1.2889934 -1.338563
2018 NEP -1.1848196 0.40647806 -1.6706981 -3.7980978 -1.0900476 -1.3907487
2018 PAK -0.9667281 0.44083167 -1.6310119 -3.7417888 -1.0337386 -1.338563
2018 PHI -0.9673742 0.43453332 -1.6198526 -3.7907314 -1.0826812 -1.3907487
2018 PRC -0.48474 0.82686797 -1.2206498 -3.3807728 -0.6727226 -1.3907487
2018 SIN -1.078588 0.40845844 -1.6290396 -3.8174138 -1.1093636 -1.288966
2018 SRI -1.2108974 0.33466555 -1.7138754 -3.9956228 -1.2875726 -1.1676052
2018 TAP -1.0952833 0.38690822 -1.6583615 -3.872999 -1.1649488 -1.3730491
2018 THA -0.7926964 0.5535315 -1.4915012 -3.5854266 -0.8773764 -1.1819939
2018 VIE -0.808792 0.47145464 -1.581726 -3.762143 -1.0540928 -1.4648567
Determinant Determinant Mean path l Cycling indeAverage prop
Overall sensiIndex of direIndex of indi
0.80460367 1.00114109 0.42424089 -2.2023349 0.54475442 -0.1681995 -0.3535054 -1.9451697
0.21041785 0.36369042 0.27649205 -3.8053499 0.46209721 -0.4480247 -0.8109302 -1.6376088
0.52989646 0.65839947 0.23783744 -2.7820917 0.33389003 -0.6646677 -0.8943118 -2.2485179
1.08306155 1.64470939 0.38137402 -2.0540814 0.54316884 -0.2822647 -0.556288 -1.7106916
1.06184485 1.51117814 0.65532656 -2.2854463 0.81701762 -0.1894581 -0.4121541 -1.8006881
1.66090233 2.27741996 0.39232277 -2.1312442 0.35149204 -0.5295178 -0.6625102 -2.61274
1.42676461 1.64038889 0.51786109 -1.919528 0.5661632 -0.3535054 -0.603916 -1.8607523
0.95091119 1.3093063 0.48706036 -2.3663395 0.59895728 -0.2465638 -0.5640701 -1.5483777
1.48452875 1.7199255 0.57087573 -1.9351339 0.68026032 -0.1337431 -0.2862017 -2.0898661
1.37232698 1.81664813 0.61778404 -1.5439572 0.62051382 -0.3813146 -0.5719133 -2.1326861
1.8434274 2.15575052 0.74295981 -1.3086912 0.70774463 -0.4661592 -0.6539265 -2.2311261
1.71457901 2.10177668 0.58536975 -1.6039103 0.73456971 -0.2157634 -0.4816265 -1.6705256
0.90662882 1.42725282 0.24512266 -2.7141166 0.22480422 -0.7717095 -0.9501923 -2.5828871
1.92708457 3.38513032 0.39582586 -2.0411426 0.61608526 -0.3142035 -0.5182606 -2.0038532
1.53748761 2.13090904 0.33252466 -2.4693943 0.64880257 -0.3878435 -0.679902 -1.7611225
2.2459233 3.3083957 0.40898659 -1.9265176 0.65679443 -0.3300485 -0.548566 -1.9582077
0.90867631 1.5022053 0.4899308 -2.2733382 0.66012448 -0.2231436 -0.4888467 -1.6784308
1.48092412 1.66122129 0.58146433 -1.9702294 0.66421401 -0.408804 -0.548566 -2.4456859
0.81112556 1.0848441 0.45579346 -2.1661715 0.56620941 -0.3233732 -0.6369769 -1.6357058
1.60760107 1.82514383 0.86484048 -1.5018758 0.80692079 -0.158605 -0.2570451 -2.5257286
2.10777184 4.12710299 0.4106935 -1.8490108 0.45137831 -0.3254224 -0.4602733 -2.3956755
0.35441974 0.87174427 0.19753287 -3.5911643 0.4598437 -0.359324 -0.7911276 -1.4072532
1.49241864 2.24835493 0.44535081 -1.8808698 0.60544996 -0.2891647 -0.556288 -1.7397997
1.19360417 1.69291023 0.58658213 -2.0016292 0.67999677 -0.2057039 -0.4393667 -1.7741379
1.28459393 2.12955643 0.48703926 -1.7838502 0.59075154 -0.3977174 -0.6120794 -2.0430739
0.70198342 0.91486876 0.41787586 -2.3777134 0.52089107 -0.2686059 -0.4188881 -2.2380466
0.25011421 0.48360757 0.30210335 -3.5857698 0.50624034 -0.2822647 -0.6369769 -1.4908322
0.76928132 1.10164498 0.35295304 -2.5832773 0.42925165 -0.1903537 -0.3856625 -1.9195928
1.08452096 1.62757433 0.38725957 -2.0191941 0.55414171 -0.2793221 -0.5409031 -1.7482744
0.87246153 1.55153108 0.44527553 -2.7034543 0.60479834 -0.3641099 -0.5182606 -2.3100201
1.55994539 2.24768611 0.37967817 -2.2024757 0.34309053 -0.6341797 -0.7432716 -2.9037948
1.2329516 1.49476451 0.51913152 -1.9540627 0.52374435 -0.4428209 -0.6369769 -2.177422
1.54857333 1.81413051 0.51534809 -2.2956994 0.63243708 -0.1903537 -0.4256678 -1.7525388
1.49807979 2.03565295 0.57014463 -1.8488855 0.68827739 -0.1439559 -0.3041126 -2.0545683
2.03296604 2.55212359 0.48088001 -1.9530088 0.65156534 -0.3076329 -0.548566 -1.8489179
2.27954889 3.0510107 0.5256218 -1.4136013 0.72732714 -0.5917947 -0.8109302 -2.2174273
1.68792127 2.0684909 0.6269098 -1.5081279 0.73322218 -0.2011646 -0.4462871 -1.7272209
0.67054786 1.04852983 0.27416297 -2.8780878 0.45413054 -0.5108256 -0.7621401 -2.014903
1.70768559 2.73001584 0.44917771 -2.0551653 0.69400039 -0.2408927 -0.4462871 -1.9246561
0.86463336 1.51321983 0.37691096 -2.9263729 0.35245686 -0.4451304 -0.7247525 -1.8560017
1.32824597 1.80532258 0.41870489 -2.2286447 0.5220123 -0.158605 -0.3409266 -1.9503645
0.79251196 1.33774278 0.39715176 -2.6081047 0.61579849 -0.2637727 -0.5877867 -1.5483777
0.96965165 1.21527244 0.49506371 -2.42962 0.57307589 -0.3823998 -0.5877867 -2.0661963
1.4550249 2.093175 0.46302936 -2.0167422 0.48693849 -0.3737511 -0.5719133 -2.0898661
2.10875431 2.41498682 0.91168416 -1.317819 0.91685239 -0.1770024 -0.2981066 -2.3480475
1.95896013 4.46303427 0.3820705 -1.927993 0.41758814 -0.3737511 -0.5640701 -2.1264555
0.82921311 1.15287066 0.36154001 -2.556048 0.56558427 -0.2715171 -0.5257513 -1.7654422
1.56195294 2.34244993 0.46284812 -1.6514012 0.60871306 -0.2418357 -0.548566 -1.5730703
1.41000746 1.93266741 0.68470887 -1.5867546 0.75586999 -0.2637727 -0.474458 -1.9246561
1.94871521 2.65778248 0.59023076 -1.5398801 0.62250128 -0.3011051 -0.5034455 -1.9983737
0.73005302 0.96821094 0.41710299 -2.3715562 0.51800968 -0.2599228 -0.3988206 -2.3025851
0.26159973 0.52360104 0.31667695 -3.5362177 0.51379206 -0.2793221 -0.6286087 -1.5007496
0.89022794 1.22119224 0.37821531 -2.3702484 0.4591457 -0.1809891 -0.3726753 -1.9271974
1.07080105 1.62303764 0.39070926 -2.0845339 0.55952053 -0.2822647 -0.548566 -1.7355892
0.67178422 1.32202945 0.37932191 -2.9985384 0.51096401 -0.3922199 -0.5719133 -2.1972246
1.63273159 2.33039209 0.38773435 -2.1699548 0.36636506 -0.6161861 -0.7065702 -3.0647251
1.23764159 1.49017842 0.51627693 -1.941488 0.52750664 -0.36198 -0.6120794 -1.8703218
1.60138702 1.89870151 0.50237205 -2.3140768 0.63430198 -0.2011646 -0.4532558 -1.7025283
1.54139499 2.22360343 0.58076903 -1.8106242 0.70301006 -0.1362865 -0.2921364 -2.0720614
2.15286621 2.56001965 0.49383475 -1.9154092 0.69092709 -0.2891647 -0.5108256 -1.904555
1.83067551 2.64144841 0.44728259 -1.695464 0.58988278 -0.5022208 -0.7247525 -2.1141097
1.61311732 2.07288473 0.60838869 -1.5441021 0.71305436 -0.1894581 -0.4188881 -1.7741379
0.77331685 1.17660938 0.27068337 -2.897635 0.456152 -0.5219989 -0.7717095 -2.0317101
1.54408911 2.48680091 0.47122595 -2.1168708 0.67347253 -0.3111655 -0.5182606 -1.987504
0.90401811 1.54825117 0.40155157 -2.7569391 0.38004697 -0.4302133 -0.6976015 -1.8799837
1.25812962 1.80970444 0.39162178 -2.3706016 0.49786207 -0.158605 -0.3409266 -1.9503645
0.78116546 1.3536636 0.39420356 -2.6408625 0.6141074 -0.2608839 -0.5798185 -1.5588856
1.09997976 1.35673657 0.5081161 -2.3386773 0.59689264 -0.3856625 -0.5958188 -2.0488046
1.43491689 2.0168616 0.48380054 -1.941603 0.502555 -0.3802306 -0.5877867 -2.0545683
2.13208357 2.41682223 0.91928302 -1.3118782 0.91092537 -0.1664482 -0.280302 -2.3956755
1.76610002 4.50854959 0.31793326 -2.1791619 0.38688157 -0.3867524 -0.5958188 -2.0545683
0.82923938 1.14765146 0.36027821 -2.5717197 0.56207904 -0.2380692 -0.5182606 -1.6471782
1.58336106 2.40176643 0.46845179 -1.6395748 0.61340887 -0.2522673 -0.548566 -1.6131485
1.39803296 1.9890473 0.68580948 -1.6185063 0.76468846 -0.2560877 -0.4602733 -1.9451697
1.97817524 2.66579499 0.63527464 -1.4457855 0.63397725 -0.2744368 -0.4462871 -2.1202635
0.73392049 0.95457287 0.42598352 -2.3741015 0.52791578 -0.2599228 -0.3988206 -2.3025851
0.24662558 0.49750717 0.28287846 -3.6661318 0.50730646 -0.2793221 -0.6286087 -1.5007496
0.71351068 1.1164367 0.35450366 -2.6601792 0.40577309 -0.1725913 -0.3598546 -1.9400017
1.11362408 1.62646663 0.40303324 -2.0588377 0.57372294 -0.2628088 -0.5034455 -1.8051825
0.57355456 1.30490848 0.32439476 -3.1651669 0.46498466 -0.3977174 -0.5877867 -2.1516141
1.62449005 2.22852856 0.39421787 -2.1590528 0.37951091 -0.5811421 -0.7432716 -2.4804721
1.27568067 1.51352502 0.52428278 -1.9443507 0.53896522 -0.334696 -0.5719133 -1.8897399
1.78979583 2.02541121 0.54486009 -2.2411695 0.6754283 -0.1984509 -0.4462871 -1.7147984
1.57335823 2.07706606 0.55815585 -1.9302181 0.70124518 -0.1337431 -0.2862017 -2.0898661
2.03569865 2.35298263 0.47843037 -1.9814605 0.64371192 -0.2686059 -0.5034455 -1.8325815
3.40372308 4.10069518 0.55224982 -1.4464749 0.87146258 -0.3419688 -0.5798185 -1.8946539
1.59044862 2.02368972 0.62994732 -1.5280599 0.72872796 -0.2002593 -0.4256678 -1.8006881
0.78069765 1.28771111 0.31989448 -2.7727011 0.4681633 -0.5145362 -0.7526613 -2.0661963
1.68316241 2.36031607 0.51448408 -1.9536181 0.7115996 -0.2961126 -0.4816265 -2.0720614
0.71624433 1.70860537 0.32077507 -3.0792088 0.26574744 -0.5608202 -0.9617531 -1.668559
1.36430162 1.90613515 0.40105134 -2.2718886 0.51717017 -0.1516846 -0.3285041 -1.9714179
0.72799099 1.3781512 0.36538213 -2.7020824 0.59523025 -0.2637727 -0.5877867 -1.5483777
1.05192633 1.44078571 0.47295055 -2.3608659 0.55913507 -0.4359243 -0.603916 -2.3025851
1.6028943 2.0946781 0.52533196 -1.8420126 0.54697942 -0.3630444 -0.548566 -2.1389557
2.27798464 2.51064845 0.95429977 -1.2849543 0.9526316 -0.1278334 -0.2744368 -2.1202635
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1.59125542 2.07578084 0.5050505 -1.8679611 0.53982724 -0.3726753 -0.5719133 -2.0838959
2.4092024 2.58441508 0.99780985 -1.2541705 1.007749 -0.14054 -0.3041126 -2.0317101
2.02405115 4.37079818 0.45063882 -1.7987366 0.44706053 -0.3966155 -0.5719133 -2.2242532
0.7318629 1.17890092 0.34743844 -2.6165314 0.55034722 -0.2788325 -0.6120794 -1.5397046
1.46584963 2.18254589 0.43399956 -1.7399127 0.58444786 -0.2637727 -0.4961195 -1.8372218
1.27298863 1.71170563 0.64687455 -1.8170176 0.73352356 -0.2390095 -0.4188881 -2.0430739
1.74329065 2.776101 0.5975375 -1.6103322 0.63927187 -0.3243973 -0.556288 -1.8995922
0.76638631 0.95378697 0.44922111 -2.2634252 0.54977117 -0.1770024 -0.3856625 -1.8465677
0.25098354 0.49760207 0.30408973 -3.4610373 0.50100318 -0.3609167 -0.71562 -1.5695052
0.60940875 1.17530367 0.34008652 -2.8611673 0.36418993 -0.3182686 -0.4324938 -2.5444208
1.14690049 1.71388805 0.4113366 -2.0515604 0.57492006 -0.2541757 -0.4888467 -1.8187881
0.57220506 1.15355412 0.30954137 -3.2995347 0.42952363 -0.4486046 -0.603916 -2.3875783
1.57854151 2.1894109 0.40384998 -2.059059 0.38135227 -0.5640701 -0.7065702 -2.5828871
1.20526734 1.38593896 0.49577537 -2.0288528 0.50779546 -0.3492948 -0.6120794 -1.8142323
1.87851427 2.13975864 0.53631822 -2.3249662 0.66776256 -0.2093502 -0.474458 -1.6665963
1.4497142 2.09059157 0.52468594 -1.9450163 0.65922152 -0.1413929 -0.3041126 -2.0373759
0.9110943 1.15449155 0.42893361 -2.5906817 0.60937927 -0.3823998 -0.6286087 -1.904555
3.43543379 4.01413092 0.52181462 -1.5129285 0.85130225 -0.3101549 -0.603916 -1.6784308
1.80432535 2.22558838 0.64589045 -1.469229 0.76516192 -0.2305785 -0.4054651 -2.0603654
0.82047795 1.18818339 0.29901441 -2.8426248 0.48095856 -0.4302133 -0.6887126 -1.9095425
1.85728487 2.57883546 0.5746145 -1.9179637 0.76094704 -0.2380692 -0.4393667 -1.9400017
0.62926326 1.19135458 0.38495432 -2.7498115 0.39596839 -0.4256678 -0.679902 -1.9195928
1.00510102 1.54658033 0.39073937 -2.7018953 0.46870173 -0.1577374 -0.3223502 -2.0430739
0.76718167 1.32415029 0.35122212 -2.7647743 0.58539968 -0.2866949 -0.603916 -1.5892722
1.25243341 1.4688107 0.4971611 -2.2658859 0.6178825 -0.3856625 -0.5958188 -2.0488046
1.55906847 2.07619946 0.49287333 -1.8920343 0.52735561 -0.3726753 -0.5719133 -2.0838959
2.334019 2.51709954 0.95884916 -1.3089522 0.97237727 -0.1431008 -0.3101549 -2.014903
1.84446184 4.42536938 0.40989947 -1.9121549 0.40691174 -0.4166384 -0.6203099 -2.1079934
0.72891554 1.1643194 0.35086059 -2.6128674 0.55428925 -0.2729759 -0.5958188 -1.5606477
1.40552329 2.16390283 0.42620461 -1.7455225 0.57177161 -0.2618459 -0.4961195 -1.8279625
1.21947762 1.70870993 0.61478585 -1.8788638 0.70474101 -0.2560877 -0.4602733 -1.9451697
1.67606423 2.76572384 0.58265811 -1.6164304 0.622096 -0.3336614 -0.5798185 -1.8560017
0.77241899 0.97414032 0.4447808 -2.2302167 0.54696813 -0.1823216 -0.3988206 -1.8187881
0.25512063 0.49591981 0.30641338 -3.4464997 0.50361784 -0.3430121 -0.6976015 -1.5518681
0.52987059 1.18608424 0.31888519 -2.9544352 0.33420892 -0.3388454 -0.4816265 -2.3558296
1.14953276 1.71658066 0.41408352 -2.0434705 0.57712884 -0.3041126 -0.5108256 -1.9821132
0.53241017 1.14944795 0.28647746 -3.3909151 0.4349444 -0.4708929 -0.6711683 -2.177422
1.55904956 2.16460376 0.39535158 -2.0777933 0.37296752 -0.5758581 -0.7339692 -2.4983297
1.22038208 1.40690124 0.49900153 -2.0228495 0.50881488 -0.3492948 -0.6120794 -1.8142323
1.80833976 2.11697279 0.52113229 -2.3612447 0.65308322 -0.2120937 -0.4816265 -1.6549003
1.41963705 2.10766367 0.51645734 -1.9663703 0.64889849 -0.1413929 -0.3041126 -2.0373759
0.89716706 1.13035483 0.42334298 -2.5721111 0.59702841 -0.4486046 -0.6369769 -2.2106476
3.40643558 3.98638675 0.51448348 -1.5323489 0.84516418 -0.2911449 -0.5719133 -1.6984715
1.72716756 2.1615926 0.62256802 -1.5047599 0.74194621 -0.2343169 -0.4121541 -2.0488046
0.80206995 1.13923683 0.30366552 -2.7514557 0.48602148 -0.4347795 -0.6976015 -1.8995922
1.9130903 2.61180795 0.58146697 -1.9268123 0.77412866 -0.2231436 -0.4054651 -2.014903
0.64484143 1.20969894 0.39771301 -2.4393741 0.3914894 -0.433636 -0.7065702 -1.8655256
0.87691545 1.46838847 0.35322511 -2.8263013 0.42589255 -0.2157634 -0.3856625 -2.0720614
0.75078746 1.36890799 0.3649971 -2.7746868 0.59742389 -0.2695754 -0.603916 -1.5276873
1.16710284 1.40806795 0.47856078 -2.3448366 0.59073556 -0.3823998 -0.5877867 -2.0661963
1.51466044 2.06448463 0.47816445 -1.927725 0.51457404 -0.3802306 -0.5877867 -2.0545683
2.32932934 2.5178459 0.95674113 -1.3127316 0.97000789 -0.14054 -0.3041126 -2.0317101
1.83372867 4.42184656 0.41562964 -1.8749924 0.4053417 -0.4166384 -0.6203099 -2.1079934
0.768808 1.19458604 0.35372188 -2.6072235 0.56169937 -0.2758999 -0.603916 -1.5501213
1.33490054 2.12832554 0.40713376 -1.7903182 0.55319944 -0.2715171 -0.5182606 -1.7917595
1.1917771 1.69044178 0.60261692 -1.9143662 0.69655154 -0.2560877 -0.4602733 -1.9451697
1.70339536 2.76930371 0.58950055 -1.5920616 0.63077767 -0.3336614 -0.5798185 -1.8560017
Global intensity index y (columns) 0 1 2 3
3.07821962 x (rows) Percentage iAverage outpAverage of LAverage techn
2.95392492 0 Percentage i 1.00
2.9821423 1 Average outp 0.92 1.00
3.06743926 2 Average of L 0.92 1.00 1.00
3.3443984 3 Average techn 0.90 0.95 0.94 1.00
3.07161643 4 Mean interme 0.90 0.95 0.94 1.00
3.16526505 5 Percentage o- 0.14 - 0.13 - 0.12 - 0.04
3.13665136 6 Determinant 0.64 0.69 0.69 0.62
3.26688276 7 Determinant 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.42
3.2413602 8 Mean path l 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.87
3.33087628 9 Cycling inde 0.82 0.77 0.77 0.74
3.23351725 10 Average prop 0.79 0.88 0.86 0.82
2.95144586 11 Overall sensi 0.43 0.49 0.49 0.56
3.15588161 12 Index of dire 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.69
3.09375479 13 Index of indi - 0.11 - 0.09 - 0.11 - 0.07
3.17105296 14 Global intens 0.92 1.00 1.00 0.95
3.197733 -329.81467 143.169884 -524.00375 -1239.1461
3.20133252 -329.81467 143.169884 -524.00375 -1239.1461
3.12325197
3.49020982
3.13903514
2.90221743
3.12854174
3.25672982
3.07909682
3.06729495
3.00560091
3.08857102
3.06973287
3.12763555
3.061377
3.13721159
3.19429484
3.27585063
3.20815089
3.18793522
3.2790225
2.97908413
3.18920391
2.99149901
3.15411233
3.12028098
3.14732755
3.12090758
3.51552306
3.10824743
3.04386963
3.13704803
3.32294586
3.1830202
3.06566518
3.01377461
3.10143524
3.08272217
3.05161743
3.06689562
3.13811481
3.18786923
3.28439521
3.25145707
3.11361023
3.27433645
2.97571729
3.19427437
3.01474233
3.12828744
3.11717493
3.15878965
3.13575518
3.51350352
3.08080061
3.04145558
3.14060818
3.33485883
3.1936193
3.07372125
3.00051684
3.06125142
3.09602771
3.00801913
3.07057084
3.14667545
3.22095159
3.28358762
3.22600855
3.33721287
3.29655065
2.98882976
3.21904847
2.92031434
3.13822604
3.08033986
3.12050146
3.17866689
3.54368132
3.15454811
2.98020155
3.14676898
3.33002136
3.2304972
3.07914442
3.02386896
3.08772556
3.07774778
3.07402476
3.06632307
3.14506314
3.20188221
3.26279452
3.14806258
3.21297328
3.29655065
2.99290742
3.22331956
3.02819585
3.15335842
3.09168408
3.15848053
3.18215341
3.53321336
3.12459091
3.02021925
3.14146885
3.35558404
3.22845545
3.04777701
2.99297706
3.09074035
3.09283206
3.07496338
3.06939234
3.1483089
3.1933632
3.26145823
3.13121906
3.27229088
3.28919776
2.99289511
3.23335069
3.03464903
3.14046263
3.04375523
3.17823437
3.18880122
3.53710073
3.10436064
3.04748517
3.15376242
3.2299572
3.21697609
3.04814761
3.00934468
3.08426011
3.09025831
3.07329177
3.06393869
3.12498106
3.18801651
3.25535263
3.09751234
3.0675675
3.10509777
3.14368549
3.17402657
3.17684714
3.54819373
3.10317778
3.111521
3.16209645
3.2448809
3.23155895
3.06685929
3.00604228
3.0804293
3.09049135
3.06456062
3.06694796
3.11848671
3.18444401
3.23960647
3.10571446
3.15274292
3.296807
2.99571932
3.25312245
3.07811049
3.11313185
3.06587082
3.1659647
3.18059085
3.56326049
3.1019798
3.1433196
3.14729706
3.25307465
3.21232569
3.06280644
3.01070404
3.08446287
3.08430248
3.04059651
3.07063363
3.126916
3.19027879
3.22802807
3.0993413
3.22805193
3.30477118
2.97955893
3.22566925
3.03053528
3.08956251
3.03597539
3.16177626
3.17972161
3.56881404
3.1052198
3.0337262
3.14751695
3.26339836
3.19965843
3.07652861
2.95895689
3.09762689
3.08644043
3.03546234
3.07496268
3.15340288
3.19845911
3.21828682
3.11710014
3.26988267
3.31529
2.9986552
3.26865656
3.0610005
3.10122565
3.03918006
3.16177626
3.16976345
3.57387728
3.13472725
3.04067992
3.13643656
3.28513067
3.19333935
3.08890659
2.9429216
3.02919087
3.09351204
3.03811648
3.06878482
3.13289071
3.18794623
3.24355752
3.11369615
3.27202202
3.32474906
2.99951308
3.27426414
3.05679643
3.11368199
3.05113306
3.17239424
3.1636654
3.57380743
3.15315238
3.03274696
3.12012888
3.29893397
3.1875323
3.08353215
2.98882885
3.04344257
3.09554065
3.00703033
3.05906247
3.11042645
3.19294098
3.23018187
3.14880346
3.28372675
3.32069743
2.99038973
3.26243938
3.04439187
3.07604848
3.0987575
3.16709607
3.15322799
3.53753073
3.11976763
3.03607228
3.11044817
3.26812141
3.1713382
3.07815355
2.99017612
3.0132916
3.09643337
2.98237305
3.05540446
3.11193811
3.17671867
3.22046142
3.13567365
3.28138197
3.29896718
2.99007075
3.27172228
3.05765481
3.03547231
3.11452826
3.14888187
3.14258352
3.53491817
3.11650865
3.04271575
3.09495842
3.2615817
3.17950484
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Mean intermePercentage oDeterminant Determinant Mean path l Cycling indeAverage prop
Overall sensi
1.00
- 0.04 1.00
0.62 - 0.45 1.00
0.42 - 0.40 0.87 1.00
0.87 - 0.15 0.60 0.35 1.00
0.74 - 0.36 0.81 0.68 0.76 1.00
0.82 - 0.06 0.60 0.31 0.82 0.63 1.00
0.56 0.23 0.11 - 0.02 0.43 0.24 0.57 1.00
0.69 0.23 0.23 0.10 0.55 0.40 0.54 0.89
- 0.07 0.06 - 0.18 - 0.21 - 0.11 - 0.20 0.22 0.48
0.95 - 0.13 0.69 0.46 0.95 0.77 0.88 0.49
-359.02982 -433.43935 430.318901 615.548234 153.531753 -716.30379 189.699481 -100.75359
-359.02982 -433.43935 430.318901 615.548234 153.531753 -716.30379 189.699481 -100.75359
12 13 14
Index of direIndex of indiGlobal intensity index
1.00
0.03 1.00
0.61 - 0.09 1.00
-173.10181 -636.42099 1023.2862
-173.10181 -636.42099 1023.2862
Pe
abo
Dete
non-c
Leon
Dete
c
Leon
sensi
Ind
interr
Index
interre
Globa
Globa
Note: The g
Source: Asi
Figure 1.8: Co
Average
output
multiplier
Average of
Leontief
Inverse
Average
technical
coefficient
Mean
intermediate
coefficient
Percentage of
above average
coefficients
Determinant of
non-competitive
Leontief inverse
Determinant of
competitive
Leontief inverse
Mean path
length
Cycling
index
Average
propagation
length
Overall
sensitivity of the
economy
Index of direct
interrelatedness
Index of indirect
interrelatedness
Global intensity
index
Global intensity
index
Percentage Average Average

intermediate output of
transaction multiplier Leontief
inverse
ote: The graph shows the visual correlations of sev

urce: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Inp
ure 1.8: Correlation between Aggregate Measu
Average Average Mean Percentag
of technical intermediat e of above
Leontief coefficien e average
inverse t coefficient coefficients
ions of several aggregate measures of complexity

Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020
ate Measures of Economic Complexity, 2000–2
entag Determina Determina Mean path Cycling
bove nt of non- nt of length index
ge competitive competitive
cients Leontief Leontief
inverse inverse
complexity as suggested in the relevant literature.

d July 2020).
ty, 2000–2018
›
ycling Average Overall Index of Index of
dex propagatio sensitivity direct indirect
n length of the interrelate interrelate
economy dness dness
nt literature.
Index of
indirect
interrelate
dness
Average of Leontief Inverse Percentage Intermedi
Country Year Region GVA rank Complexity Country Year
HKG 2007 East Asia 8.0 19.0 HKG 2007
JPN 2007 East Asia 1.0 4.0 JPN 2007
KOR 2007 East Asia 4.0 3.0 KOR 2007
MON 2007 East Asia 21.0 11.0 MON 2007
PRC 2007 East Asia 2.0 1.0 PRC 2007
TAP 2007 East Asia 6.0 9.0 TAP 2007
HKG 2008 East Asia 9.0 17.0 HKG 2008
MON 2008 East Asia 20.0 14.0 MON 2008
HKG 2009 East Asia 8.0 16.0 HKG 2009
MON 2009 East Asia 21.0 14.0 MON 2009
TAP 2009 East Asia 6.0 12.0 TAP 2009
HKG 2010 East Asia 10.0 17.0 HKG 2010
MON 2010 East Asia 20.0 11.0 MON 2010
TAP 2010 East Asia 6.0 10.0 TAP 2010
HKG 2011 East Asia 10.0 17.0 HKG 2011
MON 2011 East Asia 20.0 13.0 MON 2011
TAP 2011 East Asia 6.0 10.0 TAP 2011
HKG 2012 East Asia 10.0 19.0 HKG 2012
MON 2012 East Asia 20.0 16.0 MON 2012
HKG 2013 East Asia 11.0 18.0 HKG 2013
MON 2013 East Asia 21.0 15.0 MON 2013
HKG 2014 East Asia 11.0 17.0 HKG 2014
MON 2014 East Asia 21.0 16.0 MON 2014
TAP 2014 East Asia 6.0 10.0 TAP 2014
HKG 2015 East Asia 8.0 17.0 HKG 2015
MON 2015 East Asia 21.0 16.0 MON 2015
TAP 2015 East Asia 6.0 12.0 TAP 2015
HKG 2016 East Asia 8.0 18.0 HKG 2016
MON 2016 East Asia 21.0 15.0 MON 2016
TAP 2016 East Asia 6.0 13.0 TAP 2016
HKG 2017 East Asia 8.0 19.0 HKG 2017
MON 2017 East Asia 21.0 17.0 MON 2017
TAP 2017 East Asia 6.0 13.0 TAP 2017
HKG 2018 East Asia 9.0 18.0 HKG 2018
MON 2018 East Asia 21.0 21.0 MON 2018
TAP 2018 East Asia 6.0 14.0 TAP 2018
BAN 2007 South and Central Asia 14.0 20.0 BAN 2007
BHU 2007 South and Central Asia 25.0 23.0 BHU 2007
IND 2007 South and Central Asia 3.0 14.0 IND 2007
KAZ 2007 South and Central Asia 13.0 5.0 KAZ 2007
KGZ 2007 South and Central Asia 22.0 10.0 KGZ 2007
MLD 2007 South and Central Asia 24.0 24.0 MLD 2007
NEP 2007 South and Central Asia 18.0 18.0 NEP 2007
PAK 2007 South and Central Asia 12.0 12.0 PAK 2007
SRI 2007 South and Central Asia 16.0 22.0 SRI 2007
BRU 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 17.0 17.0 BRU 2007
CAM 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 19.0 21.0 CAM 2007
FIJ 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 23.0 13.0 FIJ 2007
INO 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 5.0 6.0 INO 2007
LAO 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 20.0 25.0 LAO 2007
MAL 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 9.0 7.0 MAL 2007
PHI 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 11.0 16.0 PHI 2007
SIN 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 10.0 15.0 SIN 2007
THA 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 7.0 2.0 THA 2007
VIE 2007Southeast Asia and the Pacific 15.0 8.0 VIE 2007
Percentage Intermediate Transaction Mean Path Length
Region GVA rank Complexity Country Year Region GVA rank
East Asia 8.0 20.0 HKG 2007 East Asia 8.0
East Asia 1.0 5.0 JPN 2007 East Asia 1.0
East Asia 4.0 3.0 KOR 2007 East Asia 4.0
East Asia 21.0 15.0 MON 2007 East Asia 21.0
East Asia 2.0 1.0 PRC 2007 East Asia 2.0
East Asia 6.0 12.0 TAP 2007 East Asia 6.0
South and Central Asia 14.0 16.0 BAN 2007South and Central Asia 14.0
South and Central Asia 25.0 24.0 BHU 2007South and Central Asia 25.0
South and Central Asia 3.0 7.0 IND 2007South and Central Asia 3.0
South and Central Asia 13.0 10.0 KAZ 2007South and Central Asia 13.0
South and Central Asia 22.0 6.0 KGZ 2007South and Central Asia 22.0
South and Central Asia 24.0 21.0 MLD 2007South and Central Asia 24.0
South and Central Asia 18.0 17.0 NEP 2007South and Central Asia 18.0
South and Central Asia 12.0 9.0 PAK 2007South and Central Asia 12.0
South and Central Asia 16.0 22.0 SRI 2007South and Central Asia 16.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific17.0 23.0 BRU 2007
17.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific19.0 18.0 CAM 2007
19.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific23.0 14.0 FIJ 2007
23.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 5.0 8.0 INO 2007
5.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific20.0 25.0 LAO 2007
20.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 9.0 13.0 MAL 2007
9.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific11.0 11.0 PHI 2007
11.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific10.0 19.0 SIN 2007
10.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 7.0 2.0 THA 2007
7.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific15.0 4.0 VIE 2007
15.0
17.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
21.0
8.0
11.0
10.0
7.0
14.0
18.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
20.0
9.0
12.0
10.0
7.0
15.0
18.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
21.0
8.0
11.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 9.0 18.0 SIN 2010
9.0
7.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
21.0
8.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
14.0
17.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
21.0
8.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
14.0
17.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
20.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
14.0
18.0
19.0
23.0
5.0
20.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
14.0
19.0
18.0
23.0
5.0
20.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific10.0 5.0 MAL 2015
10.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 9.0 9.0 PHI 2015
9.0
11.0
7.0
14.0
20.0
17.0
23.0
5.0
19.0
11.0
Southeast Asia and the Pacific 9.0 11.0 PHI 2016
9.0
10.0
7.0
14.0
20.0
17.0
24.0
5.0
19.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
14.0
20.0
17.0
24.0
5.0
19.0
8.0
11.0
10.0
7.0
14.0
Average Propagation Length
Complexity Country Year Region GVA rank Complexity
20.0 HKG 2007 East Asia 8.0 25.0
5.0 JPN 2007 East Asia 1.0 6.0
3.0 KOR 2007 East Asia 4.0 3.0
15.0 MON 2007 East Asia 21.0 17.0
1.0 PRC 2007 East Asia 2.0 1.0
12.0 TAP 2007 East Asia 6.0 11.0
19.0 HKG 2008 East Asia 9.0 25.0
5.0 JPN 2008 East Asia 1.0 4.0
4.0 KOR 2008 East Asia 4.0 3.0
17.0 MON 2008 East Asia 20.0 20.0
1.0 PRC 2008 East Asia 2.0 1.0
12.0 TAP 2008 East Asia 6.0 10.0
18.0 HKG 2009 East Asia 8.0 24.0
5.0 JPN 2009 East Asia 2.0 6.0
4.0 KOR 2009 East Asia 4.0 4.0
17.0 MON 2009 East Asia 21.0 17.0
1.0 PRC 2009 East Asia 1.0 1.0
13.0 TAP 2009 East Asia 6.0 10.0
19.0 HKG 2010 East Asia 10.0 25.0
5.0 JPN 2010 East Asia 2.0 7.0
4.0 KOR 2010 East Asia 4.0 4.0
15.0 MON 2010 East Asia 20.0 15.0
1.0 PRC 2010 East Asia 1.0 1.0
11.0 TAP 2010 East Asia 6.0 9.0
16.0 HKG 2011 East Asia 10.0 25.0
5.0 JPN 2011 East Asia 2.0 5.0
3.0 KOR 2011 East Asia 4.0 4.0
19.0 MON 2011 East Asia 20.0 16.0
1.0 PRC 2011 East Asia 1.0 1.0
12.0 TAP 2011 East Asia 6.0 10.0
17.0 HKG 2012 East Asia 10.0 25.0
6.0 JPN 2012 East Asia 2.0 6.0
3.0 KOR 2012 East Asia 4.0 3.0
21.0 MON 2012 East Asia 20.0 17.0
1.0 PRC 2012 East Asia 1.0 1.0
11.0 TAP 2012 East Asia 6.0 11.0
16.0 HKG 2013 East Asia 11.0 25.0
6.0 JPN 2013 East Asia 2.0 6.0
3.0 KOR 2013 East Asia 4.0 3.0
19.0 MON 2013 East Asia 21.0 16.0
1.0 PRC 2013 East Asia 1.0 1.0
11.0 TAP 2013 East Asia 6.0 10.0
14.0 HKG 2014 East Asia 11.0 25.0
6.0 JPN 2014 East Asia 2.0 7.0
2.0 KOR 2014 East Asia 4.0 3.0
15.0 MON 2014 East Asia 21.0 20.0
1.0 PRC 2014 East Asia 1.0 1.0
12.0 TAP 2014 East Asia 6.0 9.0
16.0 HKG 2015 East Asia 8.0 25.0
8.0 JPN 2015 East Asia 2.0 7.0
2.0 KOR 2015 East Asia 4.0 4.0
17.0 MON 2015 East Asia 21.0 18.0
1.0 PRC 2015 East Asia 1.0 1.0
12.0 TAP 2015 East Asia 6.0 10.0
16.0 HKG 2016 East Asia 8.0 24.0
7.0 JPN 2016 East Asia 2.0 6.0
2.0 KOR 2016 East Asia 4.0 3.0
15.0 MON 2016 East Asia 21.0 18.0
1.0 PRC 2016 East Asia 1.0 1.0
14.0 TAP 2016 East Asia 6.0 10.0
17.0 HKG 2017 East Asia 8.0 24.0
7.0 JPN 2017 East Asia 2.0 7.0
2.0 KOR 2017 East Asia 4.0 3.0
18.0 MON 2017 East Asia 21.0 20.0
1.0 PRC 2017 East Asia 1.0 1.0
14.0 TAP 2017 East Asia 6.0 13.0
18.0 HKG 2018 East Asia 9.0 24.0
7.0 JPN 2018 East Asia 2.0 7.0
2.0 KOR 2018 East Asia 4.0 4.0
21.0 MON 2018 East Asia 21.0 21.0
1.0 PRC 2018 East Asia 1.0 1.0
16.0 TAP 2018 East Asia 6.0 14.0
16.0 BAN 2007South and Central Asia 14.0 18.0
24.0 BHU 2007South and Central Asia 25.0 19.0
7.0 IND 2007South and Central Asia 3.0 16.0
10.0 KAZ 2007South and Central Asia 13.0 7.0
6.0 KGZ 2007South and Central Asia 22.0 4.0
21.0 MLD 2007South and Central Asia 24.0 24.0
17.0 NEP 2007South and Central Asia 18.0 10.0
9.0 PAK 2007South and Central Asia 12.0 13.0
22.0 SRI 2007South and Central Asia 16.0 14.0
23.0 BRU 2007
17.0 22.0
18.0 CAM 2007
19.0 15.0
14.0 FIJ 2007
23.0 12.0
8.0 INO 2007
5.0 8.0
25.0 LAO 2007
20.0 21.0
13.0 MAL 2007
9.0 5.0
11.0 PHI 2007
11.0 20.0
19.0 SIN 2007
10.0 23.0
2.0 THA 2007
7.0 2.0
4.0 VIE 2007
15.0 9.0
21.0 BRU 2008
17.0 21.0
18.0 CAM 2008
19.0 14.0
20.0 FIJ 2008
23.0 18.0
8.0 INO 2008
5.0 7.0
25.0 LAO 2008
21.0 22.0
11.0 MAL 2008
8.0 6.0
10.0 PHI 2008
11.0 19.0
23.0 SIN 2008
10.0 23.0
2.0 THA 2008
7.0 2.0
3.0 VIE 2008
14.0 8.0
20.0 BRU 2009
18.0 23.0
16.0 CAM 2009
19.0 12.0
22.0 FIJ 2009
23.0 21.0
7.0 INO 2009
5.0 8.0
24.0 LAO 2009
20.0 20.0
10.0 MAL 2009
9.0 5.0
8.0 PHI 2009
12.0 14.0
14.0 SIN 2009
10.0 22.0
2.0 THA 2009
7.0 3.0
3.0 VIE 2009
15.0 7.0
21.0 BRU 2010
18.0 22.0
20.0 CAM 2010
19.0 13.0
17.0 FIJ 2010
23.0 20.0
8.0 INO 2010
5.0 8.0
25.0 LAO 2010
21.0 21.0
9.0 MAL 2010
8.0 5.0
6.0 PHI 2010
11.0 12.0
18.0 SIN 2010
9.0 23.0
2.0 THA 2010
7.0 2.0
3.0 VIE 2010
15.0 6.0
21.0 BRU 2011
17.0 23.0
17.0 CAM 2011
19.0 13.0
18.0 FIJ 2011
23.0 17.0
10.0 INO 2011
5.0 8.0
25.0 LAO 2011
21.0 21.0
6.0 MAL 2011
8.0 3.0
7.0 PHI 2011
11.0 11.0
20.0 SIN 2011
9.0 24.0
4.0 THA 2011
7.0 7.0
2.0 VIE 2011
14.0 6.0
22.0 BRU 2012
17.0 23.0
19.0 CAM 2012
19.0 13.0
18.0 FIJ 2012
23.0 15.0
9.0 INO 2012
5.0 9.0
25.0 LAO 2012
21.0 21.0
5.0 MAL 2012
8.0 2.0
8.0 PHI 2012
11.0 14.0
23.0 SIN 2012
9.0 24.0
4.0 THA 2012
7.0 5.0
2.0 VIE 2012
14.0 4.0
22.0 BRU 2013
17.0 23.0
18.0 CAM 2013
19.0 13.0
20.0 FIJ 2013
23.0 17.0
9.0 INO 2013
5.0 9.0
25.0 LAO 2013
20.0 21.0
5.0 MAL 2013
8.0 2.0
7.0 PHI 2013
10.0 14.0
21.0 SIN 2013
9.0 24.0
4.0 THA 2013
7.0 5.0
2.0 VIE 2013
14.0 7.0
19.0 BRU 2014
18.0 22.0
16.0 CAM 2014
19.0 11.0
22.0 FIJ 2014
23.0 19.0
8.0 INO 2014
5.0 6.0
24.0 LAO 2014
20.0 21.0
5.0 MAL 2014
8.0 4.0
7.0 PHI 2014
10.0 13.0
18.0 SIN 2014
9.0 23.0
4.0 THA 2014
7.0 5.0
3.0 VIE 2014
14.0 8.0
20.0 BRU 2015
19.0 22.0
18.0 CAM 2015
18.0 12.0
22.0 FIJ 2015
23.0 20.0
7.0 INO 2015
5.0 6.0
23.0 LAO 2015
20.0 19.0
5.0 MAL 2015
10.0 3.0
9.0 PHI 2015
9.0 14.0
14.0 SIN 2015
11.0 23.0
3.0 THA 2015
7.0 5.0
4.0 VIE 2015
14.0 8.0
22.0 BRU 2016
20.0 25.0
18.0 CAM 2016
17.0 12.0
21.0 FIJ 2016
23.0 20.0
6.0 INO 2016
5.0 7.0
23.0 LAO 2016
19.0 19.0
5.0 MAL 2016
11.0 4.0
11.0 PHI 2016
9.0 16.0
13.0 SIN 2016
10.0 22.0
3.0 THA 2016
7.0 5.0
4.0 VIE 2016
14.0 8.0
22.0 BRU 2017
20.0 25.0
15.0 CAM 2017
17.0 12.0
23.0 FIJ 2017
24.0 21.0
6.0 INO 2017
5.0 6.0
25.0 LAO 2017
19.0 19.0
5.0 MAL 2017
11.0 4.0
11.0 PHI 2017
10.0 16.0
16.0 SIN 2017
9.0 22.0
3.0 THA 2017
7.0 5.0
4.0 VIE 2017
14.0 8.0
22.0 BRU 2018
20.0 25.0
15.0 CAM 2018
17.0 12.0
25.0 FIJ 2018
24.0 20.0
6.0 INO 2018
5.0 6.0
24.0 LAO 2018
19.0 19.0
5.0 MAL 2018
8.0 3.0
11.0 PHI 2018
11.0 16.0
14.0 SIN 2018
10.0 22.0
3.0 THA 2018
7.0 5.0
4.0 VIE 2018
14.0 8.0
Figure 1.9: Rank Correlation between Gross Domestic Product and Select Measures of Interrelated
Average of the Leontief Inverse Percentage Intermediate Tra

Rank in terms of Complexity
Rank in terms of GDP Rank in terms of Complexity Rank in terms of G
Mean Path Length Average Propagation Le

Rank in terms of GDP Rank in terms of G

Rank in terms of GDP Rank in terms of G
GDP = gross domestic product

Note: The graph shows the Spearman rank correlations of complexity and GDP size of economies in Asia and the P
Spearman rank correlations of GDP against the average of the Leontief inverse, percentage intermediate transactio
average propagation lengths are 0.7123, 0.7045, 0.7045, and 0.4776, respectively. Data for each subregion are dist
economies in East Asia are represented by green dots; Southeast Asia and the Pacific by blue dots; and South and
dots.
asures of Interrelatedness, 2007–2018
tage Intermediate Transaction
Rank in terms of GDP
erage Propagation Length

mies in Asia and the Pacific from 2007 to 2018.

ntermediate transactions, mean path lengths, and
ach subregion are distinguished by color:
e dots; and South and Central Asia by orange
Percentage change of complexity indicators 2007 2008 2009
Cycling index ### -0.2% -2.3% 0.1%

Percentage intermediate transaction ### 0.6% 0.1% 1.3%
Mean intermediate coefficient ### 0.7% 0.4% 0.8%
Average technical coefficient ### 0.7% 0.4% 0.8%
Global intensity index ### -0.4% -0.6% 0.5%
Average output multiplier ### -0.4% -0.6% 0.5%
Mean path length ### -0.3% -0.5% 0.5%
Average of Leontief inverse ### -0.2% -0.4% 0.7%
Index of direct interrelatedness ### 3.5% 4.2% 4.0%
Average propagation length ### -0.4% -1.0% 0.5%
Overall sensitivity of the economy ### 2.4% 3.1% 3.0%
Index of indirect interrelatedness ### -1.9% -1.1% -0.9%
Percentage of above average coefficients (%) ### -0.3% 0.1% -0.3%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-0.8% -2.0% -2.7% -3.7% -6.0% -4.6% -4.1% -6.3%

1.8% 0.5% 1.7% 1.2% -0.3% 0.9% 0.8% -0.1%
2.0% 0.7% 1.3% 1.1% -0.4% 1.0% 0.6% -0.1%
2.0% 0.7% 1.3% 1.1% -0.4% 1.0% 0.6% -0.1%
0.4% -0.1% -0.1% -0.2% -0.9% 0.0% -0.1% -0.7%
0.4% -0.1% -0.1% -0.2% -0.9% 0.0% -0.1% -0.7%
0.6% -0.3% 0.3% 0.1% -0.5% 0.2% 0.4% -0.5%
0.9% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% -0.5% 0.5% 0.4% -0.3%
3.9% 4.7% 4.5% 5.0% 3.8% 4.3% 3.8% 3.5%
0.6% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% -0.3% 0.7% 0.7% -0.1%
3.5% 3.4% 3.7% 4.3% 3.5% 3.3% 3.2% 2.9%
1.9% -1.8% 0.4% 1.7% 2.6% -0.5% 0.6% 0.5%
0.7% 1.9% 0.5% 2.2% 2.0% 1.6% 0.9% 2.5%
2018 Figure 1.10: Aggregate Measures
-6.9% -7%
-1.2% -3%
-1.4% -2% -0.08 -0.0
-1.4% -2% 0
-1.4% -2%
-1.4% -2%
1
-1.2% -2% Cycling index
-0.9% -2%
2.5% -2%
Percentage intermediate transaction 2
-0.7% -1%
2.1% -1%
0.7% 2% 1% 2% Mean intermediate coefficient 3
2.2% 2% 2% 2%
Average technical coefficient 4
Global intensity index 5
Average output multiplier 6
Mean path length 7
Average of Leontief inverse 8
Index of direct interrelatedness 9
Average propagation length 10
Overall sensitivity index 11
Index of indirect interrelatedness 12
Percentage above average coefficients 13
14
12
Percentage above average coefficients 13
14
Note: Dots represent the arithmetic average of the complexity measur

2018 relative to 2000 values, while blue bars indicate 2009 figures com
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables
Aggregate Measures of Complexity, 2009 and 2018 Indexed Values (%)
(%)
2009 2018
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

0
10
11
12
13
14
12
13
14
of the complexity measure for years from 2000 to 2018. Red-orange bars represent the average performance in
indicate 2009 figures compared to the same benchmark year 2000.
onal Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
2018, US$ billion AHF MIN LMF
Gross output 3,212 1,784 9,724
Direct effects 1,057 152 3,528
Indirect production embedded in domestic final demand 1,683 1,168 5,007
Indirect production embedded in exports 471 464 1,189
2,155 1,632 6,196
Shares
Direct 33% 9% 36%
Indirect effects of domestic demand 52% 65% 51%
Indirect effects of exports 15% 26% 12%
Sum of indirect 67% 91% 64%
Rank (indirect) 4 1 6
Rank -> 1 2
Horizontal axis MIN UTL
Gross output
1 0 0
1 0 8.5%
1 1,784 8.5%
1 1,784 0
2 1,784 0
2 1,784 14.9%
2 3,764 14.9%
2 3,764 0
3 3,764
3 3,764
3 6,268
3 6,268
4 6,268
4 6,268
4 9,480
4 9,480
5 9,480
5 9,480
5 28,629
5 28,629
6 28,629
6 28,629
6 38,353
6 38,353
7 38,353
7 38,353
7 41,032
7 41,032
8 41,032
8 41,032
8 41,967
8 41,967
9 41,967
9 41,967
9 47,150
9 47,150
10 47,150
10 47,150
10 52,555
10 52,555
11 52,555
11 52,555
11 54,230
11 54,230
12 54,230
12 54,230
12 55,731
12 55,731
13 55,731
13 55,731
13 62,005
13 62,005
14 62,005
14 62,005
14 65,291
14 65,291
15 65,291
15 65,291
15 67,804
15 67,804
HMF UTL CON TRD HRS TSP TEL
19,149 1,980 6,274 5,184 1,501 2,679 935
6,788 295 5,599 2,439 929 1,024 367
8,959 1,285 605 2,108 476 1,270 473
3,402 399 70 637 96 386 95
12,361 1,684 675 2,745 572 1,655 568
35% 15% 89% 47% 62% 38% 39%

47% 65% 10% 41% 32% 47% 51%
18% 20% 1% 12% 6% 14% 10%
65% 85% 11% 53% 38% 62% 61%
5 2 13 9 12 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FIN AHF HMF LMF TSP TEL TRD
Direct
0
27.0%
27.0%
0
0
32.9%
32.9%
0
0
35.4%
35.4%
0
0
36.3%
36.3%
0
0
38.2%
38.2%
0
0
39.2%
39.2%
0
0
47.0%
47.0%
0
FIN BUS PAD EHS OSV
2,504 5,404 2,514 3,285 1,675
676 2,827 2,380 3,059 911
1,435 2,031 113 200 634
393 547 21 26 130
1,829 2,578 134 226 764
27% 52% 95% 93% 54%

57% 38% 4% 6% 38%
16% 10% 1% 1% 8%
73% 48% 5% 7% 46%
3 10 15 14 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 1
BUS OSV HRS CON EHS PAD MIN
0
65.5%
65.5%
0
0
52.3%
52.3%
0
0
54.4%
54.4%
0
0
61.9%
61.9%
0
0
89.2%
89.2%
0
0
93.1%
93.1%
0
0
94.7%
94.7%
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
UTL FIN AHF HMF LMF TSP TEL TRD
Indirect (domestic)
0
64.9%
64.9%
0
0
57.3%
57.3%
0
0
52.4%
52.4%
0
0
46.8%
46.8%
0
0
51.5%
51.5%
0
0
47.4%
47.4%
0
0
50.6%
50.6%
0
0
40.7%
40.7%
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2
BUS OSV HRS CON EHS PAD MIN UTL
c)
0
26.0%
26.0%
0
0
20.2%
20.2%
0
0
37.6%
37.6%
0
0
37.9%
37.9%
0
0
31.7%
31.7%
0
0
9.6%
9.6%
0
0
6.1%
6.1%
0
0
4.5%
4.5%
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FIN AHF HMF LMF TSP TEL TRD BUS
Indirect (exports)
0
15.7%
15.7%
0
0
14.7%
14.7%
0
0
17.8%
17.8%
0
0
12.2%
12.2%
0
0
14.4%
14.4%
0
0
10.2%
10.2%
0
0
12.3%
12.3%
0
0
10.1%
10.1%
0
11 12 13 14 15 Label height Label
OSV HRS CON EHS PAD
1,784
0.02
1,980
0.07
2,504
0.13
3,212
0.16
19,149
0.18
9,724
0.18
2,679
0.19
935
0.20
5,184
0.24
5,404
0.26
0 1,675
7.8%
7.8% 0.27
0
0 1,501
6.4%
6.4% 0.31
0
0 6,274
1.1%
1.1% 0.45
0
0 3,285
0.8%
0.8% 0.47
0
0 2,514
0.8%
0.8% 0.47
0
F
MIN UTL FIN AHF

100%
80%
)
Share to total output (%)
20%
40%
60%

20%

0%
1 784 1 9802 504 3 212
AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry,

and insurance; HMF = heavy manu
public administration; TEL = post an
Note: Bars in dark blue shades (■) i

attributable to domestic final deman
indicate the indirect impacts attribut
Note: Bars in dark blue shades (■) i
attributable to domestic final deman
indicate the indirect impacts attribut
Source: Asian Development Bank. M

Figure 1.11: Direct and Indi
AHF HMF

212 19 149
orestry, and fishing; BUS = business se

y manufacturing; HRS = hotel and resta
post and telecommunications; TRD = w
es (■) indicate the direct impacts of fina

demand (e.g., sum of household consu
attributable to exports.
es (■) indicate the direct impacts of fina
demand (e.g., sum of household consu
attributable to exports.
Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tab

d Indirect Production by Sector i
Sectors
LMF

9 724
Gross output (US$ billion
ness services including real estate; CON

nd restaurant services; LMF = light man
RD = wholesale and retail trade; TSP =
s of final demand. Bars in lighter shade

d consumption, government consumptio
s of final demand. Bars in lighter shade
d consumption, government consumptio
put Tables (accessed July 2020).

ector in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
TSP TEL TRD BUS

2 679 935 5 184 5 404
$ billion)
te; CON = construction; EHS = educati

ht manufacturing; MIN = mining and qu
; TSP = transport services; UTL = utilitie
shades of blue indicate the indirect imp

sumption, gross fixed capital formation,
shades of blue indicate the indirect imp
sumption, gross fixed capital formation,
.
c, 2018
BUS OSV HRS CON EHS

5 404 1 6751 501 6 274 3 285 2
education and health services; FIN = fin

and quarrying; OSV = other services; P
= utilities
rect impacts: (■) indicate the indirect im

mation, and changes in inventories); an
rect impacts: (■) indicate the indirect im
mation, and changes in inventories); an
EHS PAD

3 285 2 514
FIN = finance
vices; PAD =
irect impacts
ies); and (■)
irect impacts
ies); and (■)
2000 2018
Normalized Normalized Normalized

Sector Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Sector Forward Linkage
AHF 1.03 0.93 AHF 1.12
MIN 1.34 0.90 MIN 1.24
LMF 1.03 1.17 LMF 1.07
HMF 1.08 1.08 HMF 1.14
UTL 1.37 1.05 UTL 1.38
CON 0.83 1.15 CON 0.84
TRD 1.12 0.93 TRD 1.09
HRS 0.91 1.11 HRS 0.89
TSP 1.10 1.01 TSP 1.10
TEL 1.21 0.92 TEL 1.17
FIN 1.43 1.01 FIN 1.38
BUS 1.08 0.87 BUS 1.11
PAD 0.74 1.00 PAD 0.70
EHS 0.71 0.91 EHS 0.71
OSV 0.92 0.96 OSV 0.95
1.38
x y x
x axis 0.40 1 x axis 0.5
2.40 1 3
y axis 1.00 0.4 y axis 1

1.00 2.4 1
2000 2018
Normalized ForwarNormalized Backward Linkage Normalized Forward
All countries 0.86 0.92 1.02
1.74 0.79 1.78
1.12 1.36 1.13
1.31 1.16 1.14
1.38 1.05 1.42
0.99 1.31 0.94
1.16 0.85 1.04
1.31 1.30 1.25
1.00 0.96 1.04
1.47 0.97 1.18
1.60 0.95 1.62
0.89 0.81 1.01
0.90 0.90 0.86
0.78 0.85 0.84
0.99 0.81 0.88
0.81 0.85 0.87
1.66 0.94 1.31
1.29 1.23 1.19
0.97 1.16 1.02
1.21 0.79 1.06
0.84 1.14 0.89
1.14 0.93 1.08
1.33 0.99 1.03
1.17 0.98 1.19
1.33 1.04 1.08
1.53 0.87 1.34
1.32 0.80 1.36
0.85 1.12 0.78
0.84 1.11 0.76
1.14 1.05 0.91
1.35 1.03 1.04
0.98 0.93 1.10
1.09 1.19 1.21
0.97 0.94 0.96
1.27 1.32 1.16
0.80 1.22 0.85
1.08 0.80 1.09
0.77 1.13 1.21
0.99 1.02 0.94
0.97 0.95 1.41
1.50 0.85 1.09
1.01 0.85 1.17
0.80 1.06 0.74
0.77 0.89 0.74
0.82 0.83 0.94
0.89 0.85 0.93
1.71 0.84 1.24
1.03 1.21 0.98
1.14 0.93 1.22
1.45 1.14 1.16
0.82 0.93 0.88
1.08 0.97 1.09
0.91 1.20 1.01
1.38 0.94 1.37
1.35 1.05 1.21
1.12 0.84 1.18
1.05 1.13 1.23
0.74 1.13 0.75
0.70 0.91 0.69
1.06 0.92 1.01
0.81 1.05 0.98
0.60 1.35 1.25
0.87 1.06 1.02
0.69 1.00 1.27
1.06 1.14 1.51
0.86 1.03 0.78
1.04 0.91 1.05
1.30 1.25 0.77
1.34 1.15 0.88
1.34 0.76 1.36
1.58 0.73 1.28
1.10 0.84 1.05
0.66 0.91 0.76
0.61 0.82 0.77
1.41 1.00 1.55
0.85 0.98 0.86
0.70 0.70 0.71
0.97 1.04 1.00
0.78 1.05 0.76
1.36 0.82 1.41
1.25 1.47 1.35
0.83 1.06 0.82
0.79 1.05 0.81
1.07 1.06 1.04
1.54 1.20 1.46
1.22 0.93 1.23
1.15 0.88 1.23
0.76 0.85 0.76
0.74 0.85 0.77
1.23 1.05 1.25
0.92 0.89 0.95
1.90 0.85 1.69
0.99 1.36 1.08
1.34 1.31 1.21
1.70 1.32 1.71
0.85 1.30 0.82
1.20 0.80 1.25
1.03 1.29 1.07
1.10 1.17 1.21
1.30 0.78 1.39
1.41 0.84 1.52
0.72 0.76 0.87
0.63 0.63 0.67
0.65 0.85 0.71
1.00 0.87 1.05
1.14 0.84 1.12
1.23 0.75 1.30
0.92 1.18 0.92
0.97 1.08 1.02
1.51 1.20 1.45
0.69 1.18 0.76
1.23 0.96 1.23
0.75 1.19 0.86
1.12 1.11 1.10
1.27 0.86 1.08
1.29 0.84 1.31
1.42 0.91 1.13
0.68 0.92 0.74
0.70 1.00 0.71
0.85 0.98 1.17
1.30 1.00 1.37
1.73 1.05 1.62
1.24 1.17 1.29
1.18 1.25 1.16
1.31 0.97 1.34
0.70 1.10 0.73
1.01 0.92 1.01
0.92 1.12 0.94
1.11 0.97 1.15
1.26 0.98 1.17
1.36 0.88 1.34
0.99 0.83 0.99
0.64 0.90 0.65
0.61 0.91 0.64
0.95 0.96 0.97
0.85 0.98 1.02
1.33 1.15 0.97
0.87 1.04 0.96
1.18 1.22 1.18
1.19 1.11 1.21
0.91 1.10 0.85
1.14 0.86 0.99
0.83 0.94 0.83
1.02 1.03 1.15
1.07 0.86 0.93
1.42 0.81 1.47
1.08 0.95 0.97
0.59 1.01 0.65
0.59 1.03 0.67
0.62 0.93 0.69
1.59 1.23 1.11
1.27 0.91 0.63
0.89 1.33 0.85
0.98 1.21 1.02
1.06 1.27 1.02
0.92 1.08 0.78
1.48 0.89 1.06
0.94 1.07 0.87
1.00 0.75 0.93
0.64 0.55 0.93
1.15 1.32 2.95
0.59 0.86 1.01
0.54 0.90 0.58
0.55 0.79 0.60
0.56 0.83 0.87
1.15 0.93 1.30
2.09 0.91 1.54
1.06 1.23 1.22
1.16 1.16 1.11
1.40 0.86 1.41
0.63 1.14 0.59
1.09 0.96 1.12
0.95 1.02 0.97
1.26 1.05 1.27
1.17 1.04 1.33
1.32 0.97 1.27
1.11 0.88 0.99
0.62 0.85 0.58
0.63 0.92 0.63
1.00 1.07 1.05
0.97 0.86 0.97
0.81 0.98 1.08
0.98 1.27 1.02
1.30 0.99 1.47
0.91 0.93 0.83
1.05 1.17 1.10
1.05 1.01 1.22
0.78 0.78 0.80
1.38 1.01 1.40
1.06 1.00 1.00
1.64 1.23 1.34
0.78 0.78 1.02
0.80 1.07 0.77
0.80 0.94 0.77
0.80 0.98 0.78
1.18 0.89 1.42
0.93 0.71 1.17
1.03 1.18 1.11
0.82 0.88 0.83
1.43 0.89 1.29
0.72 1.07 0.78
1.28 0.80 1.01
0.97 1.09 0.83
0.98 1.02 1.21
1.10 0.83 1.14
1.99 2.15 1.59
1.03 0.81 1.49
0.68 0.92 0.57
0.65 0.79 0.65
0.78 0.97 0.86
0.87 0.75 1.29
1.40 0.81 0.70
1.00 0.97 1.06
0.77 1.14 1.11
1.48 0.87 1.30
0.90 1.00 1.19
1.15 1.28 1.49
0.71 0.94 0.72
1.01 1.04 1.06
1.44 0.82 1.26
2.35 1.97 1.59
1.19 0.73 1.08
0.72 0.93 0.94
0.79 0.89 0.84
0.87 0.87 0.76
0.82 0.69 1.04
0.69 0.76 0.81
0.84 1.02 0.97
1.02 1.01 1.21
1.31 0.99 1.56
0.92 0.97 0.94
0.94 0.89 1.13
1.02 1.07 1.06
0.84 0.88 1.25
1.29 0.66 1.23
1.61 1.01 1.56
0.93 0.92 1.13
1.80 2.08 0.80
0.85 0.99 0.75
0.87 1.06 1.05
0.96 0.92 0.95
1.41 0.88 1.40
1.03 1.26 1.18
1.23 1.11 1.41
1.47 0.89 1.44
0.84 0.97 0.82
1.07 0.90 0.93
0.90 1.15 0.92
1.09 0.97 1.04
1.02 1.16 1.05
0.91 0.86 0.82
1.19 0.95 1.04
0.64 1.07 0.68
0.69 0.97 0.71
0.76 0.93 0.71
1.11 0.84 1.25
1.84 0.75 1.72
0.82 1.22 0.84
1.29 1.14 1.16
1.55 1.78 1.47
0.63 1.18 0.68
1.16 0.77 1.04
0.70 1.25 0.70
0.95 1.03 0.87
1.10 0.96 1.07
1.52 0.75 1.22
1.51 0.69 1.07
0.62 1.06 0.64
0.64 0.79 0.73
0.95 0.77 0.88
1.32 0.88 1.36
1.68 0.95 1.66
1.08 1.23 1.01
1.09 1.06 1.21
1.36 0.88 1.50
0.72 1.06 0.65
1.05 0.95 1.17
0.78 1.33 0.76
0.95 1.09 0.91
1.05 0.90 1.06
1.01 0.94 1.03
1.02 0.85 0.97
0.66 0.91 0.71
0.71 0.96 0.68
0.81 1.00 0.91
0.97 0.86 1.18
1.58 0.87 1.79
1.10 1.15 1.19
1.27 1.24 1.31
1.48 1.15 1.73
0.51 1.21 0.51
1.20 0.98 1.19
0.95 1.10 0.97
1.31 0.95 1.33
1.14 0.80 1.01
1.43 0.69 1.38
0.90 0.86 1.08
0.46 1.00 0.50
0.53 1.03 0.50
0.85 1.12 1.00
0.77 0.95 1.34
0.65 0.65 0.66
1.04 0.98 1.18
0.76 0.85 0.95
1.48 0.91 1.48
1.31 1.51 1.14
0.99 1.02 0.87
0.98 1.08 0.93
1.09 0.92 0.97
1.35 0.96 1.27
1.32 1.14 1.05
1.15 0.99 1.21
0.76 1.02 0.73
0.95 0.97 0.87
0.98 1.04 0.78
0.79 0.93 0.98
1.25 0.94 1.00
1.20 0.88 1.04
1.20 0.92 1.42
1.39 1.16 1.60
0.85 1.05 0.80
1.16 0.96 1.02
0.89 1.13 0.78
1.05 1.00 1.07
1.26 1.16 1.26
1.47 1.02 1.33
1.12 0.97 1.03
0.84 0.86 0.73
0.88 0.90 0.79
1.03 1.13 0.94
1.15 1.15 1.24
1.80 0.85 1.22
1.15 1.25 1.19
1.07 1.08 1.07
1.52 0.95 1.51
0.76 1.22 0.81
0.98 0.90 0.97
0.80 1.10 0.80
1.13 1.09 0.95
1.23 0.90 1.22
1.28 0.86 1.22
1.02 0.90 0.95
0.69 0.90 0.77
0.70 0.87 0.68
0.92 0.99 0.98
1.12 0.84 1.18
1.57 1.17 1.60
0.93 1.13 1.08
1.09 1.09 1.07
1.44 0.93 1.45
0.61 1.07 0.60
1.13 0.93 1.14
0.67 1.11 0.68
1.09 1.09 1.07
1.29 1.02 1.14
1.51 0.83 1.37
1.30 0.91 1.36
0.63 0.89 0.60
0.59 0.94 0.58
0.99 1.05 0.89
1.10 1.13 1.33
0.86 0.90 1.15
1.18 1.36 1.06
1.47 1.13 1.30
1.54 0.81 1.50
0.69 1.24 0.75
1.28 1.01 1.21
0.82 1.06 0.75
1.02 0.91 1.12
1.33 0.85 0.96
1.32 0.90 1.39
1.52 0.95 1.19
0.69 0.99 0.63
0.77 0.89 0.65
0.74 0.88 0.79
Max 2.35 2.15 0.50

2018 Figure 1.12: Forward and Backward Lin
Normalized
Backward Linkage
a
0.94
0.89 2.4
1.19
1.09
1.05 2.2
1.15
0.92
2
1.12
0.99
0.99 1.8
0.97
Normalized Backward Linkage

0.91
0.94 1.6
0.90
0.95
1.19 1.4
y
1 1.2
1
0.5 1
3
2018 0.8
0.93
0.6
0.78
1.33
1.10 0.4
1.06 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1.33
Normali
0.85
1.34
0.97
0.96
b.
0.95
0.80
0.95 2.9
0.84
0.80 2.7
0.82
1.00 2.5
1.20
2.3
Linkage
2.1
2.7
2.5
1.27 2.3
0.96

1.11 2.1
0.89
0.93 1.9
1.00
1.02 1.7
0.82
0.91
1.5
1.14
0.91
1.3
1.02
0.93
0.87 1.1
0.84
1.20 0.9
1.19
1.15 0.7
1.01
0.95 0.5
1.36 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
0.96 Norma
0.88
0.91
0.99 AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; BUS = business
0.94 and health services; FIN = finance and insurance; HMF = heavy
0.84 manufacturing; MIN = mining and quarrying; OSV = other service
TRD = wholesale and retail trade; TSP = transport services; UTL
0.84
0.85 Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output T
1.17
0.93
1.21
0.96
0.98
1.19
0.95
1.05
0.83
1.12
1.10
0.90
0.91
0.97
1.05
1.15
1.07
0.99
1.20
0.96
1.12
0.82
0.91
0.94
1.07
0.90
0.99
0.85
0.90
0.71
1.01
0.97
0.92
1.48
1.09
0.97
1.14
1.13
1.02
0.93
0.84
0.85
1.04
0.91
1.08
1.46
1.37
1.13
1.31
0.81
1.18
0.89
0.83
0.82
0.85
0.67
0.86
0.84
0.77
0.84
1.10
1.05
1.36
1.22
0.88
1.06
1.05
0.88
0.85
0.88
1.00
0.96
1.11
1.08
0.93
1.20
1.22
1.00
1.07
0.90
1.13
0.97
0.93
0.95
0.83
0.88
0.92
0.97
0.99
1.02
1.06
1.16
1.09
1.12
0.88
0.99
0.94
0.95
0.85
0.87
1.11
1.06
0.92
1.27
0.87
1.03
1.01
0.85
0.95
0.74
0.93
0.78
0.70
2.71
0.81
0.77
0.73
0.84
0.99
0.94
1.21
1.14
0.94
1.07
0.92
1.02
1.07
1.08
0.96
0.84
0.82
0.92
1.08
0.83
0.90
1.22
1.03
0.89
1.21
1.00
1.24
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.86
1.07
0.98
0.94
0.89
0.69
1.32
0.95
0.90
1.16
0.92
1.13
1.11
1.17
1.06
0.97
0.95
0.80
1.00
0.97
0.70
1.25
0.92
1.03
0.99
1.25
1.10
1.00
1.09
0.88
0.92
0.97
0.89
1.01
0.91
1.03
1.22
1.09
1.19
1.16
0.92
1.23
0.88
0.90
0.87
0.90
0.94
0.86
0.91
0.89
0.82
1.20
1.01
1.12
1.00
0.87
1.28
0.75
1.20
0.87
1.00
1.00
0.96
1.03
0.88
0.78
1.25
1.09
1.55
1.16
0.80
1.28
1.04
0.99
0.79
0.73
1.05
0.82
0.81
0.96
0.86
1.29
1.08
0.88
0.96
0.93
1.33
1.02
0.91
0.92
0.96
0.94
0.93
1.04
0.84
0.98
1.25
1.35
1.29
1.32
0.77
1.08
0.99
0.79
0.69
0.87
0.87
0.98
0.93
0.98
0.66
1.10
1.02
0.91
1.41
0.94
1.06
0.91
1.01
0.93
0.96
1.20
0.96
0.94
0.89
0.88
1.11
1.02
1.09
1.07
0.91
1.17
1.07
1.16
1.00
0.93
0.78
0.79
1.14
1.09
0.97
1.22
1.09
0.83
1.17
0.90
1.10
1.06
1.02
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.97
0.84
1.19
1.18
1.13
0.96
1.14
0.90
1.11
1.08
1.02
0.82
0.98
0.84
0.95
0.87
1.11
0.91
1.32
1.10
0.81
1.13
0.89
1.12
1.00
1.11
0.91
0.92
0.81
0.91
0.96
0.66
d and Backward Linkages in Asia and the Pacific, 2000 and 2018
a. 2000
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Normalized Forward Linkage
b. 2018
1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9
Normalized Forward Linkage
ishing; BUS = business services including real estate; CON = construction; EHS = education
surance; HMF = heavy manufacturing; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; LMF = light
ng; OSV = other services; PAD = public administration; TEL = post and telecommunications;
transport services; UTL = utilities.
Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
5 Sector Normalized baNormalized foBackward meas
Forward measu
1 = Key sectoBackward meas
BAN EHS 0.84 0.84 94% 14% 0.000 1.00
BHU EHS 0.91 0.76 93% 41% 0.000 1.03
BRU EHS 0.94 0.74 95% 62% 0.000 1.04
CAM EHS 0.90 0.69 98% 37% 0.000 1.06
FIJ EHS 0.99 0.77 96% 74% 0.000 1.00
HKG EHS 0.85 0.77 95% 74% 0.000 1.05
IND EHS 0.86 0.71 95% 43% 0.000 1.01
INO EHS 0.96 0.71 96% 60% 0.000 1.05
JPN EHS 0.92 0.64 95% 76% 0.000 1.02
KAZ EHS 1.06 0.67 96% 63% 0.000 1.05
KGZ EHS 0.73 0.60 97% 73% 0.000 1.07
KOR EHS 0.92 0.63 92% 87% 0.000 1.00
LAO EHS 0.98 0.77 94% 49% 0.000 1.06
MAL EHS 0.80 0.65 96% 47% 0.000 1.08
MLD EHS 0.89 0.84 91% 45% 0.000 1.02
MON EHS 0.86 0.75 98% 82% 0.000 1.06
NEP EHS 0.96 0.71 94% 65% 0.000 1.04
PAK EHS 0.82 0.73 95% 58% 0.000 1.06
PHI EHS 0.93 0.68 96% 32% 0.000 1.08
PRC EHS 0.98 0.50 92% 73% 0.000 1.02
SIN EHS 0.96 0.87 96% 32% 0.000 1.03
SRI EHS 0.79 0.79 93% 56% 0.000 1.01
TAP EHS 0.87 0.68 94% 63% 0.000 1.01
THA EHS 0.95 0.58 95% 60% 0.000 1.01
VIE EHS 0.91 0.65 88% 73% 0.000 0.96
BAN HRS 1.34 1.25 90% 80% 1.000 0.97
BHU HRS 0.93 1.03 84% 62% 0.000 0.93
BRU HRS 0.95 1.21 97% 82% 0.000 1.06
CAM HRS 1.19 1.01 93% 81% 1.000 1.01
FIJ HRS 1.12 0.77 96% 82% 0.000 1.01
HKG HRS 0.97 0.81 91% 77% 0.000 1.01
IND HRS 1.18 1.07 92% 70% 1.000 0.98
INO HRS 1.06 0.86 85% 67% 0.000 0.93
JPN HRS 1.13 0.94 92% 91% 0.000 0.99
KAZ HRS 0.99 0.83 89% 65% 0.000 0.97
KGZ HRS 0.93 0.87 95% 81% 0.000 1.05
KOR HRS 1.02 0.97 87% 83% 0.000 0.95
LAO HRS 1.24 0.80 92% 68% 0.000 1.04
MAL HRS 1.13 0.83 94% 71% 0.000 1.05
MLD HRS 1.10 0.72 89% 66% 0.000 0.99
MON HRS 1.23 1.06 84% 85% 1.000 0.91
NEP HRS 1.28 0.92 88% 80% 0.000 0.98
PAK HRS 1.28 0.70 94% 71% 0.000 1.06
PHI HRS 1.33 0.76 70% 75% 0.000 0.79
PRC HRS 1.08 0.97 85% 87% 0.000 0.93
SIN HRS 1.06 0.93 94% 78% 0.000 1.01
SRI HRS 1.17 0.78 92% 52% 0.000 1.00
TAP HRS 1.10 0.80 88% 75% 0.000 0.94
THA HRS 1.11 0.68 91% 73% 0.000 0.97
VIE HRS 1.12 0.75 92% 90% 0.000 1.00
BAN OSV 0.80 0.88 95% 83% 0.000 1.01
BHU OSV 1.02 0.91 95% 77% 0.000 1.05
BRU OSV 0.84 0.94 98% 78% 0.000 1.07
CAM OSV 0.91 1.01 96% 86% 0.000 1.04
FIJ OSV 0.85 1.55 97% 58% 0.000 1.02
HKG OSV 1.04 1.25 91% 72% 1.000 1.00
IND OSV 0.84 1.05 95% 59% 0.000 1.01
INO OSV 1.11 1.17 70% 51% 1.000 0.77
JPN OSV 0.97 0.97 98% 84% 0.000 1.05
KAZ OSV 0.92 0.69 90% 75% 0.000 0.98
KGZ OSV 0.84 0.87 96% 80% 0.000 1.06
KOR OSV 1.08 1.05 92% 75% 1.000 1.01
LAO OSV 0.94 0.78 98% 49% 0.000 1.10
MAL OSV 1.00 0.86 95% 78% 0.000 1.06
MLD OSV 1.01 0.76 96% 76% 0.000 1.07
MON OSV 0.91 1.05 98% 85% 0.000 1.06
NEP OSV 1.03 0.71 95% 50% 0.000 1.06
PAK OSV 0.81 0.88 88% 90% 0.000 0.99
PHI OSV 1.04 0.91 96% 47% 0.000 1.07
PRC OSV 0.93 1.00 95% 91% 0.000 1.05
SIN OSV 0.94 0.78 93% 84% 0.000 1.00
SRI OSV 1.14 0.94 96% 73% 0.000 1.04
TAP OSV 0.97 0.98 95% 74% 0.000 1.02
THA OSV 0.87 0.89 97% 77% 0.000 1.03
VIE OSV 0.96 0.79 94% 73% 0.000 1.04
BAN PAD 0.95 0.86 81% 80% 0.000 0.87
BHU PAD 1.14 0.78 82% 77% 0.000 0.91
BRU PAD 0.99 0.74 97% 51% 0.000 1.06
CAM PAD 1.10 0.75 93% 78% 0.000 1.01
FIJ PAD
HKG PAD 0.84 0.76 96% 77% 0.000 1.06
IND PAD
INO PAD 1.00 0.74 96% 75% 0.000 1.05
JPN PAD 0.88 0.65 97% 75% 0.000 1.04
KAZ PAD 1.11 0.65 93% 16% 0.000 1.02
KGZ PAD 0.77 0.58 95% 48% 0.000 1.05
KOR PAD 0.82 0.58 98% 92% 0.000 1.08
LAO PAD 1.07 0.77 93% 9% 0.000 1.05
MAL PAD 0.95 0.57 97% 42% 0.000 1.09
MLD PAD 0.97 0.94 92% 76% 0.000 1.03
MON PAD 0.94 0.80 93% 80% 0.000 1.01
NEP PAD 1.00 0.68 91% 48% 0.000 1.01
PAK PAD 1.05 0.64 97% 58% 0.000 1.09
PHI PAD
PRC PAD 0.87 0.50 98% 77% 0.000 1.08
SIN PAD 1.20 0.73 92% 85% 0.000 0.99
SRI PAD 0.78 0.73 96% 15% 0.000 1.04
TAP PAD 0.89 0.77 97% 82% 0.000 1.04
THA PAD 0.84 0.60 97% 80% 0.000 1.03
VIE PAD 0.81 0.63 98% 72% 0.000 1.07
BAN AHF 0.93 1.02 91% 42% 0.000 0.97
BHU AHF 0.82 0.87 88% 50% 0.000 0.97
BRU AHF 0.93 1.04 94% 44% 0.000 1.04
CAM AHF 0.84 0.93 81% 61% 0.000 0.88
FIJ AHF 0.97 0.98 96% 27% 0.000 1.01
HKG AHF 0.90 0.86 84% 41% 0.000 0.93
IND AHF 0.91 0.95 87% 42% 0.000 0.92
INO AHF 0.77 1.12 94% 34% 0.000 1.03
JPN AHF 1.08 1.37 93% 41% 1.000 1.00
KAZ AHF 0.99 1.02 88% 41% 0.000 0.96
KGZ AHF 1.27 1.11 67% 18% 1.000 0.74
KOR AHF 0.99 1.30 88% 34% 0.000 0.96
LAO AHF 0.83 0.97 87% 28% 0.000 0.98
MAL AHF 0.89 1.42 95% 29% 0.000 1.07
MLD AHF 0.97 1.29 94% 29% 0.000 1.06
MON AHF 0.91 1.04 93% 20% 0.000 1.01
NEP AHF 0.89 0.95 91% 60% 0.000 1.01
PAK AHF 0.88 1.25 71% 39% 0.000 0.79
PHI AHF 0.96 1.36 93% 26% 0.000 1.04
PRC AHF 0.84 1.18 90% 42% 0.000 0.99
SIN AHF 0.98 1.34 97% 40% 0.000 1.04
SRI AHF 0.89 0.98 96% 41% 0.000 1.04
TAP AHF 1.09 1.24 89% 29% 1.000 0.96
THA AHF 0.84 1.18 93% 38% 0.000 0.99
VIE AHF 1.11 1.33 90% 25% 1.000 0.98
BAN MIN 0.78 1.78 97% 63% 0.000 1.04
BHU MIN 1.00 1.31 86% 39% 0.000 0.95
BRU MIN 0.87 1.10 82% 37% 0.000 0.90
CAM MIN 0.85 1.24 90% 72% 0.000 0.98
FIJ MIN 1.05 1.25 94% 55% 1.000 0.98
HKG MIN
IND MIN 1.08 1.69 95% 12% 1.000 1.01
INO MIN 0.84 1.30 94% 47% 0.000 1.03
JPN MIN 0.93 1.62 95% 33% 0.000 1.02
KAZ MIN 1.02 0.97 93% 41% 0.000 1.02
KGZ MIN 0.87 0.63 86% 62% 0.000 0.95
KOR MIN 0.94 1.54 91% 17% 0.000 1.00
LAO MIN 0.90 1.08 88% 58% 0.000 0.99
MAL MIN 0.69 1.17 95% 29% 0.000 1.06
MLD MIN
MON MIN 1.03 0.81 97% 68% 0.000 1.05
NEP MIN 0.82 1.40 89% 33% 0.000 0.99
PAK MIN 0.78 1.72 91% 50% 0.000 1.02
PHI MIN 0.86 1.66 90% 41% 0.000 1.01
PRC MIN 0.98 1.79 94% 42% 0.000 1.03
SIN MIN
SRI MIN 0.88 1.00 93% 30% 0.000 1.01
TAP MIN 0.97 1.22 91% 38% 0.000 0.98
THA MIN 1.19 1.60 85% 41% 1.000 0.91
VIE MIN 0.91 1.15 83% 42% 0.000 0.91
BAN CON 1.33 0.94 95% 63% 0.000 1.01
BHU CON 1.11 0.89 95% 52% 0.000 1.05
BRU CON 1.15 0.85 97% 72% 0.000 1.06
CAM CON 0.96 0.88 90% 39% 0.000 0.97
FIJ CON 1.20 0.78 93% 32% 0.000 0.98
HKG CON 1.48 1.35 56% 10% 1.000 0.62
IND CON 1.31 0.82 94% 61% 0.000 1.00
INO CON 1.22 0.76 96% 87% 0.000 1.05
JPN CON 1.07 0.73 94% 76% 0.000 1.01
KAZ CON 1.12 0.85 92% 73% 0.000 1.01
KGZ CON 0.95 0.78 88% 33% 0.000 0.97
KOR CON 1.07 0.59 85% 65% 0.000 0.93
LAO CON 1.21 1.10 89% 57% 1.000 1.01
MAL CON 1.16 0.78 93% 71% 0.000 1.04
MLD CON 0.99 1.19 74% 61% 0.000 0.83
MON CON 1.16 0.94 96% 54% 0.000 1.04
NEP CON 1.00 0.82 87% 14% 0.000 0.97
PAK CON
PHI CON 0.80 1.01 96% 87% 0.000 1.07
PRC CON 0.90 1.13 96% 83% 0.000 1.05
SIN CON 1.13 1.46 91% 69% 1.000 0.98
SRI CON 1.01 1.27 83% 73% 1.000 0.90
TAP CON 0.74 1.06 94% 76% 0.000 1.01
THA CON 0.97 1.04 97% 76% 0.000 1.04
VIE CON 0.88 1.25 93% 76% 0.000 1.02
BAN HMF 0.90 0.69 98% 37% 0.000 1.04
BHU HMF 0.93 0.68 96% 32% 0.000 1.06
BRU HMF 1.13 0.94 92% 91% 0.000 1.01
CAM HMF 1.11 0.68 91% 73% 0.000 0.99
FIJ HMF 1.00 0.86 95% 78% 0.000 0.99
HKG HMF 1.10 0.75 93% 78% 0.000 1.03
IND HMF
INO HMF 1.08 1.37 93% 41% 1.000 1.02
JPN HMF 0.84 1.18 93% 38% 0.000 1.00
KAZ HMF 0.69 1.17 95% 29% 0.000 1.04
KGZ HMF 0.96 0.88 90% 39% 0.000 0.99
KOR HMF
LAO HMF 1.22 1.16 80% 51% 1.000 0.91
MAL HMF 1.13 1.07 81% 54% 1.000 0.91
MLD HMF 1.32 1.11 90% 65% 1.000 1.02
MON HMF 1.21 1.16 89% 77% 1.000 0.96
NEP HMF 0.88 1.50 78% 84% 0.000 0.87
PAK HMF 0.95 1.34 90% 84% 0.000 1.02
PHI HMF 0.82 1.37 93% 80% 0.000 1.04
PRC HMF 0.97 1.49 95% 92% 0.000 1.04
SIN HMF 1.05 1.21 94% 87% 1.000 1.01
SRI HMF 0.91 1.06 92% 83% 0.000 1.00
TAP HMF 0.90 1.01 97% 85% 0.000 1.03
THA HMF 0.90 1.14 96% 77% 0.000 1.03
VIE HMF 1.11 1.21 91% 79% 1.000 1.00
BAN LMF 0.94 0.74 95% 62% 0.000 1.01
BHU LMF 0.82 0.73 95% 58% 0.000 1.04
BRU LMF 1.06 0.86 85% 67% 0.000 0.93
CAM LMF 1.10 0.80 88% 75% 0.000 0.95
FIJ LMF 0.94 0.78 98% 49% 0.000 1.02
HKG LMF 0.99 0.74 97% 51% 0.000 1.07
IND LMF 1.05 0.64 97% 58% 0.000 1.03
INO LMF 0.77 1.12 94% 34% 0.000 1.03
JPN LMF 1.09 1.24 89% 29% 1.000 0.96
KAZ LMF 0.90 1.08 88% 58% 0.000 0.96
KGZ LMF 1.15 0.85 97% 72% 0.000 1.07
KOR LMF 1.16 0.68 95% 21% 0.000 1.04
LAO LMF 1.05 1.02 91% 65% 1.000 1.03
MAL LMF 1.09 1.07 66% 35% 1.000 0.73
MLD LMF 1.22 1.02 87% 67% 1.000 0.98
MON LMF 1.19 1.16 88% 77% 1.000 0.95
NEP LMF 1.55 1.47 83% 55% 1.000 0.93
PAK LMF 0.85 1.31 95% 87% 0.000 1.07
PHI LMF 0.92 1.22 78% 72% 0.000 0.88
PRC LMF 0.86 1.02 90% 74% 0.000 0.99
SIN LMF 0.96 1.41 90% 86% 0.000 0.97
SRI LMF 0.99 1.07 87% 90% 0.000 0.94
TAP LMF 0.88 1.23 97% 74% 0.000 1.04
THA LMF 0.90 0.97 95% 74% 0.000 1.01
VIE LMF 0.94 1.40 85% 78% 0.000 0.93
BAN UTL 0.99 0.77 96% 74% 0.000 1.02
BHU UTL 0.98 0.50 92% 73% 0.000 1.02
BRU UTL 0.99 0.83 89% 65% 0.000 0.98
CAM UTL 1.12 0.75 92% 90% 0.000 0.99
FIJ UTL 1.01 0.76 96% 76% 0.000 1.00
HKG UTL
IND UTL 0.87 0.50 98% 77% 0.000 1.05
INO UTL 0.99 1.02 88% 41% 0.000 0.97
JPN UTL 1.11 1.33 90% 25% 1.000 0.96
KAZ UTL
KGZ UTL 1.20 0.78 93% 32% 0.000 1.03
KOR UTL 1.32 0.51 90% 66% 0.000 0.99
LAO UTL 1.16 1.18 87% 80% 1.000 0.98
MAL UTL 1.10 1.30 76% 65% 1.000 0.85
MLD UTL 1.25 1.06 90% 36% 1.000 1.01
MON UTL 0.99 1.51 92% 88% 0.000 1.00
NEP UTL 1.29 1.73 88% 67% 1.000 0.98
PAK UTL 0.85 1.47 88% 82% 0.000 0.99
PHI UTL 0.91 1.39 73% 75% 0.000 0.82
PRC UTL 0.92 1.08 62% 77% 0.000 0.68
SIN UTL 0.91 1.36 89% 82% 0.000 0.95
SRI UTL 0.79 1.01 93% 85% 0.000 1.01
TAP UTL 0.88 0.99 94% 83% 0.000 1.01
THA UTL 0.89 1.21 96% 59% 0.000 1.02
VIE UTL 1.00 1.06 95% 62% 1.000 1.05
BAN FIN 0.73 0.60 97% 73% 0.000 1.04
BHU FIN 1.34 1.25 90% 80% 1.000 1.00
BRU FIN 1.23 1.06 84% 85% 1.000 0.92
CAM FIN 1.04 1.25 91% 72% 1.000 0.98
FIJ FIN 0.94 0.78 93% 84% 0.000 0.98
HKG FIN 0.77 0.58 95% 48% 0.000 1.05
IND FIN 0.93 1.02 91% 42% 0.000 0.96
INO FIN 0.91 1.04 93% 20% 0.000 1.03
JPN FIN
KAZ FIN
KGZ FIN 0.95 0.78 88% 33% 0.000 0.97
KOR FIN 1.10 1.14 97% 72% 1.000 1.06
LAO FIN 1.09 1.21 88% 73% 1.000 1.00
MAL FIN 1.01 1.00 91% 81% 0.000 1.02
MLD FIN 1.10 1.18 90% 73% 1.000 1.00
MON FIN 0.85 1.02 94% 88% 0.000 1.01
NEP FIN 0.95 1.62 98% 72% 0.000 1.08
PAK FIN 0.87 1.56 96% 66% 0.000 1.08
PHI FIN 0.93 1.23 89% 69% 0.000 1.00
PRC FIN 0.96 1.21 90% 76% 0.000 0.99
SIN FIN 0.70 0.93 95% 89% 0.000 1.02
SRI FIN 0.85 1.04 97% 66% 0.000 1.06
TAP FIN 0.92 1.13 95% 77% 0.000 1.02
THA FIN 1.14 1.04 91% 53% 1.000 0.97
VIE FIN 0.91 0.97 90% 59% 0.000 0.99
BAN BUS 0.92 0.63 92% 87% 0.000 0.98
BHU BUS 0.93 1.03 84% 62% 0.000 0.93
BRU BUS 1.28 0.92 88% 80% 0.000 0.97
CAM BUS 0.84 1.05 95% 59% 0.000 1.03
FIJ BUS 1.14 0.94 96% 73% 0.000 1.01
HKG BUS 0.82 0.58 98% 92% 0.000 1.09
IND BUS 0.82 0.87 88% 50% 0.000 0.94
INO BUS 0.89 0.95 91% 60% 0.000 1.00
JPN BUS 1.08 1.69 95% 12% 1.000 1.02
KAZ BUS 0.88 1.00 93% 30% 0.000 1.01
KGZ BUS 1.07 0.59 85% 65% 0.000 0.94
KOR BUS 1.27 1.02 89% 60% 1.000 0.97
LAO BUS 1.01 1.41 79% 63% 1.000 0.89
MAL BUS 1.46 1.08 94% 56% 1.000 1.05
MLD BUS 1.11 1.04 91% 70% 1.000 1.02
MON BUS 0.94 1.41 86% 77% 0.000 0.92
NEP BUS 0.82 1.34 89% 62% 0.000 0.98
PAK BUS 0.87 0.82 90% 69% 0.000 1.02
PHI BUS 0.85 0.87 93% 66% 0.000 1.04
PRC BUS 0.93 1.03 97% 58% 0.000 1.07
SIN BUS 1.08 1.33 95% 82% 1.000 1.02
SRI BUS 0.89 1.08 82% 68% 0.000 0.89
TAP BUS 0.87 0.93 87% 79% 0.000 0.93
THA BUS 0.89 1.21 94% 71% 0.000 1.00
VIE BUS 1.07 1.07 92% 75% 1.000 1.01
BAN TEL 1.06 0.67 96% 63% 0.000 1.02
BHU TEL 0.91 0.65 88% 73% 0.000 0.97
BRU TEL 1.10 0.72 89% 66% 0.000 0.97
CAM TEL 0.85 1.55 97% 58% 0.000 1.05
FIJ TEL 0.93 1.00 95% 91% 0.000 1.00
HKG TEL 1.11 0.65 93% 16% 0.000 1.03
IND TEL 0.81 0.63 98% 72% 0.000 1.04
INO TEL 0.97 1.29 94% 29% 0.000 1.04
JPN TEL 1.05 1.25 94% 55% 1.000 1.01
KAZ TEL 0.98 1.79 94% 42% 0.000 1.02
KGZ TEL 1.12 0.85 92% 73% 0.000 1.02
KOR TEL 1.13 0.75 90% 62% 0.000 0.98
LAO TEL 0.92 1.11 95% 64% 0.000 1.08
MAL TEL 1.15 1.02 91% 80% 1.000 1.01
MLD TEL 1.25 1.19 89% 64% 1.000 1.00
MON TEL 1.09 1.21 92% 85% 1.000 0.99
NEP TEL 0.81 1.50 90% 75% 0.000 1.00
PAK TEL 0.88 1.59 83% 67% 0.000 0.93
PHI TEL 1.07 1.05 95% 87% 1.000 1.06
PRC TEL 0.87 1.08 95% 81% 0.000 1.04
SIN TEL 0.95 0.93 94% 71% 0.000 1.02
SRI TEL 1.11 0.96 91% 78% 0.000 0.99
TAP TEL 1.25 1.49 88% 68% 1.000 0.95
THA TEL 0.82 0.88 94% 75% 0.000 1.00
VIE TEL 0.99 1.33 91% 80% 0.000 1.00
BAN TRD 0.86 0.71 95% 43% 0.000 1.01
BHU TRD 0.79 0.79 93% 56% 0.000 1.03
BRU TRD 1.02 0.97 87% 83% 0.000 0.95
CAM TRD 1.02 0.91 95% 77% 0.000 1.03
FIJ TRD 1.03 0.71 95% 50% 0.000 1.00
HKG TRD
IND TRD 0.78 0.73 96% 15% 0.000 1.02
INO TRD 0.99 1.30 88% 34% 0.000 0.97
JPN TRD 1.00 1.31 86% 39% 0.000 0.93
KAZ TRD 0.82 1.40 89% 33% 0.000 0.97
KGZ TRD 1.31 0.82 94% 61% 0.000 1.04
KOR TRD 1.07 0.80 95% 40% 0.000 1.04
LAO TRD 1.14 1.11 72% 44% 1.000 0.81
MAL TRD 1.20 1.19 93% 57% 1.000 1.04
MLD TRD 1.20 1.18 87% 73% 1.000 0.98
MON TRD 1.13 1.71 92% 76% 1.000 0.99
NEP TRD 1.09 1.60 96% 85% 1.000 1.07
PAK TRD 0.96 1.27 91% 80% 0.000 1.02
PHI TRD 0.91 1.36 96% 83% 0.000 1.07
PRC TRD 1.00 1.04 92% 82% 1.000 1.01
SIN TRD 0.83 1.39 87% 73% 0.000 0.94
SRI TRD 1.16 1.26 96% 78% 1.000 1.04
TAP TRD 0.92 1.12 97% 66% 0.000 1.04
THA TRD 1.00 1.19 92% 72% 1.000 0.98
VIE TRD 0.75 1.04 95% 81% 0.000 1.04
BAN TSP 0.92 0.64 95% 76% 0.000 1.01
BHU TSP 0.95 0.58 95% 60% 0.000 1.05
BRU TSP 1.13 0.83 94% 71% 0.000 1.03
CAM TSP 0.91 1.01 96% 86% 0.000 1.04
FIJ TSP 1.04 0.91 96% 47% 0.000 1.01
HKG TSP 0.88 0.65 97% 75% 0.000 1.07
IND TSP 0.84 0.60 97% 80% 0.000 1.03
INO TSP 0.89 1.42 95% 29% 0.000 1.05
JPN TSP 0.85 1.24 90% 72% 0.000 0.97
KAZ TSP 0.86 1.66 90% 41% 0.000 0.98
KGZ TSP 1.07 0.73 94% 76% 0.000 1.04
KOR TSP 1.14 0.60 90% 70% 0.000 0.98
LAO TSP 0.95 0.83 93% 66% 0.000 1.05
MAL TSP 1.17 0.98 85% 31% 0.000 0.95
MLD TSP 1.29 1.01 88% 62% 1.000 0.99
MON TSP 1.00 1.34 97% 85% 0.000 1.05
NEP TSP 0.96 1.45 94% 80% 0.000 1.04
PAK TSP 1.06 1.59 76% 77% 1.000 0.86
PHI TSP 1.12 1.23 92% 82% 1.000 1.03
PRC TSP 0.96 0.97 94% 78% 0.000 1.03
SIN TSP 0.93 1.17 95% 87% 0.000 1.02
SRI TSP 1.02 1.14 95% 86% 1.000 1.03
TAP TSP 0.92 1.01 95% 70% 0.000 1.02
THA TSP 0.95 1.37 96% 81% 0.000 1.02
VIE TSP 1.02 0.91 91% 83% 0.000 0.99
Forward measure of concent
Bar elements (Backward dispersion ratios) (y) (x) 2000
0.22 1.) Public and personal services
Backward
Normalized
measure
backward
of concentration
linkage based on input coefficients
0.69 Max. 1 0.98 1.04
0.89 Min. 1 0.70 0.53
0.53 Average 1.5 0.93 0.93
1.19 Average 0.5 0.93 0.93
1.25
0.82 2.) Primary resources
1.27 Max. 1 0.97 1.04
1.43 Min. 1 0.67 0.59
1.35 Average 1.5 0.90 0.88
1.29 Average 0.5 0.90 0.88
1.44
0.90 3.) Industry
0.86 Max. 1 0.98 0.98
0.74 Min. 1 0.56 0.61
1.09 Average 1.5 0.90 0.88
1.05 Average 0.5 0.90 0.88
0.83
0.49 4.) Business services
0.99 Max. 1 0.98 1.04
0.42 Min. 1 0.72 0.58
0.86 Average 1.5 0.92 0.91
0.92 Average 0.5 0.92 0.91
0.90
1.05
1.27 Bar elements (Forward dispersion ratios) (y) (x) 2000
1.04 1.) Public and personal services
Forward
Normalized
measureforward
of concentration
linkage based on output coefficients
1.19 Max. 1 0.92 0.95
1.17 Min. 1 0.09 -
1.31 Average 1.8 0.68 0.61
1.30 Average 0.5 0.68 0.61
1.33
1.41 2.) Primary resources
1.70 Max. 1 0.72 0.81
1.39 Min. 1 0.12 -
1.43 Average 1.8 0.40 0.39
1.38 Average 0.5 0.40 0.39
1.24
1.29 3.) Industry
1.08 Max. 1 0.92 0.89
1.14 Min. 1 0.10 0.07
1.29 Average 1.8 0.64 0.63
1.01 Average 0.5 0.64 0.63
1.13
1.17 4.) Business services
1.04 Max. 1 0.92 0.96
0.80 Min. 1 0.12 -
1.08 Average 1.8 0.66 0.74
1.09 Average 0.5 0.66 0.74
1.29
1.33
1.29
1.14
1.23
0.93
1.22
1.12
1.09
1.57
1.60
1.42
1.24
0.89
1.41
1.23
1.13
0.81
1.29
0.71
1.23
1.12
1.13
1.07
1.15
1.05
1.27
1.30
0.73
1.11
1.31
1.58
1.41
0.35
0.84
1.53
0.16
0.77
1.23
1.06
0.78
0.83
1.04
1.14
0.22
1.19
1.19
1.03
0.66
0.84
0.64
0.88
0.43
0.69
0.80
0.72
0.76
0.89
0.32
0.57
0.50
0.52
0.46
0.27
0.97
0.56
0.40
0.56
0.53
0.63
0.43
0.57
0.36
1.01
0.66
0.53
1.04
0.87
0.23
1.00
0.62
0.88
1.10
0.28
1.05
0.53
0.90
0.53
0.71
0.62
0.56
0.47
0.55
0.61
0.60
1.01
0.87
1.04
0.57
0.51
0.17
1.17
1.84
1.43
1.56
0.58
1.08
1.03
1.29
1.00
0.71
0.23
1.33
1.11
0.92
1.13
1.10
1.13
1.09
0.59
0.54
1.32
1.05
1.24
1.31
0.86
0.72
0.63
0.70
0.93
0.98
1.05
1.03
1.36
1.20
1.21
1.24
1.17
1.27
1.22
1.14
1.12
0.98
0.98
0.97
1.07
0.78
0.85
1.12
0.72
0.55
1.23
1.27
0.36
1.19
0.64
1.09
1.03
0.89
1.25
1.09
1.00
1.15
1.38
1.07
1.10
1.12
1.19
1.23
0.94
1.30
1.21
1.47
0.88
0.48
0.57
1.09
1.45
1.18
0.58
1.18
1.07
1.17
1.13
1.04
1.10
1.31
1.19
0.88
0.89
1.16
1.34
1.24
1.03
1.34
0.80
0.80
0.42
0.58
1.20
1.33
1.47
1.18
1.17
1.17
0.95
1.05
1.02
1.19
1.02
1.11
0.79
0.84
1.39
1.04
1.16
0.84
1.17
1.55
0.95
1.27
0.23
0.65
1.16
1.00
1.14
1.01
1.13
1.02
0.99
0.98
1.00
0.78
1.09
1.05
1.14
1.06
1.07
1.01
1.23
0.96
0.83
1.46
0.28
1.38
0.61
1.02
0.89
1.30
1.02
1.18
1.46
1.04
1.14
1.21
0.96
1.33
1.09
0.95
1.19
0.98
1.12
1.15
0.68
0.94
1.21
1.11
0.81
0.28
0.73
0.73
0.70
1.09
0.66
0.80
1.03
1.19
1.01
1.37
1.15
1.26
1.11
0.98
1.20
0.95
1.07
1.16
1.22
1.01
1.03
1.23
0.75
1.27
1.53
0.60
1.36
0.88
1.35
1.16
1.21
0.57
1.01
1.13
1.28
1.10
1.25
1.06
1.17
1.32
1.01
1.20
1.18
Figure 1.13: Dispersion of Impacts from Direct
ed on input coefficients
Backward dispersion ratios
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Industry
Primary resources
Business services
d on output coefficients Public and personal services
2018 Average dispersion ratio

2000 Average dispersion ratio of industry sectors
2000 Average dispersion ratio of primary resource sectors
2000 Average dispersion ratio of business services sectors
2000 Average dispersion ratio of public and personal services sectors
mpacts from Direct Linkages in Asia and the Pacific, 2000–2018
Forward dispersion ratios
0.95 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.9 1
Row Column
X (basedYon
(based
2018 on
rank)
2018 2000Bubble
rank) size
Quartile
AHF AHF 4 12 1.5 1
MIN MIN 1 11 2.0 1
LMF LMF 8 2 2.0 1
HMF HMF 11 1 2.0 1
UTL UTL 2 9 2.0 1
CON CON 13 3 2.0 1
TRD TRD 7 5 2.0 1
HRS HRS 12 10 2.0 1
TSP TSP 5 8 2.0 1
TEL TEL 6 15 2.0 1
FIN FIN 3 13 2.0 1
BUS BUS 9 4 2.0 1
PAD PAD 14 7 2.0 1
EHS EHS 15 6 2.0 1
OSV OSV 10 14 2.0 1
HMF MIN 1 1 55.5 2.0 4
LMF AHF 4 2 36.8 2.0 4
HMF UTL 2 1 29.7 2.0 4
HMF FIN 3 1 15.7 2.0 4
HMF TSP 5 1 16.5 2.0 4
CON MIN 1 3 14.7 2.0 4
LMF UTL 2 2 18.7 2.0 4
CON LMF 8 3 12.7 2.0 4
HMF TRD 7 1 15.9 2.0 4
LMF MIN 1 2 17.7 2.0 4
CON UTL 2 3 9.2 2.0 4
CON HMF 11 3 10.6 2.0 4
HMF LMF 8 1 13.6 2.0 4
LMF TRD 7 2 12.5 2.0 4
LMF TSP 5 2 12.8 2.0 4
CON FIN 3 3 8.2 2.0 4
CON TSP 5 3 9.5 2.0 4
HMF BUS 9 1 9.9 2.0 4
CON AHF 4 3 8.3 2.0 4
UTL MIN 1 9 19.2 2.0 4
LMF FIN 3 2 10.9 2.0 4
CON TEL 6 3 9.6 2.0 4
HMF OSV 10 1 7.7 2.0 4
BUS FIN 3 4 17.2 2.0 4
HMF AHF 4 1 6.5 2.0 4
CON TRD 7 3 8.9 2.0 4
TRD FIN 3 5 18.4 2.0 4
TRD BUS 9 5 9.9 2.0 4
HMF TEL 6 1 12.6 2.0 4
LMF HMF 11 2 9.5 2.0 4
CON BUS 9 3 6.4 2.0 4
HMF HRS 12 1 8.8 2.0 4
PAD TEL 6 7 6.4 2.0 4
TRD TEL 6 5 18.4 2.0 4
TRD TSP 5 5 10.1 2.0 4
BUS TEL 6 4 8.8 2.0 4
MIN UTL 2 11 2.8 2.0 4
CON OSV 10 3 4.1 2.0 4
LMF BUS 9 2 5.6 2.0 4
LMF OSV 10 2 5.2 2.0 4
HRS AHF 4 10 6.8 2.0 4
CON HRS 12 3 4.3 2.0 4
EHS TEL 6 6 4.6 2.0 4
BUS HRS 12 4 4.5 2.0 4
FIN TEL 6 13 6.1 2.0 4
BUS OSV 10 4 8.6 2.0 4
EHS UTL 2 6 7.8 2.0 4
TSP FIN 3 8 7.1 2.0 4
TRD UTL 2 5 9.9 2.0 4
LMF TEL 6 2 7.5 2.0 4
BUS UTL 2 4 5.4 2.0 4
LMF HRS 12 2 5.8 2.0 4
HRS LMF 8 10 6.4 2.0 4
EHS FIN 3 6 4.2 2.0 3
PAD HRS 12 7 3.7 2.0 3
PAD OSV 10 7 3.2 2.0 3
EHS HMF 11 6 4.7 2.0 3
EHS OSV 10 6 3.7 2.0 3
EHS MIN 1 6 4.5 2.0 3
TRD HRS 12 5 7.2 2.0 3
BUS TSP 5 4 3.5 2.0 3
BUS MIN 1 4 2.8 2.0 3
FIN BUS 9 13 4.3 2.0 3
UTL FIN 3 9 3.4 2.0 3
TRD OSV 10 5 6.2 2.0 3
TSP UTL 2 8 5.2 2.0 3
BUS HMF 11 4 2.4 2.0 3
EHS HRS 12 6 3.0 2.0 3
AHF LMF 8 12 3.6 2.0 3
FIN HRS 12 13 2.5 2.0 3
BUS LMF 8 4 4.3 2.0 3
BUS TRD 7 4 3.2 2.0 3
EHS TRD 7 6 3.8 2.0 3
TSP MIN 1 8 4.3 2.0 3
EHS TSP 5 6 3.3 2.0 3
TSP TEL 6 8 4.6 2.0 3
HRS UTL 2 10 5.5 2.0 3
PAD UTL 2 7 5.4 2.0 3
TSP HMF 11 8 3.6 2.0 3
PAD FIN 3 7 3.5 2.0 3
AHF UTL 2 12 3.8 2.0 3
MIN FIN 3 11 0.9 2.0 3
EHS LMF 8 6 3.4 2.0 3
PAD TSP 5 7 3.6 2.0 3
EHS BUS 9 6 3.3 2.0 3
HRS TRD 7 10 4.0 2.0 3
OSV UTL 2 14 5.0 2.0 3
TSP OSV 10 8 2.1 2.0 3
BUS AHF 4 4 1.6 2.0 3
TSP HRS 12 8 3.4 2.0 3
AHF MIN 1 12 4.0 2.0 3
OSV FIN 3 14 4.9 2.0 3
AHF FIN 3 12 2.8 2.0 3
MIN HMF 11 11 1.1 2.0 3
AHF TRD 7 12 2.6 2.0 3
MIN TSP 5 11 1.3 2.0 3
PAD BUS 9 7 3.9 2.0 3
TSP TRD 7 8 3.0 2.0 3
EHS AHF 4 6 1.9 2.0 3
TRD LMF 8 5 5.8 2.0 3
PAD LMF 8 7 3.2 2.0 3
AHF TSP 5 12 2.8 2.0 3
UTL HMF 11 9 2.2 2.0 3
TRD MIN 1 5 5.3 2.0 3
TSP BUS 9 8 2.8 2.0 3
AHF HMF 11 12 2.4 2.0 2
TRD HMF 11 5 4.9 2.0 2
FIN OSV 10 13 1.8 2.0 2
OSV BUS 9 14 2.9 2.0 2
OSV TEL 6 14 4.6 2.0 2
HRS FIN 3 10 3.9 2.0 2
UTL TSP 5 9 2.9 2.0 2
PAD TRD 7 7 2.4 2.0 2
HRS TSP 5 10 2.7 2.0 2
UTL OSV 10 9 1.5 2.0 2
OSV HRS 12 14 2.7 2.0 2
PAD MIN 1 7 2.4 2.0 2
HRS TEL 6 10 3.3 2.0 2
OSV TSP 5 14 2.5 2.0 2
TSP AHF 4 8 1.7 2.0 2
MIN BUS 9 11 0.4 2.0 2
OSV MIN 1 14 2.9 2.0 2
OSV LMF 8 14 3.0 2.0 2
TRD AHF 4 5 3.2 2.0 2
PAD HMF 11 7 2.3 2.0 2
UTL TRD 7 9 2.2 2.0 2
TSP LMF 8 8 2.1 2.0 2
PAD AHF 4 7 1.6 2.0 2
OSV TRD 7 14 2.2 2.0 2
OSV HMF 11 14 1.9 2.0 2
FIN UTL 2 13 1.9 2.0 2
HRS BUS 9 10 1.9 2.0 2
HRS OSV 10 10 2.5 2.0 2
UTL BUS 9 9 1.5 2.0 2
MIN TRD 7 11 0.7 2.0 2
MIN OSV 10 11 0.6 2.0 2
MIN LMF 8 11 0.7 2.0 2
HRS MIN 1 10 2.1 2.0 2
FIN TSP 5 13 2.0 2.0 2
HMF CON 13 1 1.9 2.0 2
UTL TEL 6 9 1.9 2.0 2
BUS CON 13 4 3.4 2.0 2
TEL FIN 3 15 1.7 2.0 2
TEL BUS 9 15 1.9 2.0 2
HMF PAD 14 1 0.9 2.0 2
PAD EHS 15 7 0.4 2.0 2
FIN LMF 8 13 1.4 2.0 2
OSV AHF 4 14 1.5 2.0 2
AHF BUS 9 12 0.7 2.0 2
TEL UTL 2 15 1.5 2.0 2
MIN HRS 12 11 0.5 2.0 2
UTL HRS 12 9 1.4 2.0 2
AHF OSV 10 12 1.0 2.0 2
MIN TEL 6 11 0.7 2.0 2
AHF TEL 6 12 1.2 2.0 2
HMF EHS 15 1 0.9 2.0 2
UTL LMF 8 9 1.3 2.0 2
MIN AHF 4 11 0.4 2.0 1
FIN TRD 7 13 1.0 2.0 1
HRS HMF 11 10 1.3 2.0 1
TEL HRS 12 15 1.7 2.0 1
BUS PAD 14 4 0.5 2.0 1
LMF CON 13 2 1.3 2.0 1
AHF HRS 12 12 1.0 2.0 1
TEL OSV 10 15 1.1 2.0 1
FIN AHF 4 13 0.6 2.0 1
FIN MIN 1 13 0.7 2.0 1
TEL TSP 5 15 1.1 2.0 1
UTL AHF 4 9 0.8 2.0 1
CON PAD 14 3 0.5 2.0 1
PAD CON 13 7 1.2 2.0 1
TEL MIN 1 15 0.7 2.0 1
CON EHS 15 3 0.5 2.0 1
FIN HMF 11 13 0.6 2.0 1
TEL HMF 11 15 0.5 2.0 1
TRD CON 13 5 1.3 2.0 1
OSV PAD 14 14 1.5 2.0 1
TEL TRD 7 15 0.7 2.0 1
LMF PAD 14 2 0.5 2.0 1
BUS EHS 15 4 0.5 2.0 1
EHS CON 13 6 1.2 2.0 1
LMF EHS 15 2 0.6 2.0 1
TRD EHS 15 5 0.7 2.0 1
TSP CON 13 8 0.8 2.0 1
TRD PAD 14 5 0.7 2.0 1
FIN EHS 15 13 0.2 2.0 1
UTL CON 13 9 1.1 2.0 1
EHS PAD 14 6 0.4 2.0 1
TEL LMF 8 15 0.7 2.0 1
TEL AHF 4 15 0.3 2.0 1
TSP PAD 14 8 0.7 2.0 1
FIN CON 13 13 0.4 2.0 1
MIN CON 13 11 0.1 2.0 1
OSV CON 13 14 0.7 2.0 1
FIN PAD 14 13 0.3 2.0 1
AHF CON 13 12 0.3 2.0 1
TSP EHS 15 8 0.3 2.0 1
HRS CON 13 10 0.4 2.0 1
OSV EHS 15 14 0.3 2.0 1
MIN EHS 15 11 0.1 2.0 1
HRS PAD 14 10 0.4 2.0 1
TEL PAD 14 15 0.1 2.0 1
TEL CON 13 15 0.3 2.0 1
UTL EHS 15 9 0.2 2.0 1
AHF PAD 14 12 0.1 2.0 1
HRS EHS 15 10 0.3 2.0 1
MIN PAD 14 11 0.0 2.0 1
UTL PAD 14 9 0.2 2.0 1
AHF EHS 15 12 0.2 2.0 1
TEL EHS 15 15 0.2 2.0 1
2018 Quartile 1 1.23557745 Row labels Column label
Quartile 2 2.75001392 AHF 12 4
Quartile 3 5.82272773 MIN 11 1
Quartile 4 73.7346783 LMF 2 8
HMF 1 11
UTL 9 2
CON 3 13
TRD 5 7
HRS 10 12
TSP 8 5
TEL 15 6
FIN 13 3
BUS 4 9
PAD 7 14
EHS 6 15
OSV 14 10
73.7
51.7
44.1
25.8
24.3
23.1
22.0
21.7
21.7
20.4
18.7
17.6
17.3
16.9
16.5
16.4
16.0
15.9
14.6
14.6
14.2
13.6
13.6
13.1
13.0
12.9
12.2
11.6
11.5
11.5
11.2
10.8
9.1
9.0
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.1
7.8
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.1
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
Position Figu
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, a
manufacturing; HRS = hotel and resta
= wholesale and retail trade; TSP = tra
Note: Rows represent “extracted” sect

green in the third quartile; and blue in
magnitude of the impact in 2000 and 2
Source: Asian Development Bank. Mu

Figure 1.14: Impacts of the Hypothetical Extractio
(%)
hunting, forestry, and fishing; BUS = business services including real estate; CON = co
RS = hotel and restaurant services; LMF = light manufacturing; MIN = mining and quarry
etail trade; TSP = transport services; UTL = utilities.
sent “extracted” sectors, while columns represent affected sectors from this scenario; Or
quartile; and blue in the fourth quartile. Rows indicate the sector that was extracted. whil
mpact in 2000 and 2018.
velopment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

ical Extraction of Key Sectors in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
(%)
al estate; CON = construction; EHS = education and health services; FIN = finance and
= mining and quarrying; OSV = other services; PAD = public administration; TEL = post a
om this scenario; Orange dots represent percentage change in output in the first quartile
was extracted. while columns indicate the affected sectors from extraction exercise. Are
Pacific, 2018
FIN = finance and insurance; HMF = heavy
ration; TEL = post and telecommunications; TRD
t in the first quartile; yellow in the second quartile;

action exercise. Area of circles describe the
Row Column
X (based on 2018
Y (based
rank)on 2018 rank)2000 Bubble size Quartile
AHF AHF 12 4 2.0 1

MIN MIN 15 5 2.0 1
LMF LMF 7 14 2.0 1
HMF HMF 4 15 2.0 1
UTL UTL 14 9 2.0 1
CON CON 3 13 2.0 1
TRD TRD 10 11 2.0 1
HRS HRS 5 6 2.0 1
TSP TSP 11 7 2.0 1
TEL TEL 9 1 2.0 1
FIN FIN 13 3 2.0 1
BUS BUS 8 12 2.0 1
PAD PAD 2 8 2.0 1
EHS EHS 1 10 2.0 1
OSV OSV 6 2 2.0 1
HMF MIN 15 15 90.9 2.0 4
HMF UTL 14 15 48.8 2.0 4
LMF AHF 12 14 49.1 2.0 4
HMF FIN 13 15 24.9 2.0 4
HMF TSP 11 15 26.9 2.0 4
HMF TRD 10 15 25.3 2.0 4
HMF LMF 7 15 22.5 2.0 4
LMF UTL 14 14 25.2 2.0 4
LMF MIN 15 14 24.8 2.0 4
HMF BUS 8 15 15.7 2.0 4
HMF OSV 6 15 12.4 2.0 4
HMF AHF 12 15 10.8 2.0 4
LMF TRD 10 14 16.6 2.0 4
CON MIN 15 13 14.9 2.0 4
LMF TSP 11 14 17.2 2.0 4
CON LMF 7 13 12.9 2.0 4
UTL MIN 15 9 22.4 2.0 4
LMF FIN 13 14 14.5 2.0 4
HMF TEL 9 15 20.2 2.0 4
HMF HRS 5 15 14.3 2.0 4
CON UTL 14 13 9.4 2.0 4
CON HMF 4 13 10.8 2.0 4
LMF HMF 4 14 13.0 2.0 4
CON FIN 13 13 8.5 2.0 4
CON TSP 11 13 9.8 2.0 4
CON AHF 12 13 8.5 2.0 4
BUS FIN 13 12 18.8 2.0 4
CON TEL 9 13 9.9 2.0 4
CON TRD 10 13 9.1 2.0 4
TRD FIN 13 11 19.6 2.0 4
TRD BUS 8 11 10.5 2.0 4
CON BUS 8 13 6.5 2.0 4
LMF BUS 8 14 7.3 2.0 4
LMF OSV 6 14 6.9 2.0 4
TRD TEL 9 11 19.6 2.0 4
MIN UTL 14 5 3.0 2.0 4
BUS TEL 9 12 9.6 2.0 4
PAD TEL 9 8 6.4 2.0 4
LMF HRS 5 14 7.8 2.0 4
TRD TSP 11 11 10.8 2.0 4
LMF TEL 9 14 9.9 2.0 4
CON OSV 6 13 4.3 2.0 4
BUS HRS 5 12 4.9 2.0 4
FIN TEL 9 3 7.1 2.0 4
CON HRS 5 13 4.4 2.0 4
TSP FIN 13 7 7.9 2.0 4
HRS AHF 12 6 7.0 2.0 4
BUS OSV 6 12 9.4 2.0 4
UTL FIN 13 9 3.9 2.0 4
EHS TEL 9 10 4.7 2.0 4
TRD UTL 14 11 10.6 2.0 4
EHS UTL 14 10 7.9 2.0 4
BUS UTL 14 12 5.8 2.0 4
EHS FIN 13 10 4.2 2.0 3
HRS LMF 7 6 6.5 2.0 3
BUS MIN 15 12 2.9 2.0 3
BUS TSP 11 12 3.8 2.0 3
EHS HMF 4 10 4.7 2.0 3
PAD HRS 5 8 3.7 2.0 3
PAD OSV 6 8 3.2 2.0 3
EHS OSV 6 10 3.8 2.0 3
FIN BUS 8 3 4.9 2.0 3
TRD HRS 5 11 7.7 2.0 3
TSP UTL 14 7 5.8 2.0 3
EHS MIN 15 10 4.5 2.0 3
AHF LMF 7 4 4.2 2.0 3

BUS HMF 4 12 2.6 2.0 3
TRD OSV 6 11 6.7 2.0 3
BUS LMF 7 12 4.7 2.0 3
FIN HRS 5 3 2.8 2.0 3
EHS HRS 5 10 3.0 2.0 3
BUS TRD 10 12 3.5 2.0 3
TSP MIN 15 7 4.9 2.0 3
TSP TEL 9 7 5.1 2.0 3
AHF UTL 14 4 4.5 2.0 3
TSP HMF 4 7 4.0 2.0 3
MIN FIN 13 5 0.9 2.0 3
EHS TRD 10 10 3.8 2.0 3
EHS TSP 11 10 3.4 2.0 3
HRS UTL 14 6 5.6 2.0 3
PAD UTL 14 8 5.4 2.0 3
UTL HMF 4 9 2.6 2.0 3
PAD FIN 13 8 3.5 2.0 3
AHF MIN 15 4 4.9 2.0 3
OSV UTL 14 2 5.5 2.0 3
EHS LMF 7 10 3.5 2.0 3
TSP OSV 6 7 2.3 2.0 3
BUS AHF 12 12 1.8 2.0 3
EHS BUS 8 10 3.4 2.0 3
AHF FIN 13 4 3.3 2.0 3
PAD TSP 11 8 3.6 2.0 3
TSP HRS 5 7 3.7 2.0 3
HRS TRD 10 6 4.0 2.0 3
MIN HMF 4 5 1.1 2.0 3
OSV FIN 13 2 5.4 2.0 3
AHF TRD 10 4 3.0 2.0 3
UTL TSP 11 9 3.4 2.0 3
MIN TSP 11 5 1.4 2.0 3
UTL OSV 6 9 1.7 2.0 3
TSP TRD 10 7 3.3 2.0 3
AHF TSP 11 4 3.3 2.0 3
AHF HMF 4 4 2.8 2.0 3
TSP BUS 8 7 3.1 2.0 3
PAD BUS 8 8 3.9 2.0 3
EHS AHF 12 10 1.9 2.0 3
TRD LMF 7 11 6.2 2.0 2
HMF CON 3 15 3.0 2.0 2
TRD MIN 15 11 5.7 2.0 2
FIN OSV 6 3 2.0 2.0 2
PAD LMF 7 8 3.2 2.0 2
TRD HMF 4 11 5.2 2.0 2
OSV TEL 9 2 5.0 2.0 2
OSV BUS 8 2 3.1 2.0 2
UTL TRD 10 9 2.6 2.0 2
HMF PAD 2 15 1.4 2.0 2
HRS FIN 13 6 3.9 2.0 2
UTL BUS 8 9 1.7 2.0 2
OSV HRS 5 2 3.0 2.0 2
PAD TRD 10 8 2.5 2.0 2
HMF EHS 1 15 1.5 2.0 2
MIN BUS 8 5 0.4 2.0 2
HRS TSP 11 6 2.7 2.0 2
TSP AHF 12 7 1.9 2.0 2
PAD MIN 15 8 2.4 2.0 2
OSV TSP 11 2 2.7 2.0 2
UTL TEL 9 9 2.1 2.0 2
TSP LMF 7 7 2.3 2.0 2
OSV LMF 7 2 3.3 2.0 2
OSV MIN 15 2 3.1 2.0 2
HRS TEL 9 6 3.4 2.0 2
TRD AHF 12 11 3.4 2.0 2
FIN UTL 14 3 2.2 2.0 2
OSV TRD 10 2 2.4 2.0 2
MIN TRD 10 5 0.8 2.0 2
MIN OSV 6 5 0.6 2.0 2
OSV HMF 4 2 2.0 2.0 2
PAD HMF 4 8 2.3 2.0 2
MIN LMF 7 5 0.7 2.0 2
PAD AHF 12 8 1.6 2.0 2
FIN TSP 11 3 2.2 2.0 2
HRS OSV 6 6 2.6 2.0 2
HRS BUS 8 6 2.0 2.0 2
UTL HRS 5 9 1.5 2.0 2
UTL LMF 7 9 1.5 2.0 2
TEL FIN 13 1 2.0 2.0 2
BUS CON 3 12 3.7 2.0 2
HRS MIN 15 6 2.2 2.0 2
TEL BUS 8 1 2.2 2.0 2
AHF BUS 8 4 0.8 2.0 2
AHF OSV 6 4 1.2 2.0 2
MIN HRS 5 5 0.6 2.0 2
FIN LMF 7 3 1.6 2.0 2
AHF TEL 9 4 1.4 2.0 2
LMF CON 3 14 1.7 2.0 2
TEL UTL 14 1 1.7 2.0 2
MIN TEL 9 5 0.8 2.0 2
OSV AHF 12 2 1.7 2.0 2
PAD EHS 1 8 0.4 2.0 1
MIN AHF 12 5 0.5 2.0 1
UTL AHF 12 9 1.0 2.0 1
FIN TRD 10 3 1.1 2.0 1
AHF HRS 5 4 1.2 2.0 1
HRS HMF 4 6 1.3 2.0 1
BUS PAD 2 12 0.6 2.0 1
TEL HRS 5 1 1.9 2.0 1
TEL OSV 6 1 1.2 2.0 1
FIN AHF 12 3 0.6 2.0 1
FIN MIN 15 3 0.8 2.0 1
LMF PAD 2 14 0.7 2.0 1
TEL TSP 11 1 1.2 2.0 1
CON PAD 2 13 0.5 2.0 1
LMF EHS 1 14 0.8 2.0 1
TEL MIN 15 1 0.7 2.0 1
PAD CON 3 8 1.2 2.0 1
FIN HMF 4 3 0.7 2.0 1
CON EHS 1 13 0.5 2.0 1
TEL HMF 4 1 0.6 2.0 1
OSV PAD 2 2 1.6 2.0 1
TEL TRD 10 1 0.8 2.0 1
TRD CON 3 11 1.4 2.0 1
BUS EHS 1 12 0.5 2.0 1
UTL CON 3 9 1.2 2.0 1
EHS CON 3 10 1.2 2.0 1
TSP CON 3 7 0.9 2.0 1
TRD EHS 1 11 0.7 2.0 1
FIN EHS 1 3 0.3 2.0 1
TRD PAD 2 11 0.8 2.0 1
TEL LMF 7 1 0.8 2.0 1
EHS PAD 2 10 0.4 2.0 1
TEL AHF 12 1 0.3 2.0 1
TSP PAD 2 7 0.8 2.0 1
MIN CON 3 5 0.1 2.0 1
FIN CON 3 3 0.5 2.0 1
OSV CON 3 2 0.7 2.0 1
FIN PAD 2 3 0.3 2.0 1
AHF CON 3 4 0.4 2.0 1
TSP EHS 1 7 0.3 2.0 1
OSV EHS 1 2 0.3 2.0 1
HRS CON 3 6 0.4 2.0 1
UTL EHS 1 9 0.2 2.0 1
MIN EHS 1 5 0.1 2.0 1
HRS PAD 2 6 0.4 2.0 1
TEL PAD 2 1 0.1 2.0 1
TEL CON 3 1 0.3 2.0 1
UTL PAD 2 9 0.2 2.0 1
AHF PAD 2 4 0.1 2.0 1
MIN PAD 2 5 0.0 2.0 1
AHF EHS 1 4 0.2 2.0 1
HRS EHS 1 6 0.3 2.0 1
TEL EHS 1 1 0.2 2.0 1
2018 Row labels Column label
AHF 4 12
MIN 5 15
LMF 14 7
HMF 15 4
UTL 9 14
CON 13 3
TRD 11 10
HRS 6 5
TSP 7 11
TEL 1 9
FIN 3 13
BUS 12 8
PAD 8 2
EHS 10 1
OSV 2 6
144.2
85.3
76.9
48.9
45.7
39.5
33.7
33.3
31.6
30.0
25.8
25.8
24.5
24.4
24.4
23.0
22.2
21.0
20.6
20.3
19.8
18.6
17.6
17.3
16.9
15.5
14.5
14.4
13.6
12.9
12.3
11.8
11.7
11.1
9.5
9.5
9.4
9.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
7.7
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
Position
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
16 1 0
AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; BU
manufacturing; MIN = mining and quarrying; OSV =
Note: Rows represent “inserted” sectors, while colu

indicate the sector that was inserted, while column
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional I
Figure 1.15: Impacts of the Hypothetical Insertion
(%)
ng, forestry, and fishing; BUS = business services including real estate; CON = construction; EHS = education and h
ining and quarrying; OSV = other services; PAD = public administration; TEL = post and telecommunications; TRD =
nserted” sectors, while columns represent affected sectors from this scenario; Orange dots represent percentage cha
was inserted, while columns indicate the affected sectors from insertion exercise. Area of circles describe the magnitu
ment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).
etical Insertion of New Sectors in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
(%)
; EHS = education and health services; FIN = finance and insurance; HMF = heavy manufacturing; HRS = hotel and
ecommunications; TRD = wholesale and retail trade; TSP = transport services; UTL = utilities.
represent percentage change in output in the first quartile; yellow in the second quartile; green in the third quartile; an
cles describe the magnitude of the impact in 2000 and 2018.
fic, 2018
cturing; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; LMF = light
es.
een in the third quartile; and blue in the fourth quartile. Rows
Table 1.2: Important Coefficients and their Respective Upper Th
a. Important Coefficients
AHF MIN LMF HMF UTL CON TRD HRS
AHF 3.6 0.1 2.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 2 0.1
MIN 0.1 1.2 0.6 2.2 1.2 0.6 1.1 0.1
LMF 6.6 0.6 6.4 1.5 1.1 0.4 3.6 0.2
HMF 0.2 3.3 1.1 7.4 1.2 0.2 2.8 0.1
UTL 0.2 1.9 0.6 2.4 5.2 1 1.8 0.1
CON 0.3 1.1 4.2 4 0.3 4.5 2.6 0.2
TRD 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.4
HRS 3.9 0.1 6.5 0.6 1.4 0.6 2.8 0.5
TSP 0.2 0.2 0.7 3.6 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.4
TEL 0.4 0.1 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.4
FIN 0 0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
BUS 0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.5 0.7 0.5
PAD 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.5 1 0.6
EHS 0.5 0.1 1.1 1.9 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.5
OSV 0.2 0.1 1.2 1 1 0.5 0.9 0.6
b. Upper Thresholds
AHF MIN LMF HMF UTL CON TRD HRS
AHF 11.0% 0.0% 35% 1% 0% 1% 0% 6%
MIN 0% 3% 8% 30% 8% 9% 0% 0%
LMF 3% 0% 19% 4% 1% 9% 3% 6%
HMF 3% 2% 5% 26% 2% 10% 2% 1%
UTL 2% 4% 11% 12% 16% 3% 5% 5%
CON 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 13% 1% 1%
TRD 3% 1% 11% 8% 1% 6% 3% 2%
HRS 1% 1% 2% 2% 0% 2% 3% 1%
TSP 1% 2% 6% 6% 1% 5% 7% 2%
TEL 1% 1% 3% 4% 1% 3% 8% 2%
FIN 2% 3% 6% 5% 1% 5% 10% 3%
BUS 1% 2% 3% 4% 1% 3% 8% 2%
PAD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%
EHS 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
OSV 1% 1% 2% 3% 1% 1% 3% 3%
AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; BUS = business services including real estate; CON = construction; EHS = educ
heavy manufacturing; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; LMF = light manufacturing; MIN = mining and quarrying; OSV = oth
telecommunications; TRD = wholesale and retail trade; TSP = transport services; UTL = utilities.
Note: Important coefficients are defined as the percentage share of an intersectoral transaction to the total sum of intermedia
in Asia and the Pacific. Higher values indicate higher shares in relative to other cells. On the other hand, upper thresholds indic
transaction (or ‘cell’) in order to induce a percentage change in the economy’s gross output. Smaller values indicate more sens
Source: Asian Development Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020)
heir Respective Upper Thresholds, 2018
TSP TEL FIN BUS PAD EHS OSV

0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 0 0 0.1
0.9 0.2 0.5 1.6 0 0.1 0.2
1.1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.1 0 0.2
1.1 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.1 0 0.2
0.9 0.3 0.9 1.1 0.1 0 0.3
1.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.1 0 0.1
1.8 0.8 1.6 2.3 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.8 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.1 0 0.4
3 0.7 1.2 1.5 0.1 0 0.3
0.9 3.6 1 2.8 0.4 0.1 0.6
0.6 0.9 5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.4
0.7 0.7 1.5 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.5
1.1 0.7 1.1 1.9 0.4 0.9 0.4
0.6 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.3
0.7 0.8 0.8 2.5 0.2 0.1 2.4
TSP TEL FIN BUS PAD EHS OSV

0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 0%
1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1%
4% 1% 0% 1% 1% 2% 1%
2% 2% 2% 4% 4% 4% 2%
1% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 0%
3% 0% 0% 1.0% 1% 1% 1%
2% 1% 2% 3% 2% 2% 1%
8% 1% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1%
4% 9% 5% 5% 4% 2% 2%
5% 1% 25% 7% 3% 2% 1%
3% 2% 3% 7% 3% 2% 2%
0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 0%
1% 1% 1% 4% 2% 2% 7%
N = construction; EHS = education and health services; FIN = finance and insurance; HMF =
ing and quarrying; OSV = other services; PAD = public administration; TEL = post and
o the total sum of intermediate use. These coefficients are averaged across several economies
hand, upper thresholds indicate the amount of change required in a specific intersectoral
ller values indicate more sensitive and/or important cells.
Table 1.3: Simple Output Multipliers in Asi
Sect
AHF MIN LMF HMF UTL CON
BAN 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.9
BHU 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.5
BRU 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6
CAM 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.4
FIJ 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6
HKG 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.1
IND 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.1 1.7 2.0
INO 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.0
JPN 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8
KAZ 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7
KGZ 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7
Economy
KOR 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.9

LAO 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.6
MAL 1.6 1.2 2.3 1.7 1.6 2.0
MLD 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.4
MON 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6
NEP 1.3 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.5
PAK 1.4 1.2 1.9 1.7 2.4 1.8
PHI 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.5
PRC 1.9 2.2 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0
SIN 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.1
SRI 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5
TAP 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.7
THA 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.0
VIE 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.8
AHF = agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; BAN = Bangladesh; BHU = Bhutan; BRU = Brunei Darussalam; BUS = business s
services; FIJ = Fiji; FIN = finance and insurance; HKG = Hong Kong, China; HMF = heavy manufacturing; HRS = hotel and restaur
= Republic of Korea; LAO = Lao People’s Democratic Republic; LMF = light manufacturing; MAL = Malaysia; MIN = mining and q
administration; PAK = Pakistan; PHI = Philippines; PRC = People’s Republic of China; SIN = Singapore; SRI = Sri Lanka; TAP = Taip
transport services; UTL = utilities; VIE = Viet Nam.
ple Output Multipliers in Asia and the Pacific, 2018
Sectors
TRD HRS TSP TEL FIN BUS PAD EHS
1.2 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2
1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2
1.4 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3
1.5 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.6 1.3
1.3 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3
1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2
1.2 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.3
1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5
1.5 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5
1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6
1.3 1.7 1.4 1.2 4.8 1.4 1.4 1.3
1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7
1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3
1.6 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3
1.3 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
1.3 1.9 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4
1.2 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.3
1.4 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
1.8 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.2
1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.4
1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1
1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3
1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7
1.4 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5
unei Darussalam; BUS = business services including real estate; CAM = Cambodia; CON = construction; EHS = education and health
acturing; HRS = hotel and restaurant services; IND = India; INO = Indonesia; JPN = Japan; KAZ = Kazakhstan; KGZ = Kyrgyz Republic; KOR
L = Malaysia; MIN = mining and quarrying; MLD = Maldives; MON = Mongolia; NEP = Nepal; OSV = other services; PAD = public
gapore; SRI = Sri Lanka; TAP = Taipei,China; TEL = post and telecommunications; THA = Thailand; TRD = wholesale and retail trade; TSP =
OSV
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
ucation and health

= Kyrgyz Republic; KOR
es; PAD = public
le and retail trade; TSP =

Part 1 Southeast Asia and The Pacific Domestic Economy

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Part 1 Southeast Asia and The Pacific Domestic Economy

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Part 1.

Southeast and the Pacific: The Domestic Economy

Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Gross Capital Formation Exports

Gross Capital Formation Exports

Note: GDP = gross domestic product; BAN = Ban

a. South and Central Asia

b. Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Private Consumption Government Consumption Gross Capital Formation Exports

evelopment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

South and Central Asia (2000) $152,118 $94,936 $48,407 $211,431 $

South and Central Asia (2018) $152,118 $94,936 $48,407 $211,431 $

East Asia (2000)

East Asia (2018)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Primary Low tech High and medium tech

50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

High and medium tech

a, Pakistan, Nepal, Maldives, the Kyrgyz

es (accessed July 2020).

Southeast Asia and the Paci 2000 2018 Spacing

East Asia 2000 2018 Spacing

Low tech 9.0% 2 2

High and medium tech 7.5% 3 3

Low tech 8.7% 2 2

Business services 9.0% 4

High and medium tech 6.7% 3

Low tech 5.7% 2

Public and personal services 5.9% 5

Business services 5.5%

Business services 5.5%

CAGR = Compounded annual growth rate

a. South and Central Asia

b. Southeast Asia and the Pacific

$45,000 $1,715,000 $3,385,000 $5,055,000 $6,725,000 $8,395,000

$45,000 $1,715,000 $3,385,000 $5,055,000 $6,725,000 $8,395,000

gional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

evelopment Bank. Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (accessed July 2020).

Index Difference 1 Difference 2

Ligher shaded markers = 2000, darker shaded markers = 2019; h

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Consumption 5.6% 2.8%

Consumption 1.5% 1.9%

Consumption 6.4% 2.8% Import substitution 1.1%

Technology 3.2% -1.6%

Consumption 6.0% 3.6% -1.6%

Investment 2.3% 0.8%

Technology 0.5% -0.2%

Business Services Consumpt

Consumption 6.1% 2.6%

Consumption 11.0% 3.1%

Export 3.6% 1.9%

Consumption 12.2% 4.1% Export

Consumption 8.1% 4.4%

Public and personal services

Consumption 12.0% 7.3%

Consumption 9.4% 5.1%

-0.3% 0.7% 1.2%

-0.8% -0.1% 0.4%

ution 1.1% Stock Import substitution Stock

Light manufacturing Heavy manufacturing